International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

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Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Materials

Electrical Engineering

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Composite & Constituent

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials welcomes research papers and review articles concerning the development in the field of composite and constituent materials regarding fiber placement technology, tufting, Z-pinning technique etc. All articles that are included in the journal are peer-reviewed and follow stringent guidelines before publishing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Advanced fiber placement

 Tailored fiber placement  Fiberglass spray lay-up process  Filament winding  Lanxide process  Tufting  Z-pinning  Chemical vapour infiltration  Epoxy granite  Nano-composites  Hybrid material  Composite laminates  Constituent materials of concrete

International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Arka Chaudhuri Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal) India

Prof. C. K. Das Professor Materials Science Centre Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Dr. Chandan Dutta CEO and Founder Member of a Consultancy firm, namely, CD Consultant Kolkata, India.

Dr.G.Bhanu Kiran GITAM University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India

Dr. A. K. Das Ex-Manager, S.A.I.L.

Dr. Bijan Deb Department of Physics Ambedkar College, Fatikroy Tripura, India

Dr. Sunil D. Kahar Metallurgical & Materials Engg.Dept., Faculty of Tech. & Engg.The M S University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

Dr. Sunain Katoch Ph.D (Organic chemistry), HOD (M.Sc. Chemistry Deptt.), Gautam Post Graduate College (Affiliated to HPU- Shimla) H. P., India

Dr. R. Srinivasa Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Suhrit Mula Assistant Professor, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Roorkee, India

Balaji Panchapakesan Worcester Polytechnic Institute Higgins Laboratory United States

Dr Mohanan PV Scientist & Head, Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Prof. Shyam Bahadur Rai Department of physics Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, U.P, India

Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, Portugal

Dr. Arup Kumar Rana Group Leader, Jute Reinforced Composite Group, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association (IJIRA), Kolkata, India

Dr. Amitava Sil IPIRTI, Field Station Kolkata Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh Senior Scientist, Division of Materials Physics and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Dr.Bimal P Singh CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Manikandan Vai Professor, Kalasalingam University, Sriviliputhur

Dr. Lixin Xue Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Bharath K N GM Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Shyam Khambholja B.&B. Institute of Technology (affiliated to GTU) India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite and Constituent Materials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite and Constituent Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Advanced fiber placement, Tailored fiber placement, Fiberglass spray lay-up process, Filament winding, Lanxide process, Tufting, Z-pinning, Chemical vapour infiltration, Epoxy granite, Nanocomposites, Hybrid material, Composite laminates, Constituent materials of concrete The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite and Constituent Materials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of analytical chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Thermal Material Used in Aerospace for Protection Prikshit Sharma

2. Technical Yarns From Newly Developed Indigenously Fabricated Folding Unit S.S. Bhattacharya, A. Mandot, S.K. Bijotkar

3. Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Properties Based on Micromechanics Prateek Manchanda

4. Hybrid Polylactide Acid Composites Reinforced With Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Shubhi Aggarwal

5. Effect of Environment on Composite Structures Shailendra Singh

International Journal of Composite and Constituents Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Thermal Material Used in Aerospace for Protection Prikshit Sharma* Physics Department, Jaypee University, Noida, India ABSTRACT Ablative nanocomposites were set up by fusing multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) into phenolic gum and after that impregnating them into rayon-based carbon texture. MWCNT were mixed into phenolic gum at 0.5, 1, and 2 wt% loadings utilizing a mix of sonication and high shear blending to guarantee uniform scattering of MWCNT. The composite test examples were tried by utilizing an oxyacetylene test bed (OTB) applying a warmth flux of 1000 W/cm2 for length of 45 seconds. Composite examples with 2 wt% MWCNT indicated diminishment in mass misfortune, subsidence long, and in situ temperatures contrasted with control composites. Keywords: aerospace, constituent, MWNC/t

INTRODUCTION Removal is a procedure of material expulsion from a surface or other erosive process and normally connected with materials for space reentry vehicles and rocket spouts. The ablative materials are utilized as warm insurance materials for rocket spouts, space vehicles, and burning assemblies of rocket engines. These materials ought to withstand high temperatures in the request of a large number of degrees Celsius, high push, and high effect. The last material ought to have the capacity to frame complex shapes and be as light as could reasonably be expected. Right now the primary shoppers of ablative materials are military, NASA, and business space propelling organization. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a community look into with Cytec Engineered Materials (CEM). Carbon fiber fortified nanocomposites were fabricated utilizing procedures and materials like those utilized by CEM for current SOTA ablative material, MX-

4926. As indicated by CEM depiction, MX-4926 MC (shaping compound) is rayon forerunner based carbon texture impregnated with MIL-R-9299 phenolic pitch and carbon dark as filler. CONCLUSION Ablative boards were effectively made with phenolic sap, rayon antecedent based carbon texture, and MWCNT utilizing comparable strategy as that of Cytec Engineered Materials' MX-4926 MC (shaping compound) ablative boards. The blend of sonication and high shear blending was utilized for uniform scattering and division of individual MWCNT. Ablative test examples were tried at a warmth flux of 1000W/cm2 utilizing the oxyacetylene test bed for 45 seconds. The test examples were looked at on the premise of rate mass misfortune, subsidence, and crest in-situ temperatures at profundities of 10 mm and 5 mm from fire front. The rate mass misfortune for control test example was 26%, while it was 23% for nanocomposite examples containing 2 wt% MWCNT. Normal

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Technical Yarns From Newly Developed Indigenously Fabricated Folding Unit S.S. Bhattacharya, A. Mandot*, S.K. Bijotkar Department of Textile Engineering,The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

ABSTRACT A small machine was developed indigenously with a new concept for the manufacturing of different kinds of technical yarn. This prototype machine is only for the production of coarser counts and it gives the core-sheath yarn structure. The yarn obtained from this machine can be comparable with yarn produced on DREF spinning. Any type of core material, like cut selvedge produced from modern looms, metallic wires, and the filament yarns either mono or multi and roving of any staple materials can be used on this machine. In this system, the folding operation and the winding operation are completely separated with each other and do not depend on any of them. The main aim of the work is to fabricate the machine and to understand the machine parameters for the production of different technical yarns. In the present work, an attempt was made to introduce the copper wire of 0.18 mm diameter in the folded yarn structure as a core material; whereas the sheath material was taken as twisted polyester threads. The different samples of yarns were produced by varying the twist per unit length and their mechanical and physical properties were analysed. Keywords: copper wire, coreâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;sheath structure, fabrication, folding, prototype

INTRODUCTION Technical yarn is a textile product manufactured for nonaesthetic purposes, like, medical, sports, transportation, construction, agriculture and many other industrial and nonindustrial purposes. Now-a-days, textiles are emerged in electronic field and the product is known as Interactive electronic textiles (IET). Conductive fibres and yarns have drawn considerable amount of attention during the last decade. Today, there are a number of commercial fibres and yarns that include metallic fibres and filament mixed with textile materials to form conducting textile materials, which can be woven or sewn. The textile materials made from organic polymers are perfect insulators. Due to weak electrical conductivity, the electrical load is accumulated on the surface of the organic polymers. To prevent the accumulation of electrical load, the textile materials are turned into

electrically conductor by using different methods. There are different ways to produce the conductive yarns; some of them are listed here: (a) Adding carbon or metals in different forms, such as, wires, fibres or particles (nano) (b) Using inherently conductive polymers (c) Coating with conductive substance The produced material can be used for smart Clothing, transportation of electric signals, protection from electromagnetic interference and electrostatic discharges. Considering the advantages of conductive textiles the following objects were thought of: (a)

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Multiscale Modeling of Elastic Properties Based on Micromechanics Prateek Manchanda* College of Chemistry, Kumouni University, India

ABSTRACT This paper addresses multiscale firmness homogenization procedure to separate macroscale versatile mechanical properties of four sorts of manageable cements from their nanoscale mechanical properties. Nine distinctive practical solid blends were considered. A model in light of micromechanics was utilized to homogenize the versatile properties. The solidified bond glues were homogenized by three systematic strategies in view of Self-Consistent and Mori-Tanaka plans. The proposed multiscale strategy consolidates progressed trial and scientific strategies efficiently so that the data sources are nanoscale stages properties separated from measurable nano indentation system and mechanical properties of blend fixing. Anticipated flexible properties were reliable with customary test comes about. Connecting homogenized mechanical properties of economical cement to volume extents through a diagnostic approach gives a basic initial move towards objective enhancement of these materials. Keywords: cement, micromechanics, nanosensors

INTRODUCTION Cement is a complex heterogeneous material whose mechanical properties can shift considerably from indicate point. Anticipating the mechanical conduct of such materials dependably has been a test going up against researchers. Notwithstanding, advance in both experimentation and continuum micromechanics has given the obliged establishments to the improvement of multiscale models for complex heterogeneous materials, for example, concrete. These upscaling plans act as approaches to trade data about mechanical properties between various sizes of a model. Moreover, execution situated streamlining of the homogenized properties gets to be distinctly conceivable by considering alterations to the material science, synthesis, forms, and their related effects on microstructure.

BACKGROUND Concrete containing fly ash and blast furnace slag, kenaf fiber reinforced concrete (KFRC), and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) can be categorized as sustainable concrete, by achieving concrete with high strength while reducing cement consumption. Plant-based natural fibers, such as kenaf bast fibers, can be used in concrete to obtain a new lighter weight and yet tougher concrete while maintaining desirable material properties will directly enhance the merits of precast concrete [1]. CO2 sequestration is another positive impact of kenaf. One acre of kenaf captures as much CO2 as three acres of rain forest, and much of the captured CO2can be permanently trapped inside structures used in construction [2]. Additionally, the lighter weight and better performance will reduce the energy

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Hybrid Polylactide Acid Composites Reinforced With Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Shubhi Aggarwal* Chemisrty Department, Gautam Buddha University, Noida, India

ABSTRACT Hybrid polylactide Acid (PLA) composites strengthened with palm purge natural product bundle (EFB) and slashed strand E-glass (GLS) filaments were researched. The hybrid filaments PLA composite was set up through arrangement throwing took after by pelletisation and resulting hot pressure press into 1 mm thick example. Chloroform and dichloromethane were utilized as dissolvable and their viability in dissolving PLA was accounted for. The general fibre stacking was kept consistent at volume part, as of 20% while the proportion of EFB to GLS fibre was fluctuated between of 0 : 20 to 20 : 0. The corporation of GLS filaments enhanced the malleable and flexural execution of the mixture composites, however expanding the glass fibre length from 3 to 6 mm negatively affects the mechanical properties of the half and half composites. Additionally, the composites that were readied utilizing chloroform demonstrated better elastic and flexural properties contrasted than those arranged and dichloromethane. Keywords: fibre, fruit branch, polyactide acid

INTRODUCTION Fibre reinforced composites based on carbon, glass, and Kevlar have been widely used in the aviation, automotive, marine, sport, and defence industries, attributed to their high strength to weight ratio, easy formability, and high tensile and fracture resistance. However, synthetic fibres are generally manufactured through energy intensive processes that produce toxic by-products while their reinforced composites are difficult to recycle and resistant to biodegradation [1]. Increasing governmental pressure as well as consumer and industrial awareness on the long-term effect of environmental pollution due to noncompostable polymeric products has led numerous researchers around the world to have gained interest to develop greener composites by either eliminating or

minimising the usage of nondegradable synthetic polymeric resin and fibres. Biodegradable polymeric resins generally can be categorised into two groups depending on their origin, natural biopolymers (polymer derived from natural resources such as starch, cellulose, gelatine, casein, wheat gluten, silk, wool, plant oils, and polylactic acid), and synthetic biopolymers (mineral based biopolymer synthesised from crude oil with example including aliphatic polycaprolactone, aromatic polybutylene succinate terephthalate, and polyvinyl alcohols) Amongst the many naturalorigin biodegradable polymers, polylactic acid (PLA), a corn-based biodegradable polyester obtained from fermentation of sugar feedstock, is gaining its popularity in the scientific community [2–4] and was

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International Journal of Composite and Constituent Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effect of Environment on Composite Structures Shailendra Singh* CSIR, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT Material conduct of basic parts is critical to get it. In fiber fortified polymer composite materials, this is more troublesome in contrast with isotropic materials as they are comprised of two constituents: the fiber and the network. For aviation composite materials, the network is normally an epoxy pitch that cures at a high temperature. This curing administration is known to acquaint leftover worries with the composite material as it cools from the high cure temperature. In any case, how to consider these lingering worries in a basic investigation is still generally talked about. In this paper, the creators researched the balance of warm leftover strains presented by the cure administration by the swelling of the composite when presented to dampness. Keywords: materials, temperature

INTRODUCTION The utilization of composites in aviation segments has begun to surge. This is because of their high quality to weight proportion and the capacity to effortlessly produce segments. Regardless of this, composites are still generally new contrasted with the metallic materials. The conduct of composites has for the most part not yet been altogether seen over the life expectancy of segments which they frame. Keeping in mind the end goal to foresee a life expectancy for composite segments, it is vital to precisely portray their material conduct. Different disappointment criteria have been proposed to foresee disappointment in composites [1]. A considerable measure of them is set up at the lamina level. Some as of late created criteria are appropriate at the fiber and network level, for example, multicontinuum hypothesis and onset hypothesis [2–5].

Composites are comprised of two principle constituents: the fiber and the lattice. Both constituents act distinctively all alone. In any case, through a curing procedure, the two constituents are attached to shape a material that has great attributes in its diverse material plane headings. Hypotheses, for example, Classical Laminate Theory help with building up these material properties. In spite of the fact that these speculations incredibly help with rearranging the general material conduct from an auxiliary level, they are administered by presumptions. The biggest of which is the treatment of the "composite material" as "another homogeneous material" when it is still a "composite of material" [6–10]. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS In a perfect circumstance, a composite would be displayed with every strand of fiber encompassed by a polymeric grid. This would permit the anxiety conditions of the fiber, lattice, and interface to be removed independently. Notwithstanding,

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

IJCcM

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Materials

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

Composite & Constituent

2 more...

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences