International Journal of Data Structures vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Data Structures

International Journal of Data Structures is a comprehensive journal that covers all the topics of Fundamental data structures. All articles that are included in the journal are peer-reviewed and follow stringent guidelines before publishing. From Fundamental data structures to Array data structure all the topics fall under the scope and the focus of this journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Fundamental data structures  Recursive algorithms  Dynamic information structures  Language structures and compilers  ASCII character set  Pascal syntax diagrams  Advanced data structures and algorithms  B-trees  Array data structure

International Journal of Data Structures is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Mark Burgin, Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, UCLA, USA

Dr Mansaf Alam, Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Anirban Das Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications(MCA), B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur (West Bengal), India

Dr Devi Priya Rangasamy, Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, Kongu Engineering College, Erode,Tamil Nadu

Professor Ravi Prakash Reddy Professor & HOD, GNITS, Shaikpet, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Praveen sam Rachapudy Professor, Department of CSE, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, India

Dr. Hemanta Kumar Baruah, Vice-Chancellor, Bodoland University, Kokrajhar, Assam, India

Dr. Syed Javed Kabeer, Assistant professor in Mathematics and HOD Computer Studies, Maulana Azad College, Aurangabad, India

Dr. Sasmita Mishra, Associate Professor Department of Comp. Sc. & Applications IGIT, Sarang Talcher, Dhenkanal, Orissa, India

Dr. Kavita Saxena, RKG Institute of Technology, GZB, India

Safar Irandoust Assistant Professor at University of Tabriz, Iran

Dr. Ikvinderpal Singh Assistant Professor P.G. Department of Computer Science & Applications Trai Shatabdi GGS Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Dr. R. Sivaraj Associate Professor, Velalar College of Engineering and Technology, India.

Saptarshi Roy Post Doctoral Fellow, NIT Warangal, India.

Dr.R.Manjula Devi Assistant Professor(Senior Grade)/CSE,, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, India.

B M Alaudeen Research Scholar, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli,India.

Sivaraj Rajappan Velalar college of engineering and technology, Anna University, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Data Structures. This journal is part of the Computer Science and Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Data Structures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Computer Science and Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Data Structures in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Computer Science and Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Data Structures focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Fundamental data structures, Recursive algorithms, Dynamic information structures, Language structures and compilers, ASCII character set, Pascal syntax diagrams, Advanced data structures, B-trees, Array data structure. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Computer Science and Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Computer Science and Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Computer Science and Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Computer Science and Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Computer Science and Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Different Type of Sorting Technique in Data Structure Usage Sunil Kumar Chouriya

2. Categorical Study of Nature Inspired Algorithms in the Various Domains S. Goel, S. Sinha, V.K. Panchal

3. Data Structure and Its Multiple Uses in Computer Science Tejus Dhoble

4. Editorial Note: Importance of Data Structure in Different Fields of Computer Science Manisha Agnihotri

5. Data Structures and Its Importance â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Research Insight Ankita Singh

International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Different Type of Sorting Technique in Data Structure Usage Sunil Kumar Chouriya* NIIST, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, MP, India

ABSTRACT Sorting techniques help an individual to evaluate hard algorithms in easy way, so this paper helps to execute tough algorithm in a simple way for different–different users. Keywords: data sorting, execute

INTRODUCTION Data Structure Data Structure is a method for gathering and arranging information in such a way, to the point that we can perform operations on this information in a powerful way. Data structure is about rendering information components regarding some relationship, for better association and capacity. For example, we have data player’s name “Virat” and age 26. Here, “Virat” is of String data type and 26 is of integer data type. We can organize this data as a record like Player record. Now we can collect and store player’s records in a file or database as a data structure. For example: “Shane Warn” 30, “Sachin” 31, and “Sehwag” 33. In simple language, data structures are structures programmed to store ordered data, so that various operations can be performed on it easily. Sorting Sorting is only capacity of data in sorted request, it can be in climbing or diving request. The term Sorting comes into picture with the term Searching. There are such a large number of things in our genuine that we have to inquiry, similar to a specific record in database, move

numbers in legitimacy list, a specific phone number, a specific page in a book and so on. Sorting masterminds information in a succession which makes looking simpler. Each record which will be sorted will contain one key. Taking into account the key the record will be sorted. For instance, assume we have a record of understudies; each such record will have the accompanying information:  Roll no  Name  Age  Class Here, student roll no. can be taken as key for sorting the records in rising or diving request. Presently assume we need to seek a student with roll no. 15, we do not have to seek the finish record we will basically look between the students with roll no. 10– 20.

Sorting Efficiency There are numerous systems for sorting. Usage of specific sorting procedure relies on circumstance. Sorting methods fundamentally relies on upon two parameters. To start with parameter is the execution time of program, which implies

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Categorical Study of Nature Inspired Algorithms in the Various Domains S. Goel1*, S. Sinha2, V.K. Panchal3 1

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Computer University School of California, USA 2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, NSIT Delhi University, New Delhi, India 3 DTRL, DRDO, Govt. of India, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Now a days there researchers have shifted their interest from the classical algorithm to new concept of Swarm Intelligence/ Nature Inspired Algorithms. Nature being the powerful paradigm such diversified providing the researcher scope to discover as many new algorithm such as Ant Colony Optimization based on the behaviour of ant to Pigeon Optimization based on the behaviour of Pigeon. But the issues coming in here is which algorithm can be used in a given problem definition. Authors in this paper have attempted to present an abstract view of the successful use of these algorithms in a given environment. This is done based on the research survey performed on the basic characters of each algorithm mentioned. Also, the author has attempted to classify these algorithms into Time-Space Variant and Time-Space Invariant. Keywords: complexity, swarm algorithm, time-space variant and time-space invariant

INTRODUCTION Computational Intelligence (CI) is the study of Population Based Stochastic Optimization Techniques, modelled on the behavioural aspects in decentralized system. It is the set of various nature inspired Computational methodologies and approaches to address complex real-world problems to which traditional approaches, i.e., first principles modelling or explicit statistical modelling, are ineffective or infeasible. Many real-life problems are not considered to be wellposed problems mathematically, but nature provides many counter examples of biological systems exhibiting the required function, practically. We are going to detailed algorithms which comes under the category of CI, will study their characteristics and discuss its paradigm of applicability.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES Research in Computational Intelligence has gone far beyond neural networks (NN), fuzzy systems (FS) and evolutionary computation (EC), the current development in research such as Agent Behaviour shows that Computational Intelligence is entering the second golden phase. The aim of this paper is to bring together the study of the new upcoming algorithm which can help the academic institutions and R&D Research Labs, working in the related fields. These new algorithms in CI can be applied to various field such as image processing, computer vision, motion analysis and machine learning. Different advancements in these techniques have resulted in wide applicability of Algorithms in varied domains. Researches shows that many population based algorithms has the ability

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Data Structure and Its Multiple Uses in Computer Science Tejus Dhoble* Department of Computer Science, ITM Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT This paper reconsiders the uses of information structures connected with field of software engineering furthermore with awesome importance in fulfilling the elements of operating framework and enhancing the throughput by asset use. There is a measure of crucial multifaceted nature in sorting out/handling the information and documents exhibit in framework. No beast constrain methodologies can minimize and show it so effortlessly by receiving to the non-synchronized system of capacity and administration, yet it can be put with the goal that it doesn't act as a burden and it's additionally straightforward. The best such place is an information structure. Information structures have numerous applications in the range of framework improvement, information base outline, programming coding and PC systems. The proficiency of utilizing information structures as a part of performing different working framework employments are investigated in detail with cases. In the region of software engineering training, Algorithm perception is the most mainstream device utilized, while showing information structure to college understudies. Utilizing this apparatus understudy can without much of a stretch comprehend idea of information structure and see outwardly how different operations performed on this information structure. This paper introduces an overview on different representation device utilized as a part of the writing from 2001 to 2013. Different innovations used to create it, their advantages in learning information structure, constraints, year of production and their creators. Keywords: algorithm, data structure

INTRODUCTION Information might be composed in various ways. The legitimate or numerical model of a specific association of information is known as a "Information structure". An effective information model is required to sort out the information. The decision of specific information display relies on upon two contemplations. Firstly it must be sufficiently rich in structure to reflect genuine connections of information in certifiable and on the other hand, the structure ought to be sufficiently basic that one can viably prepare information when fundamental. This paper concentrates on the applicational parts of different

information structures with pertinence to the field of software engineering and likewise to framework programming like working framework and their trial in playing out its operational assignments. The information sorted out with information structures are prepared by method for specific operations. The conclusive activity of picking a specific information structure for a given circumstance depends generally on recurrence with which particular operations are performed. The most usually performed operations on information structures incorporate crossing, seeking, embeddings, erasing and

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Editorial Note: Importance of Data Structure in Different Fields of Computer Science Manisha Agnihotri Department of Electricals and Electronics, SIT Devas, India

Data structure is a specific way of accumulating and arranging information in a computer system, so that it can be fetching and used most efficiently. There are so many kinds of data structures for different kinds of applications. The data structure is very helpful for writing program in any language. If you have good understanding of data structure, then you can store and organize data very easily. With the help of this, you can manage more data in the main memory in such a way that the insertion, deletion of data is very easy. Data structures are very important for the following reasons: 1. Data structures are used in every program or software system. 2. Specific data structures are essential part of many algorithms, manages the huge amounts of data, such as large integrated collection of databases. 3. Some programming languages highlight data structures, rather than algorithms, as the key organizing factor in software design. There are basically two types of data structure: 1. Primitive Data Structure: The concept of handling the primitive data types likes integer, float, Boolean, etc. in efficient way.

2. Non-Primitive Data Structure: The concept of handling the complex data types likes linked list, tree, graph etc. in efficient way. Data Structure is very important for different disciplines of computer science. With the help of this, we can perform different functions like resource allocation, job scheduling, context switching within the process etc. The least difficult approach to comprehend a data structure is to view it as a system for catching data that is conveniently kept together. To a great many people who have any PC programming background, the primary information structure that strikes a chord is in the type of a table where the lines compare to articles where every section speaks to a diverse bit of data of a specific sort for the protest connected with the line. At the point when the majority of the segments are of a similar sort, then we have a cluster information structure. As a

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International Journal of Data Structures Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Data Structures and Its Importance – Research Insight Ankita Singh E-mail: anky15.15@gmail.com BACKGROUND Data structure is a procedure of storing and organizing data in a computer, to be retrieved later for use. They are important for the many reasons. Data structures are utilized in nearly every software system, they are essential constituents of many efficient algorithms, managing large integrated collection of databases, programming languages, and in software design. Algorithms too, are not far behind. They are step by step procedures to accomplish a task. By developing a good understanding of algorithms, we can choose the right decision for a problem and apply it properly. We use algorithms to find the shortest or the best path to travel from one location to another (Google Maps).There are many applications of algorithms in the modern world – weather forecasting, finding structural patterns and cure diseases, inventing games and so on. The latest example was developing a highly complex algorithm for a space probe that helped Indian scientists to reach Mars efficiently, at minimum costs. ALGORITHMS NEXT BIG THING THAT CAN CHANGE THE WORLD Ii is predicted that in the next 5 years, about one million new devices will come online hourly, making uncountable new interconnections and relationships, and producing excessive data. However, these relationships will not be driven by data, but by algorithms. Data vary a simple. It does not do anything until you know how to use it and employ it. In reality, algorithms are tools that define action. Dynamic algorithms are the center of new customer interactions.

The founder of the big data firm stated that links, relationships and algorithms are shaping the future of business, not big data. If someone is still stuck to big data, then he is missing the conceptual point and opportunities, he added. The most famous websites and services work their magic by making calculations in the cloud using dynamic algorithm. For instance, Netflix suggests what you should watch by monitoring what you have watched, and what other people have watched what you have. The grand finale for the algorithmic economy is alluring. Empowered customers and businesses get when and what they want, without the time lags and vexation of old world applications. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE JUST GOT SMARTER A team of scientists from Massachusetts Institute of Technology have designed learning program that can identify and draw handwritten characters after viewing them only a few times, exactly like humans. And it does it so well that people cannot tell the difference. This marks a major milestone in developing powerful computer programs and artificial intelligence. Though computers are great at storing and processing data, they’re less than A1 students. An average 4-year-old could grasp basic concepts quicker than the most sophisticated program. However, handwritten characters are appropriate for comparing human and machine learning. They are both often used as a reference point for comparing learning algorithms.

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

IJDS

JUL–DEC 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Data Structures

2 more...

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences