International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

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Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

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International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology is devoted to create an awareness of recent advancement in the field of separation technology the main focus of the journal is on the techniques of separation and instrumentation used in separation process. It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research and review articles both theoretical and experimental.

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Residual contamination and excess depositions Pumping Units Temporary Hoses and Pipework Heating Coils Exchangers Circulating Tanks Analytical/Control Equipment Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers Mechanical filtration Deionization Evaporative separation Adsorptive exchange Membrane filtration Reverse Osmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ajay Singh Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Alexander Russell Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Germany

Ms. Amita Chaudhary Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Animes K Golder Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India

Ms. Anjali Tripathi Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of Technology of Management, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Arpana Mishra Faculty of Science and Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday Vishwavidyalaya , Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. B. Ashraf Ali Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Bashir Ahmad Dar University of Kashmir, North campus Delina, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Dr. C. Jaya Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, A. C. Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India

Prof. C. V. Subrahmanyam Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (Autonomous), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Imphal, Manipur, India

Mr. Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Arvi, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Dharam Pal Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Feyzullah Tokay Department of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences, Turkey

Dr. Kalyan Das GE Power and Water in Industrial Water Treatment Processes, J F Welch Technology Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Neetu Singh Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Dr. Parin Shah Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Prof. Pushpa Jha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. Ramakrishna Karipeddi Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mr. Sachin Suresh Shinde Department of Chemical Engineering, K K Wagh Institute of Engineering, Education and Research, Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Seema Gupta Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India

Dr. Sharad M Sontakke Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Shi-Peng Sun National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao University College of Technology (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering, A.U.C.E. (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Mr. Vidyadhar Vikram Gedam Department of Chemical Engineering, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Xin Gao School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present separation technology issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of chemical separation technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Separation Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical separation in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology focuses on Residual contamination and excess depositions, Temporary hoses and pipework, Heating coils exchangers, Analytical/Control equipment, Mechanical filtration, Deionization, Evaporation separation, Reverse osmosis, Nanofiltration and many more. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Chemical Separation and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical Separation community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of separation technology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical separation readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Separation Technology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Recovery of Succinic Acid by Reactive Extraction Using Tri-n-Octylamine in 1-Decanol: Equilibrium Optimization Using Response Surface Method and Kinetic Studies E. Sumalatha, T. Prathap Kumar, B. Satyavathi, P. Sudhakar, R. Parthasarathy

2. Novel Ionic Liquids Supported Membranes: A Review Tejas T. Shetiye, Shamali S. Chavan, Swapnil A. Dharaskar

3. The Performance of Microbial Lipase Immobilized onto Ion Exchange Resins and onto the Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite Laurence Weatherley, Akash Anand

4. Numerical Analysis of Flow Characterization in a Continuous Crystallizer A. Thimmaiah, L. Falleiro, A. Naval, A. Ambekar, B. Ashraf Ali

5. Methods of Separation: A Guide to Beginners Shalu Singh, Aruna Singh

International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Recovery of Succinic Acid by Reactive Extraction Using Tri-nOctylamine in 1-Decanol: Equilibrium Optimization Using Response Surface Method and Kinetic Studies E. Sumalatha1,2, T. Prathap Kumar1*, B. Satyavathi1, P. Sudhakar1, R. Parthasarathy2 1

Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-IICT, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Australia

ABSTRACT Reactive extraction is a promising technique for the recovery of organic acids from aqueous streams. Succinic acid, is a white, odorless solid dicarboxylic acid, and is a precursor for some specialized polyesters. Present paper presents an optimization study of reactive extraction of succinic acid equilibrium studies from aqueous solutions using Tri-n-octylamine in 1-Decanol using response surface methodology including reaction kinetics in a stirred cell. Extraction efficiency (đ?&#x2018;&#x152;), a response function was optimized using three process parameters: initial succinic acid concentration, tri-n-octylamine composition, and temperature(đ?&#x2018;&#x2021;). Response surface methodology in conjunction with central composite design consisting of twenty experimental runs was statically employed for the reactive extraction of succinic acid. A statistical second order polynomial quadratic model predicted an extraction efficiency of 93.75% with optimum values of parameters being: 0.2 kmol m-3 acid concentration, tri-n-octylamine composition 33 (% v/v), at 305.5 K temperature. The extraction efficiency obtained was 91% at the optimal conditions. The kinetic studies were carried out to analyze the process. Interfacial area correlation was derived based on the droplet radius. The mass transfer coefficients of succinic acid, tri-n-octylamaine, and 1:1 acid-amine complex in 1-decanol were determined using water/acetic acid/kerosene system. Based on the Hatta number, the reaction regime found to be instantaneous reaction regime occurring in the film. Keywords: central composite design, equilibrium studies, kinetic studies, optimization, reactive extraction

INTRODUCTION Succinic acid and its derivatives have vast usage in polymers, foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. At present, the commercial succinic acid is nearly all of produced by the chemical process from maleic anhydride derived from petroleum; which limits the use of succinic acid for a huge range of applications due to the high conversion cost. Anaerobiospirillum [1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;5] succiniciproducens, Actinobacillus succinogenes[6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9] and Mannheimia [10] succiniciproducens (isolated from

bovine rumen), which were discovered as facultative anaerobic bacteria, are newly considered as effective succinic acid producers due to the high demand for succinic acid production.[11,12] Reactive extraction with specific extractant giving higher distribution coefficient has been suggested as a promising technique for the recovery of carboxylic acids. Separation of acids from their aqueous

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International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Novel Ionic Liquids Supported Membranes: A Review Tejas T. Shetiye, Shamali S. Chavan, Swapnil A. Dharaskar* Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management, and Research, Akurdi, Pune (M.S), India

ABSTRACT In this work, a supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) can be prepared by impregnating different types of polymers with suitable novel phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs). ILs have reached an enormous interest as CO2 solvents and other engineering applications due to their unique properties such as negligible vapour pressure and selectivity, making them very attractive in order to obtain stable supported liquid membranes. This work can appraise the preparation and use of a new class of supported liquid membranes. ILs are compounds that typically contain organic cations and inorganic anions with unique properties. These ILs can be synthesized by the reaction of phosphonium-based salts with different hydrogen bond donors. Phosphonium cations based ILs are a readily available family of ILs that in some applications after superior properties as compare to Nitrogen cation based ILs. These are used as Extraction solvents, Chemical synthesis solvents, electrolytes in batteries and in super capacitor-anion combinations that are available commercially. Here, we provide an overview of the properties of these interesting materials and their diverse applications. An evaluation of the membrane stability was carried out for stable SILMs can be experimentally determined. Keywords: CO2 separation, ionic liquids, phosphonium-based ILs, supported ILs membrane

INTRODUCTION Ionic Liquids (ILs) are having different unique properties like, low melting temperature (<100°C), wide liquid phase range, high thermal stability, nonflammability, and very low vapour pressure and ILs compounds typically contain organic cations and inorganic anions.[1] Due to the remarkable increase in research related to the use of ILs as potential replacements for organic solvents in chemical processes.[2] The rising interest about ILs in regards to Green Chemistry and Engineering has largely been a result of the fact that they have no measurable vapour pressure, thus they do not release volatile organic compounds (VOCs).[3] ILs also have a diversity of potential applications.[4] Now days, ILs has been predictable as an alternative to prevailing solvents and ILs

themselves. They are a Grouping of a salt and a hydrogen-bond donor (HBD), in which a new compound is formed, usually having much lower melting temperature than the components of the combination. They can be easily prepared in high purity at low cost, and their components are biodegradable and possess low toxicity, So that they are more advantageous. Industrial applications of phosphonium-based ILs are very favourable and we can find out various chemical engineering applications with SILMs. Carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption is a significant separation process where efforts have to be applied in order to

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International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2

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The Performance of Microbial Lipase Immobilized onto Ion Exchange Resins and onto the Natural Zeolite Clinoptilolite Laurence Weatherley*, Akash Anand Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Learned Hall, The University of Kansas, KS, USA

ABSTRACT The paper describes a study into the performance of a microbial lipase immobilized on to four different ion exchangers. Lipase from the yeast Candida rugosa was immobilized onto the anionic ion exchange resins Dowex MWA-1, Purolite A109, and Amberlite IR45. The performance of the immobilized lipase in each case was evaluated by measuring the immobilization efficiency and by following the reaction kinetics of hydrolysis of a triglyceride ester to free fatty acid and glycerol. The immobilization efficiency is a measure of the enzyme activity in the immobilized state relative to the free enzyme. The performance of the three synthetic anionic ion exchangers was compared with that of the naturally occurring zeolitic cationic exchanger â&#x20AC;&#x201C; clinoptilolite, which was similarly evaluated as a lipase support. The potential improvement of immobilization using the technique of pre-cross-linkage of the lipase using a glutaraldehyde crosslinking agent was also studied. The final part of the study focused on the potential enhancement of reaction performance through the addition of pure form cationic and anionic ion exchange resin to the reaction mixture together with the immobilized enzyme as a means of in-situ removal of free fatty acid product. In all cases the specific enzyme activity for the immobilized lipase was significantly lower compared with the activity in free solution. The Purolite A109 displayed the highest value of immobilization efficiency but only by a small margin compared with the Dowex MWA-1, and the Amberlite IR45. The clinoptilolite showed immobilization efficiency 50% lower than that of the synthetic ion exchangers. The application of glutaraldehyde cross-linkage during the immobilization protocol in the cases of the Dowex MWA-1 and the Purolite A109 resulted in increases in total protein uptake of 14.5 and 4.1%, respectively. The significant increase in total protein uptake in the case of the Dowex MWA-1 was not reflected in any significant enhancement of reaction kinetics. The reaction kinetics exhibited by the lipase immobilized on the anionic Purolite A109 resin, when mixed with cationic ion exchange resin in the sodium form during the reaction showed substantial enhancement. This observation suggests removal of fatty acid product through ion exchange uptake of H+ ions. Keywords: anionic ion exchangers, Candida rugosa, clinoptilolite, lipase

INTRODUCTION Enzymes are naturally occurring sustainable catalysts, which function effectively at close to ambient conditions of temperature and pressure. Therefore, they offer scope for more environmentally friendly and more cost-effective chemical manufacture. The application of many heterogeneous catalysts at industrial scale

requires mounting the active catalyst agent on to a stable solid support. This is essential for effective catalyst re-use, for the control of mixing, and to allow efficient contact of the reactant rich gas or

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International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Numerical Analysis of Flow Characterization in a Continuous Crystallizer A. Thimmaiah, L. Falleiro, A. Naval, A. Ambekar, B. Ashraf Ali* Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore, India

ABSTRACT In this work, hydrodynamics in a draft tube continuous crystallizer is analyzed computationally through Ansys CFD in terms of crystallization phenomena. Hindrance to fluid mixing and particle suspension due to vortexing can be overcome by providing baffles. A draft tube ensures that it directs the flow in the vertical direction ensuring good axial blending. Here, CFD simulations are performed using multiple reference frame (MRF) with sliding mesh approach in transient condition for a flow time of 5s. The flow fields and liquid circulation patterns were modelled using the standard k-Îľ turbulence model. The flow-field in the continuous crystallizer is quantified by calculating time averaged velocity profiles along the horizontal line and by analyzing the temporal variation of liquid velocity at a point for various flow rates. Further, turbulence in such crystallizer is analyzed for various flow rates. The liquid circulation in such a continuous crystallizer is calculated for various flow rates to find an optimal flow rate at which the continuous crystallizer is to be operated, hence to improve overall performance of the crystallizer; as it depends both on the mean flow field and on the associated turbulence characteristics. Keywords: CFD, continuous crystallizer, multiple reference frame, hydrodynamics, liquid circulation

INTRODUCTION Crystallization is the formation of solid particles within a homogenous phase. Solid particles can be formed from either vapor phase or liquid phase through crystallization [1]. Crystals formed during crystallization from an impure solution are itself pure and suitable for packing and storing. Above 80% substances that are used in pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, agrochemicals, food and cosmetics are either isolated or formulated in their solid form. The primary goal of crystallization is to generate pure particles with the set size and shape, which eases downstream operations. Crystallization is complex as it involves the coupling of several individual phenomena. The hydrodynamics of nonideal mixing coupled with the kinetics of nucleation and growth affect the final crystal size distribution. The driving force

for crystallization from solution is supersaturation. Based on the dependence of solute solubility on a number of factors, four methods have been classified for generating supersaturation- temperature reduction, evaporating the solvent, changing the solvent composition (salting) and chemical reaction (precipitation). If the solute concentration exceeds the equilibrium (saturated) solute concentration at a fixed temperature, then the solution is said to be a supersaturated solution. Formation of crystal is generally considered to be a two-step process. First is the formation of nuclei known as nucleation and second is the growth of

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International Journal of Chemical Separation Technology Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Methods of Separation: A Guide to Beginners Shalu Singh*, Aruna Singh Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Learning different separation methods is important in chemical and biochemical world. Different techniques are known that helps to separate complex mixtures of substances. Herewith, we provide a brief overview of these methods which can be helpful for the students that are in the beginning of their learning stage of chemical separation methods and techniques. Keywords: analyte, distillation, filtration, membrane, separation

BACKGROUND Several techniques are available to separate mixture of two or more substances. It is required that these substances should differ in at least one of their physical or chemical characteristics. A mixture of substances can be separated based on their size, density, physical or chemical state, complex formation, etc. Herewith, we provide an overview of such separation techniques that exploit the physical and/or chemical properties of the analyte or the interferent in a mixture [1]. SEPARATION METHODS BASED ON SIZE Size is the simplest physical characteristic that can be exploited as a separation method. Usually, a porous medium of specific pore size is used through which the mixture of analyte and interferent is made to pass. Only one of the two substances can pass through the medium while the other is left on the porous medium. Techniques that work on this principle include filtration, dialysis and size-exclusion.

FILTRATION This is the simplest and the most common separation method based on size. A membrane or filter of particular pore size is used that retains the interferent from a mixture of dissolved analytes. The substance retained on the filter is termed the retentate while the other that passes through the membrane is referred as the filtrate. Different membrane filters having varying pore size are easily available for these purposes. DIALYSIS This separation method is based on the difference in the concentrations of the particular species to be separated on two sides of the separating membrane. In this, the mixture or the sample is injected into the dialysis membrane, usually made up of cellulose that is tightly sealed in a gasket. The whole apparatus is kept in a large unit and filled with liquid whose composition is different from the sample. The concentration gradient of the species to be separated on the two sides of the liquid solution acts as the driving force for its diffusion across the separating membrane. This method is used to separate enzymes, proteins and hormones. Dialysis is also

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

IJCST

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

JUL–DEC 2016

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences