International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

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Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials is focused to provide a platform for applied bionics and biomechanics. This branch of science encompasses elements of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. It accepts article that are both experimental and theoretical in nature; all the articles published in the journal go through stringent process of peer-reviewing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Applied bionics and biomechanics

! Locomotion and behaviors of animals ! Bio-mechatronics ! Biomedical engineering ! Bionic architecture ! Biophysics ! Synthetic biological systems ! Biomimetics ! Cybernetics and robotics ! Bionic technology

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sandip Bag HOD, BME Dept. JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, India

Souvik Basak, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences Durgapur, West Bengal, India.

Dr. Radha Das Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering Haldia Institute of Technology India

Dr. D. Dhanavel, Associate Professor Department of Botany Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India

Dr. R.K.Dwivedi Associate Professor, MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. S. Krishnakumar, M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vinod Kumar, Ph.D. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U. P, India

Owais Mohammad Molecular Immunology Lab- I Biotechnology Unit AMU, Aligarh U.P, India

Dr. Pradip Paik, Ph.D. Assistant Professor School of Engineering Sciences and Technology University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, AP, India

Mr. Willi Paul Senior Scientific Officer Central Analytical Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST) India

Dr. PV. Mohanan, Scientist & Head, Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, India.

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Lecturer /Post-Doctoral research fellow Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand

Dr. A. Robert Sam Senior Scientist / Assistant Professor (AcSIR) CSIR Madras complex, Taramani, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Surekha K. Satpute Woman Scientist (DST) Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Maharashtra, India

Ms. Jill B Shukla PERD Research Centre, Thaltej; Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India

Dr. Jai Singh Assistant Professor Department of Physics, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India

Dr. Omprakash Yemul Associate Professor School of Chemical Sciences SRTM University Dnyantirth Vishnupuri India.

Dr. Amiya Kumar Prusty M.Pharm, PhD Asst professor Dept of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy & Technology, Salipur, Cuttack, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Summya Rashid Senior Research Fellow Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Faculty of Science Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi India

Dr. Jay Prakash Sah Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine Scholar Soonchynhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science Soonchynhyang University South Korea

Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh Assistant professor, Department of Kriyasharir V.Y.D.S. Ayurvedic college, Khurja, U. P., India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present analytical chemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Bionics and Biomaterials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Electrochemistry, photo-electrochemistry, medicinal chemistry and organometallic chemistry. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of analytical chemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of analytical chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Multifunctional Material and Their Bionic Functions: A Review Article Nibha Sharma, Smriti Gupta

2. Starter Culture Development for Spontaneously Fermented Buttermilk Negussie Gebreselassie

3. Procedure of Agarose Gel and Its Recycling Using Various Cost Effective Methods Muhammad Aamir Khan

4. Bioethanol Production From Areca Nut Husk Rakesh Chauhan

5. Regenerative Medicine: A Review Chhavi Jain

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Multifunctional Material and Their Bionic Functions: A Review Article Nibha Sharma*, Smriti Gupta Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis University, Pune, India

Abstract Multifunctional materials with sensory talents like the ones of vision, contact or maybe odor ought to profoundly expand the possibilities of business design in lots of regions. Taking a cue from nature, a cross-institutional collaboration concerning researchers from the Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences inspired Engineering at Symbiosis university has deciphered how the bio mineral making up the body armor of a chiton mollusk has evolved to create purposeful eyes embedded inside the animal's shielding shell. The findings could help determine thus far nevertheless elusive regulations for producing man-made multifunctional materials. Keywords: bionic, biomedical, multifunctional

INTRODUCTION Multifunctional materials that can feel physical stimuli in their surroundings could empower us to construct houses that make utilization of their surroundings, to always screen, wear-and-tear and search for indications of damage in materials or even to better convey some medications and produce bioengineered organs.[2–3] Even today, fake materials that are able to perform numerous and structurally opposite functions are not accessible. We cannot yet plan them but rather concentrating on various multifunctional biomaterials present in nature ought to at last permit us to deduct the key standards for this moderately new range of materials science. All eyes in nature are made of natural molecules. Interestingly, the chiton's eyes are inorganic and made of the same crystalline mineral called aragonite that likewise collects the body shield. They empower the chiton to see changes in light and in this way to react to drawing nearer

predators by fixing their hold to surfaces submerged.[4–8]

Fig. 1. Aragonite. Utilizing a suite of profoundly determining minute and crystallographic strategies, the group unwound the 3-dimensional engineering and geometry of the eyes, complete with an external cornea, a lens and a basic chamber that houses the photoreceptive cells important to

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Starter Yeast Development for Milk at Room Temperature Aditya Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee University, Noida, India

Abstract Twelve fermented milk samples were developed using ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk utilizing blends of three strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and two yeast strains disengaged from spontaneously fermented buttermilk (SFB). The separates utilized for this analysis were Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis ssp. lactis strain NGLC1, Lc. lactis ssp. lactis strain NGLC2, Lactobacillus plantarum strain NGLB1, Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NGY1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus strain NGY2. Immunized milk was matured for 48 h at 30 ºC and tests for examination were taken each 12 h. At every inspecting time, reasonable cells and pH were measured. Sugars, natural acids, and amino acids were broke down utilizing highweight fluid chromatography. Unstable mixes were dissected utilizing headspace gas chromatography. Ten out of fourteen items demonstrated satisfactory aging since they had a last pH somewhere around 4.01 and 4.09 and a normal microbial tally of log 9 cfu mL-1 of LAB and log6 cfu mL-1 of yeasts. Eight natural acids, 15 unstable mixes and 22 amino acids were recognized in the matured items. Out of the 15 unpredictable mixes four acetaldehyde, diacetyl, ethanol and acetoin were recognized as real fragrance mixes. Immaculate and blended strains used to mature 12 items were prescribed as starter societies for SFB as they indicated quick corrosive generation, metabolize citrate and create satisfactory levels of natural unpredictable mixes. Keywords: lactic acid bacteria, starter culture, yeasts

INTRODUCTION A few analysts have portrayed the planning, use and utilizations of starter societies in milk handling exercises. Starter societies are made out of vast quantities of life forms, LAB and yeasts that are purposely added to start fermentation.[1] The metabolic exercises of starter society living beings achieve the tactile qualities of matured products.[2] The primary life forms required in characteristic maturations were Enterobacteriaceae, Lactococcus spp. Leuconostoc spp. what's more, Weissella spp. albeit these days are commanded by Lactobacillus spp. also, yeasts that endure

high corrosive conditions. Nonetheless, such maturations take drawn out stretch of time, make capricious aging status and need enhanced approaches to embrace in the present dairy industry. Other than these issues, the utilization of normal starter societies has been frustrated because of poor hygienic conditions, anomaly in corrosive levels and generation of undesirable quality attributes limit. SFB is the fluid left subsequent to making spread from cream or drain matured by actually happening LAB in Northern Ethiopia.[3,4]

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Procedure of Agarose Gel and Its Recycling Using Various Cost Effective Methods Muhammad Aamir Khan* Department of Biotechnology, Ravi Campus, Pattoki University, Pakistan

Abstract Agarose gel electrophoresis is an ordinarily utilized procedure as a part of different zones of biotechnology. This self-important yet particular scientific system is utilized as a part of exploration, biomedical, and criminological research centers. Agarose gel reusing is a reasonable methodology for sub-atomic hereditary studies. Reuse of agarose gel for day by day routine examinations to spare cash because of restricted monetary assets for exploration. This practice fulfills a need to control costs. Reused agarose can be utilized for the examination of genomic DNA, PCR-RFLP investigation, or different applications in which no further control of the DNA is essential. Here, we report a basic yet enhanced reusing strategy, which is nearly like new agarose gel. Keywords: agarose gel, Biotechnology, RFLP, recycle

INTRODUCTION Agarose gel electrophoresis is a critical sub-atomic science instrument. It can be utilized to decide the succession of nitrogen bases, the span of an insertion or erasure, or the nearness of a point change; it can likewise be utilized to recognize variable measured alleles at a solitary locus and to evaluate the quality and amount of DNA present in an example. Agarose is a polysaccharide subordinate of agar and beginning from ocean growth. Economical use of laboratory consumables is very important and expedient choice of inadequate research funds. Recycling allows materials that would become waste to be used as valuable resources. The Animal Genetics Laboratory (AGL) reuses agarose gel to spare cash for other diverse exploration necessities. Reused agarose gel material can be utilized for examination of genomic DNA, PCR item, PCR-RFLP investigation, and different systems in which no further control of the DNA is essential. The objective of this paper is to

describe a simple recycling method of agarose gel.[1–3] MATERIALS AND METHODS All used agarose gels of (a) extracted genomic DNA (Montgomery and Sise, 1987)[3] of Lohi sheep, and (b) PCRRFLP product of BMP-15 gene primer pair FB1: 5ʹ-CACTGTCTTC3ʹ and RBGCTTG-3ʹ with Hinf I (Hanrahan et al., 2004) were collected separately in clean flasks (500 mL). I nitially every gel framework was weigh and lessened into little pieces (enhance the effectiveness of exchangeing cradle) and move into named jar containing 300 mL refined water. All cups were secured with aluminum loop firmly and shake tenderly. The distil water was changed no less than three times with equivalent volume. All water changes were performed at 24 h interims. The liquid was completely decanted after exchanges. A 30 mL of TAE 50× buffer

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Bioethanol Production From Areca Nut Husk Rakesh Chauhan* Department of Biotechnology, GM Institute of Technology, PB Road, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Abstract Bioethanol as an option source of vitality has gotten uncommon consideration worldwide with the late advances in biotechnology Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a proficient anaerobic matures cellulase liberally show in dialect cellulosic biomass with high return and profitability. Mixed society maturation can be considered as an innovation for creation of cellulase and further aging to deliver ethanol, considering the minimal effort information and capacity to use actually accessible wellsprings of cellulose as substrate. In this study, it was subjectively assessed that ethanol can be created utilizing areca nut husk as the substrate via completing concurrent saccharification and aging utilizing Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cellulase protein from Aspergillus niger was used in the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses, concurrent maturation to change over sugars into ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After 7 days of maturation by directing subjective test by iodine test and potassium dichromate test. Iodoform happens as strong at room temperature has smell of disinfectant and is water insoluble. Keywords: areca nut husk, antiseptic, saccharification

INTRODUCTION Everyday exhaustion of fossil fills is the present situation of overall which have dragged the consideration towards the option powers, among those substitute one will be one biofuel from the wellspring of organic inception the items and the byitem from large scale and microorganisms. Bioethanol is one of the normal most items from the aging by mono and polymer sugars by various substances of agribusiness and plant lignocelluloses squanders. The late advances in biotechnology by S.cerevisiae has a proficient anaerobic sugar digestion system, endures inhibitory modern substrates superior to anything different microorganisms and ages cellulase bounteously exhibit in

lignocelluloses which will be the result of Aspergillus niger process biomass with high return and profitability.[1–5] Areca Nut and Areca Nut Husk Areca nut, otherwise called betel nut, is the piece got from the product of areca nut palm (Areca catechu Linnaeus). Areca nut discovers place in religious, social and social elements of Indiac and thus, India overwhelms the world in region (57%), generation (53%) and profitability of areca nut (0.379 million tons in 2002). The natural product has a stringy mesocarp, and seeds are with a truncate base. Whenever new, the nut is encased into green husk; in the ready natural product, the husk gets to be yellow or orange. This husk is misused monetarily for the

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Regenerative Medicine: A Review Chhavi Jain* M.M College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Regenerative solution and Human tissue designing are the developing fields in prescription. The idea of regenerative solution is a promising multidisciplinary field to build up the best approach to propel the wellbeing and personal satisfaction by reestablishing, keeping up or upgrading tissue and elements of the organs. They are such biomaterials that will give the self-repairing of the harmed tissues and it guarantees for the enhanced treatment for the patients, speedier recuperation of the harmed tissue. The point of regenerative medication is to repair sound capacity to organs harmed because of sickness or maturing. A vital issue for effective regenerative solution applications is the source from which the cells are collected and whether the planned use is tissue substitution, repair, or recovery. Keywords: epidermolysis, human tissue engineering, regenerative medicine

INTRODUCTION Regenerative solution including cell treatment and tissue building is a developing field that is being researched as a possibility for the rebuilding of capacity in numerous ailments. It has been seen that, human embryonic foundational microorganisms, grown-up undeveloped cells, forebear cells from an assortment of tissues and all the more as of late, the affected pluripotent undifferentiated cells all speaks to potential parts for a regenerative prescription technique for tissue and organ remaking. The inference of platelets from foundational microorganisms, the making of insulinemitting, glucose-responsive cells for the treatment of diabetes, the helpful utilitarian redesigning of the heart after a myocardial dead tissue and the recovery of nerves after spinal line damage all speaks to a down to earth focus for regenerative solution. Regenerative Approaches in Disease, Burns and Wound Care

It is important that for the harmed skin to be repaired or supplanted a wellspring of cells is required and also some type of extracellular network (ECM) is required so that the phones can be bolstered.[1] Skin substitutes that are utilized for the harmed zones should be clean; simple to apply to the harmed range; ought to have the suitable physical properties; ought to have the capacity to experience controlled corruption and be non-dangerous, nonantigenic and cause negligible provocative reactivity.[2–5] Approaches in regenerative medicine for Skin Diseases Distinctive thoughts are being made for the phenotypic signs of heritable skin afflictions. One a player in regenerative medication turns around cell-based medicines, with the possibility that presentation of cells—whether autologous,

Skin

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

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International Journal of Bionics & Biomaterials Jan – Jun 2016

IJBB

Material Sciences and Engineering

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences