International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

eISSN: 2455-5576

Applied Mechanics

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing IJCEP Jul–Dec 2016

Mechanical Engineering

5 more...

Chemical Engineering

5 more...

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture

2 more...

Computer Science and Engineering

Electrical Engineering

5 more...

Nursing « « « « «

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing 4 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology

Chemistry

3 more...

Nanotechnology

3 more...

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. 

Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.

 JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features  An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure.  Universal transmission and reflectivity.  A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process  Speedy Publication of Manuscripts  Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.  Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.  The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing

The International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing publishes an original research article that comprehensively deals with the fundamentals of chemical engineering and processing, it also focuses on the editorial reviews covering recent trends in chemical engineering. Both theoretical and experimental papers are welcome all, these papers are peer-reviewed by experts and only high impact papers are published. Journal also publishes proceedings that are influential to the scientific community.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Equipment and plant miniaturization  Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms  Structured environments  Intensified plant operation  Numerical Methods  Thermodynamics  Chemical Reaction Engineering  Mechanisms of Granular Materials  Modeling in Chemical Engineering  Polymer Science and Engineering  Modern Instrumental Analysis  Process Controlling  Colloidal and Interfacial Science  Biochemical Engineering  Molecular Dynamics and Chemical Kinetics  System Engineering  Chemical Modeling

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub, an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Alexander Russell Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Germany.

Dr. Animes K Golder Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.

Dr. Asif Mahmood Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.

Dr. Bharat Modhera Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

Prof. C. M. Narayanan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.

Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Imphal, India.

Prof. Chang-Yu Sun China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.

Dr. Dharam Pal Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.

Dr. Mohamed Abashar Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao Kanidarapu Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.

Dr. P. A. Pawar Department of Chemical Technology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India.

Prof. Radha Das Department of Chemical Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, India.

Dr. Rajendrasinh Jadeja Department of Chemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.

Saeed Soltanali Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Iran.

Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat Pravara Rural Engineering College, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. Shi-Peng Sun National University of Singapore, Singapore.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan R & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India.

Dr. Srinivasan Anandan Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Stoyan Novakov Nedeltchev Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany.

Dr. Suryya K Rana Dungarpur College of Engineering & Technology, India.

Dr. Suyogkumar V. Taralkar Chemical Engineering Department, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India.

Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, iruchirappalli, India.

Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao Faculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator, University College of Technology (A), Osmania University Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

Dr. Vijaya Kumar Bulasara Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, India.

Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India.

Dr Wenming Yang National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Dr. Zhi Shang Louisiana State University, United States.

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Chemical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Chemical Engineering & Processing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Chemical Engineering & Processing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial science, Molecular dynamics & Chemical kinetics, and many more. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical Engineering & Processing. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Chemical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Chemical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Engineering and Processing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Induced Codeposition of Niâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;W Alloy Coatings Using Glycerol as Additive and Their Characterization L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde

2. A Customized Wireless Supervisory Infrastructure for Integration and Explicit Multiparametric MPC-Based Control of Laboratory Processes K. Velswamy, T.K. Radhakrishnan 10 3. Electrolytic Deposition of Znâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Ni Alloy from Acidic Sulphate Bath and Their Characterization R.S. Bhat, J. Nayak, A.C. Hegde

4. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Pb (II) by Using Ferrous Sulphide as an Adsorbent D. Kamalakar, C.V. Subrahmanayam, P. Rohinikumar, L. Nageswara Rao

5. Investigation of High Corrosion Rate in Oil Production Carbon Steel Pipelines A.A.L. Zaabi, S. Feroz, L. Nageswara Rao

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing eISSN: 2455-5576 Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Induced Codeposition of Ni–W Alloy Coatings Using Glycerol as Additive and Their Characterization L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde* Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Srinivasnagar, India

ABSTRACT As a promising coating material to replace hard chromium coating, the development of nickel–tungsten (Ni–W) alloy coatings of good corrosion protection is of great interest in surface coating technology. Further, the effect of plating variables, including additive on the composition of alloys of induced co-deposition is more vagarious than in other types of alloy deposition. In this context, an alkaline citrate bath has been formulated for electrodeposition of Ni–W alloy through conventional Hull cell process, using glycerol as an additive. Electrodeposition following the induced type of codeposition of Ni–W alloy was carried out onto mild steel (MS) substrate at different current densities (c.d.’s) at room temperature, taking a basic bath. Influence of bath constituents and functional parameters on appearance, thickness, hardness and composition of the deposits were analyzed as a degree of their performance against corrosion. Corrosion behaviors of Ni–W coatings having hard-adherent mirror bright appearance were investigated using Tafel’s polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in 5 wt.% NaCl solution. Experimental results revealed that corrosion protection efficacy of Ni–W coatings increased with deposition c.d., in proportion of its W content. The coating developed at 4.0 A dm2 was found to exhibit the least corrosion rate (5.3 × 102 mm y1), compared to those at other c.d.’s. The process and product of electrodeposition have been studied using different instrumental methods, such as Cyclic voltammetry (CV), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Experimental observations were analyzed in the light of induced codeposition of Ni–W alloy due to stimulation by Ni+2 ions, and results are discussed. Keywords: bath optimization, corrosion behavior, electrodeposition, glycerol, Ni–W alloy

INTRODUCTION The properties like enhanced hardness, corrosion and wear resistance, low hydrogen overvoltage, magnetic, electrical, electro-erosion properties of electrodeposited Ni–W alloy coatings are of considerable interest due to their wide spread industrial applications.[1] These properties are due to combination of two constituent metals, i.e., hardest and high melting metal tungsten (W) with nickel (Ni). Hence, electrodeposited Ni–W alloys, also known as high-temperature

alloys find their applications in turbine blades operating at high temperature.[2,3] Even though concentration of W in electroplated alloys is rather less, it has a major impact on various properties, such as hardness, wear-resistance and improved corrosion resistance even at high temperature.[4,5]

Page 1

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing eISSN: 2455-5576 Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

A Customized Wireless Supervisory Infrastructure for Integration and Explicit Multiparametric MPC-Based Control of Laboratory Processes K. Velswamy1, T.K. Radhakrishnan2* 1

Lennox India Technology Centre, India Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Trichy, India

ABSTRACT In this study, a custom, embedded wireless (Zigbee) supervisory infrastructure aimed at integration of laboratory processes is reported. A microcontroller based field control unit (FCU) implements closed loop control on experiments via ADAM 5000/485 data acquisition module. Data from the process (sensor/manipulation) are broadcasted from FCU using a wireless access point (WAP). A MATLAB graphic user interface (GUI) updates the data (obtained using a remote monitoring unit (RMU)) graphically. Multiparametric model predictive controllers (mpMPC) provide constrained and optimal explicit control structure. A benchmark spherical tank process (STP) is the control loops considered. From the linearized first principle model, gain scheduled mpMPC’s for STP are designed and deployed using FCU firmware. Servo tracking and regulatory experiments conducted on STP approves the viability of such custom infrastructure and also proves from metrics that mpMPC outperforms conventional control techniques. Keywords: gain scheduling, model predictive control, multiparametric, nonlinear, Zigbee

INTRODUCTION

Energy efficient process systems are being researched extensively. Initial methods to improve existing process systems involved a careful selection of sensors and actuators.[1] The intermediate element, the controller currently provides a huge scope in terms of contributing to overall efficiency of process systems and operations. The regulatory systems in the bottom layer of distributed control were governed by supervisory mechanisms on higher layers to ensure product quality and performance.[2] From an end of the line user perspective, ease of maintenance (adhoc tuning in conventional controller terms) is almost eliminated owing to the complex structure of the model based controllers. Model based controllers provide performance that can easily

deteriorate with increased model uncertainties. To overcome this, such controllers require constant maintenance and fine tuning without which its performance benefits may never be sustained.[3] Thus, preventing wide spread adaptation of such controls in small scale industries.[4] The initial class of regulators derived from quadratic programming based objectives focused on unconstrained optimization with very less regard for stability of such systems. Later, terminal constraint cost based stability was implemented in such quadratic programming (QP) based controls.[5]

Page 10

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing eISSN: 2455-5576 Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Electrolytic Deposition of Zn–Ni Alloy from Acidic Sulphate Bath and Their Characterization R.S. Bhat1*, J. Nayak1, A.C. Hegde2 1

Department of Chemistry, Nitte Mahalinga Adyanthaya Memorial Institution of Technology Karnataka, Nitte, India 2 Electrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Srinivasnagar, India

ABSTRACT A bath containing ZnSO4.7H2O, NiSO4.7H2O, thiamine hydrochloride (THC) and citric acid (CA) has been proposed. Bright Zn–Ni alloy coatings were developed galvanostatically onto mild steel (MS) and their corrosion resistance and other physical properties were studied. THC was found to improve the brightness and homogeneity of the deposit. The dependency of bath composition, current density (c.d.), pH and temperature, agitation on wt.% Ni were tested. Deposition was carried out under different c.d. and molar ratio of [Ni+2]/[Zn+2]. No transition c.d., at which codeposition behaviour changed from anomalous to normal type, was detected. Studies of the factors such as temperature, agitation, pH and [Ni+2]/[Zn+2] which influence the wt.% Ni in the deposit were made. Influence of wt.%Ni on corrosion resistance, hardness, adhesion and glossiness were studied. The wt.% Ni in the deposit was determined calorimetrically and cross-examined by EDX analysis. The morphological variation in deposit patterns with c.d. were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Good corrosion resistance at optimized c.d. (3.0 A/dm2) is attributed to the capacitive reactance at the interface, evidenced by Nyquist plot having large polarization resistance. The XRD analysis was carried out to identify the phase structures of the deposits. Keywords: citric acid, sulphate bath, thiamine hydrochloride, XRD, Zn–Ni alloy

INTRODUCTION The most widely used corrosion protective coatings for steel is zinc which is applied either by hot-dipping or electroplating processes. However, corrosion stability of zinc coatings can be improved markedly by alloying it with Fe group metals, namely Ni, Co and Fe for automotive industry. Many reports are available for showing the improved corrosion resistance property of Zn–Ni alloys, developed under different conditions of both bath and current densities (Bajat et al. 2000; Brooks et al. 2001; Muller et al. 2002; Shivakumara et al. 2007).[1–4] Those depositions were carried out in acidic baths such as chloride bath, sulphate bath,

sulphate-chloride bath, and aqueous acetate bath, as well as in some alkaline baths, either cyanide bath or non-cyanide bath, etc. (Roventi et al. 2000; Ebothe et al. 2000; Ashassi-Sorkhabi et al. 2001; Koura et al. 2003; Wang 2005).[5–9] Similarly, many extensive research works have been reported on deposition of Zn–Ni alloys, concentrating on anomalous codeposition mechanism and dependency of deposit characters on bath constitutions and operating parameters. Gomez et al. (2001)[10] found that the presence of particular additives in the bath

Page 19

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing eISSN: 2455-5576 Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Pb (II) by Using Ferrous Sulphide as an Adsorbent D. Kamalakar1, C.V. Subrahmanayam1, P. Rohinikumar1, L. Nageswara Rao2* 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, R.V.R. and J.C. College of Engineering (A), Chowdavaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Caledonian College of Engineering, Sultanate of Oman, Oman

ABSTRACT Poisoning of lead is causing a serious threat to the environment. In the present study the adsorption behaviour of lead was studied in detail by ferrous sulphide in granular form. Ferrous sulphide has the magnetic properties and makes it a better candidate for lead removal. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out by varying different process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and temperature. Lead adsorption by ferrous sulphide was found to be highly pH sensitive. Maximum lead was adsorbed at around pH 6.8. Study of temperature effect on lead adsorption confirmed the endothermic nature of the process. Other thermodynamic properties were also calculated and found that physical adsorption was dominant with activation energy of 213.254 kJ/mol. Kinetic study revealed that the pseudo second order model was followed by the adsorption process having regression coefficient (R2) 0.99. Keywords: adsorption, equilibrium, ferrous sulphide, kinetic and thermodynamic studies, lead

INTRODUCTION Environmental effluence by heavy metals can occur by many alternative ways, either directly or indirectly. Soils, water and plants are contaminated by material from the air or by direct deposition of pollutants. Heavy metals are introduced into the eco-system by the manufacturers and the use of materials containing heavy metals as well as the disposal of this waste. Heavy metals in air, soil, and water are global problems that are a growing threat to the environment. There are many sources of heavy metal pollution, including the coal, natural gas, paper, and industries.[1,2] Metals are spread in the environment through two main routes viz., atmosphere

and flowing waters. Under normal circumstances, the end result of migration is the sediments, soil and underground waters. Heavy metals may enter the food chain as a result of their uptake by edible plants. The interaction of metals with solid phases of soils, soil water and air either within or above the soil; is dependent on a variety of chemical factors. Absorption of metals from soil water to soil particles is the most important chemical determinant that limits mobility in soils.[3–5] The accumulation of these contaminants is aided by the capability of soil to bind them with clay minerals or organic substances. Heavy metals are natural components of soil. Most elements are only present in minimal, insignificant eco-toxicological

Page 33

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing eISSN: 2455-5576 Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Investigation of High Corrosion Rate in Oil Production Carbon Steel Pipelines Ahmed Al Zaabi, Shaik Feroz, Lakkimsetty Nageswara Rao* Caledonian College of Engineering, Seeb, Sultanate of Oman

ABSTRACT A comprehensive study to identify the causes and the types of internal corrosion of a 16 inch oily water production piping from production wells, which was found to be severely corroded (corrosion rate ≈5.5 mm/year) was considered. The study involves collecting and analyzing of different parameters like production data, flow velocity, CO2 partial pressure, water quantities and water species contents, gas species contents, scale chemical elements, etc. This study is based on real time data where the internal corrosion was measured after two years from the commissioning date. Keywords: CO2 corrosion, flow velocity, internal corrosion, scale contents, water contents

INTRODUCTION Corrosion is the destructive attack of a material after it reacts with the environment or any natural potential hazard. Almost every aqueous environment can promote corrosion, which is commonly found under complex conditions in oil and gas production, processing, and pipeline systems. Today, corrosion has become one of the outstanding challenging problems in the industrial sector. It is important to take into consideration the effect of corrosion on the life-span of the equipments used for industrial purpose. Many industries have lost billions of dollars because of corrosion.[1] Crude oil and natural gas carry several high-impurity products like carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and free water which are inherently corrosive. Continual extraction of CO2, H2S, and free water through oil and gas components cause corrosion in the internal lining of the pipelines.[2]

Various researchers[3–15] studied the effects of flow parameters in scale-free CO2 corrosion, but no one much reported in the real situation where the actual corrosion anomalies were measured for pipes. FAILURE ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY Failure analysis is a vast concept that includes different fields such as electronics, mechanics, metallurgy, corrosion, etc. While performing corrosion studies, failure analysis is defined as the study of a specific case of component and/or equipment failure caused by mechanical aspects of corrosion. These studies are conducted to analyze the root causes that lead to such failure and undertake measures to overcome them. The methodology of the corrosion failure analysis was performed as per the following steps:  Collecting and analyzing information related to the pipeline’s history

Page 42

7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

eISSN: 2455-5576

Applied Mechanics

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing IJCEP Jul–Dec 2016

Mechanical Engineering

5 more...

Chemical Engineering

5 more...

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture

2 more...

Computer Science and Engineering

Electrical Engineering

5 more...

Nursing « « « « «

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

5 more...

Biotechnology

Chemistry

3 more...

Nanotechnology

3 more...

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences