International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

IJCST

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

JAN – JUNE 2016

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub ü JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering. ü JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. ü Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia. ü JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness. ü JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies. ü JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features ü An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena. ü The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure. ü Universal transmission and reflectivity. ü A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process ü Speedy Publication of Manuscripts ü Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations. ü Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts. ü The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription ? Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription ? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

? Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology is devoted to create an awareness of recent advancement in the field of separation technology the main focus of the journal is on the techniques of separation and instrumentation used in separation process. It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles both theoretical and experimental.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Residual contamination and excess depositions Pumping Units Temporary Hoses and Pipework Heating Coils Exchangers Circulating Tanks Analytical/Control Equipment Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers Mechanical filtration Deionization Evaporative separation Adsorptive exchange Membrane filtration Reverse Osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ajay Singh Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Alexander Russell Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Germany

Ms. Amita Chaudhary Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Animes K Golder Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India

Ms. Anjali Tripathi Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology of Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Arpana Mishra Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya , Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. B. Ashraf Ali Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Bashir Ahmad Dar University of Kashmir, North campus Delina, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Dr. C. Jaya Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, A. C. Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India

Prof. C. V. Subrahmanyam Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (Autonomous), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Imphal, Manipur, India

Mr. Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Dharam Pal Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Feyzullah Tokay Department of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences, Turkey

Dr. Kalyan Das GE Power and Water in Industrial Water Treatment Processes, J F Welch Technology Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Neetu Singh Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Dr. Parin Shah Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Prof. Pushpa Jha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. Ramakrishna Karipeddi Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mr. Sachin Suresh Shinde Department of Chemical Engineering, K K Wagh Institute of Engineering, Education and Research, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Seema Gupta Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India

Dr. Sharad M Sontakke Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Shi-Peng Sun National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao University College of Technology (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering, A.U.C.E. (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mr. Vidyadhar Vikram Gedam Department of Chemical Engineering, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Xin Gao School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present separation technology issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of chemical separation technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Separation Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical separation in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology focuses on Residual contamination and excess depositions, Temporary hoses and pipework, Heating coils exchangers, Analytical/Control equipment, Mechanical filtration, Deionization, Evaporation separation, Reverse osmosis, Nanofiltration and many more. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Chemical Separation and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical Separation community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of separation technology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical separation readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Separation Technology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Optimization of Reaction Parameters for the Production of Fatty Acids from Rice Bran Oil C.V. Subrahmanyam, K. Siva Prasada Rao

2. Application of Agro-Residues for Removal of Oil Spill From Sea Surface Pushpa Jha, Amanpreet Kaur, Akash Rauthan, Nidhi Sharma, Sunil Kumar

3. Enhancement of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using 1-Butyl-3Methylimidzaolium Bromide Swapnil A. Dharaskar, Prashant R. Tayade

4. Extraction of Tannin from Psidium guajava Leaves Sachin Shinde, Akshay Deshmukh, Aishwarya Deshmukh

5. Chromatography for Chemical Separation: Types and Uses Chhavi Jain

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Optimization of Reaction Parameters for the Production of Fatty Acids from Rice Bran Oil C.V. Subrahmanyam*, K. Siva Prasada Rao Department of Chemical Engineering, R. V. R. & J. C. College of Engineering (Autonomous), Chowdavaram, Guntur, A.P., India

Abstract Fatty acids are usually produced industrially by the hydrolysis of triglycerides and glycerol as by product. In this reaction, 1 molecule of fat/oil will react with 3 molecules of water. The hydrolysis can be done by with and without catalyst. The catalyst process has some inherent problems. To get better quality of fatty acids and high yield the most of the industries preferring the hydrolysis without catalyst. The present study is aimed at optimization of reaction conditions for hydrolysis of rice bran oil without catalyst. The effect of temperature, reaction time and amount water is studied. It was observed that the temperature increases the conversion was increased. It was observed that the degree of splitting was increased with increase of contact time up to 150 minutes and water content up to 50% on oil weight basis. The conversion was increased marginally above 150 minutes of reaction time and 50% water content on the weight of oil. Hence, the optimum temperature was 230 °C, reaction time 150 minutes and 50% water content on oil weight were optimum for hydrolysis of oil/fat. Keywords: fatty acids, oleochemicals, rice bran oil, splitting

BACKGROUND A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have a chain of an even number of carbon atoms, varying from nearly 12 to 20. Fatty acids are generally derived from oil/fat (triglycerides) or phospholipids. The 2 carbon atoms in the chain that are bound next to each side of the double bond can exist in either of the 2 forms viz., cis or trans configuration. Fatty acids are mostly produced industrially by the hydrolysis of oil.[1] Glycerol is the by product. Fat splitting is a reaction in which fat/oil is hydrolyzed to produce fatty acids and glycerol. (RCO2CH2–CHO2CR–CH2O2CR + 3 H2O → 3 RCOOH + HOCH2–CHOH– CH2OH). Oleochemicals (OL) are chemicals derived from plant and animal fats. OL are used

primarily in the personal care industry for manufacturing of various soaps, lotions, creams and so on. OL are replacing many petroleum-based products as their properties helps to build a product which is better for the environment and can be manufactured from renewable raw materials. Major types for OL include fatty acids, fatty alcohols, glycerin and others. With the environmental regulations constantly becoming more stringent and the non-renewable resources getting depleted, it has paved way to the opportunity for the OL to enter the market and substitute the conventional petroleum based products being used currently. The driving growth factors in the market are: high demand from consumer markets, easy

Page 1

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Application of Agro-Residues for Removal of Oil Spill From Sea Surface Pushpa Jha*, Amanpreet Kaur, Akash Rauthan, Nidhi Sharma, Sunil Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, SLIET, Longowal, Sangrur, Punjab, India

Abstract Rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS) and sawdust (SD) were studied for sorption of oil spill (diesel oil of density 0.828 g/cc was taken as oil spill for lab study) from artificially prepared sea water (3.5% NaCl) at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C at various dosages. As RH gave maximum sorption capacity at all temperatures and at all dosages under study, it was focus of investigation for its application for removal of oil spill from sea surface. Parameters for study were optimized for 0.2 g of RH, with agitation speed of 125 rpm for 5 hours at 27°C. Spent sorbent was tested for its calorific value which was found as 4215 cal/g which is approximately 1.4 times that of RH before sorption. Keywords: agro-residues, oil spill, rice husk, sawdust, wheat straw

INTRODUCTION Oil exploration activity has disturbed the eco system by spillage of oil.[1] Oil and its allied products have capacity to pollute the environment because they are stable to heat and non-biodegradable.[2] Oil spill on the surface of water can hinder the aeration of water bodies as a result of which seabirds and aquatic life can be disturbed to a large extent. Oil fraction on the surface of sea is easy to treat by physical methods.[3] Among these techniques, adsorption, an important separation operation is an established technique. This mass transfer operation is easy and safe method. It is possible to have batch and continuous operations on large scale. The adsorbent can be reused and regenerated. This technique becomes economical if low cost materials are utilized for the purpose. It has been reported in literature widely regarding use of different types of agro-residues similar to use of charcoal to remove oil-by products from water bodies.[3] These agro-

residues have proved themselves promising materials as adsorbents.[4]

RH, WS and SD have been reported as adsorbents for removal of various materials like phenol, dye, Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and As.[5] It has been reported that reactive black-5 which is an azo dye, can be removed using modified pine-needles.[6] Modified WS has been reported to remove nitrate and phosphate.[7] SD of modified soft wood has been reported to remove heavy metal ions from water.[8] Keeping in mind the sorption capacity of these agro-residues, it was thought worthwhile to study them for sorption of diesel from synthetically made sea water using NaCl at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. RH was found to be giving best sorption capacity at all conditions under study. Various parameters were studied for setting the optimum value for sorption of diesel on RH. Kinetics of adsorption on

Page 5

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Enhancement of Heat Transfer Coefficient in Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidzaolium Bromide Swapnil A. Dharaskar1*, Prashant R. Tayade2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli, Buldhana (M.S.), India Department of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering & Technology, Yavatmal (M.S.), India

Abstract Improvement in heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger plays very important energy saving role in the industries. In this study, the effect of ionic liquid on HT coefficient was studied using a lab scale shell and tube heat exchanger (length-39 cm, shell diameter 9 cm, tube diameter 0.62 cm). Also, the effect of cold and hot flow rate on heat transfer coefficient, effect of mass concentration of ionic liquid was studied. This work deals with the experimental investigation of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of ionanofluids as a function of a temperature and concentration of (1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide) [BMIM]Br. Also, results using [BMIM]Br as coolants in heat exchanger are also used to access their feasibility and performance in heat transfer devices. Overall, good results were obtained with experimental work results on thermal conductivity and heat capacity of [BMIM]Br as well as the estimation of heat transfer areas for ionanofluids and ionic liquids in a model shell and tube heat exchanger reveal that ionanofluids possess superior thermal conductivity and heat capacity and require considerably less heat transfer areas as compared to those of their base ionic liquids. This novel class of fluids shows great potential for advanced heat transfer applications the enhancement heat transfer of the heat transfer devices can be done by changing the fluid transport. Keywords: heat transfer, heat transfer coefficient, ionic liquid, shell and tube heat exchanger

INTRODUCTION Heat exchangers are one of the mostly used equipment in the process industries. Heat exchangers are used to transfer heat between two process streams. These are required in almost any process which involve cooling, heating, condensation, boiling or evaporation. Process fluids, usually are heated or cooled before the process or undergo a phase change. Different heat exchangers are named based on their application. For example, heat exchangers that are used for condensing are known as condensers, while those used for the purpose of boiling are called boilers. Performance and efficiency of heat exchangers are

estimated by the amount of heat transfer using least area of heat transfer and pressure drop. For better presentation, efficiency is calculated based on the overall heat transfer coefficient. Pressure drop and area needed for heat transfer gives an idea about the capital cost and power requirements (Running cost) of the heat exchanger.[1] Heat exchangers are off-the-shelf equipment targeted to efficient heat transfer from hot to cold fluid flow via an intermediate metallic wall and without moving parts.

Page 11

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Extraction of Tannin from Psidium guajava Leaves Sachin Shinde*, Akshay Deshmukh, Aishwarya Deshmukh Department of Chemical Engineering, K.K.W.I.E.E.R, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Psidium guajava leaves are widely used as medicine from ancient times. Leaves are important part of guava tree which are useful in curing many health issues. Guava leaves have properties like anti-cancer, antibacterial, anti-oxidant, antiulcer etc. they are used in curing many diseases. In this article, soxhlet extraction method is discussed and yield of this method is represented. Extraction processes with different solvent such as ethanol, methanol, benzene is discussed in this article. Extract of guajava leaf have antiglycation activity and cure neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease and also having antiprostate cancer activity. The method used for qualitative analysis with the tannins are formed by the intensity of the color is blackish green FeCl3 compounds. Research has been carried out to determine the levels of tannins in leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L) using a variation of the temperature for extraction. Keywords: Psidium guajava L, soxhlet extraction, tannins

INTRODUCTION Tannins are polyphenolic compounds have high molecular weight and can form a complex with the protein.[1] Based on the molecular structure, tannins can be divided into two classes, namely taninterkondensasi (condensed tannins) and tannin-terhidrolisiskan (hydrolysable tannins).[2–6] Guava leaves (Psidium guajava) is part of the guava tree commonly used as a traditional medicine to cure diarrhea and thrush. Guava leaves (Psidium guajava)[1,5] containing the active chemical saponins,[6] flavonoids, tannins, eugenol, and triterpenoids. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that are very complex. Because of the phenol group, the tannins[2] can react with formaldehyde (condensation polymerization) to form thermosetting products that can be used as an adhesive. Polyphenolic compounds dominate guava leaves are flavonoids and tannins. Tannins can be obtained from almost all types of

green plants, with different levels and quality. Tannins are very complex. Antibacterial effectiveness of tannin contained in the leaves of plants such as guava is influenced by the concentration of tannins. The higher levels of tannin antibacterial activity will increase. Because of its importance in the treatment of guava leaf, the quality, safety and benefits should be improved through research and development. One of the factors that affect the quality of medicinal plant extracts is the temperature used for extraction. It is therefore necessary to study to determine the concentration of organic solvent for efficient extraction of tannins from guava leaves extract in order to get good quality. This study aims to determine the type of solvent with a suitable temperature to obtain tannin extract of guava leaves are good quality (Figure 1, Table 1).

Page 19

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Chromatography for Chemical Separation: Types and Uses Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

BRIEF ON CHROMATOGRAPHY Chromatography is an analytical tool that is used for separating a variety of chemical mixtures. This technique was developed somewhere during the 1940s to 1950s. Initially, the technique had low efficiency with prolonged time of analysis and reduced detection range. Later, the technique was modified and improved to meet the demands of chemical separation technology. Chromatography is broadly categorized into analytical or preparative. Analytical chromatography is used for small sample sizes such as those used in an environmental laboratory in order to separate compounds from different kinds of mixture. This type of chromatography is used to separate specific compounds from mixture of pollutants. In case of preparative chromatography, large quantities of samples are used and the output is collected in bulk. This method is used to remove impurities from a commercial product. Chromatography is used by scientists and researchers for separating organic and inorganic compounds which are later analyzed and studied. By analyzing a compound, a scientist can figure out what makes up that compound. Chromatography is a great physical method for observing mixtures and solvents. Certain liquids appear homogenous, but in reality are combinations of two or more substances. As an example, green plants are composed of mixture of different pigments. These pigments can be separated and visualized via chromatography.

Typically, chromatography comprises of a stationary phase usually a solid, thick liquid, or a bonded coating that is fixed and immobile, and a mobile phase or eluent, usually a liquid or gas that moves through or across the stationary phase. Hundreds of stationary and mobile phase combinations are available. As the mobile phase travels through the stationary phase, it takes the compounds with it. At different points in the stationary phase, the components present in the mixture gets absorbed and stop moving further with the mobile phase. This is how the components get separated from each other in a chromatography technique. Four main types of chromatography exist. These are: (1) Liquid Chromatography: This type of chromatography is used to separate pollutants from a mixture of samples from lakes and rivers. Several metal ions and organic compounds present in solutions have been analyzed using this method. This method makes use of hydrophilic liquid mixtures and insoluble molecules. (2) Gas Chromatography: This method is used in forensics to analyze fibers attached on human body and analyze blood samples found at crime scenes. This method is also used for detection of bombs at airports and other important suspicious sites. This method employs helium to move a gaseous mixture through a column of adsorbent material. (3) Thin-layer Chromatography: This is a simple and rapid method for testing the purity of organic compounds. Presence

Page 24

« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

IJCST

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

JAN – JUNE 2016

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences