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International Journal of Digital Electronics

International Journal of Digital Electronics is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Digital Electronics and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to Digital Electronics. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Digital analogue circuits ! Integrated circuit ! Microelectronics ! Unconventional computing ! Digital system and binary numbers ! Asynchronous sequential logic ! Digital number system ! Boolean algebra and logic circuits ! Digital logic gates ! Digital combinational logic ! Combinational arithmetic circuits ! Sequential circuits ! Digital logic families

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Michael Loong Peng Tan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai Johor, Malaysia

Dr.I.Kathir Vice-President, Alumni Association, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, India

Dr. K A Lathief Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia

Dr. V. Balaji Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Dr. Sreejith S Power Electronics and Drives Division, School of Electrical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, India

Dr. Huang Mingzhi Department of Water Resources and Environment, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

Dr. Amin Noura, University Putra Malaysia, 43300 UPM serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Mr. Dinesh Kumar VITS, Hyderabad, India

Vijay R. Wadhankar RTMNU University India

Dr. S Murugan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Amitav Pani IPER Business School, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

Dr. D Selvathi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, TamilNadu, India

Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal Department of Physics Institute of Technology Majitar, Rangpo Sikkim, India

Sandeep Kumar Kautish Engineering North West Institute of Engineering and Technology Dhudike (MOGA) Punjab, India

K.M. Mehata Department of Computer Science and Engineering Anna University, Chennai, India

Dr. Pratibhamoy Das Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India

Santanu K. Maiti Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Digital Electronics. This journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Digital Electronics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Digital Electronics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Digital Electronics in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Digital Electronics focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Base Station Management, Wide-band CDMA (W-CDMA), Direct sequence-CDMA (DS-CDMA),Multi-code CDMA (MC-CDMA) ,Channel capacity, Multi-user MIMO systems, Multi-hop networks, Multiple-input and multiple-output relay channel, MIMO antenna design, MIMO prototyping, Call establishment procedures, Call clearing procedures, Call information phase procedures. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Proposing New and Novel Kalman Filter for Estimating Chemical and Nanoparameters Saeid Zoghi

2. Power Awareness by Distributed Voltage-Scaling Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Review E.N. Ganesh

3. Number Plate Extraction and Detection Using Matlab Swati, Chanchal Sarovar, Hitendra Singh

4. Challenges of Terahertz Radiations as Imaging and Sensing Anant Bhardwaj, Govind Sharma, Vikas Gupta

5. Improved Routh Table Truncation Algorithm for Large Scale Uncertain Discrete Interval Models Manish Kumar Sharma, Deepak Parashar, Aseem Chandel

6. Big Data Analysis and Framework Sakshi Shewale, Joni Birla, Mahesh Kumar, Jitender Singh

7. Robotic System for Differentiating Color Objects Santosh Kumar Agrahari, Kunal Saini, Ritesh Raj, Suraj Changotra, Love Sharma

International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Proposing New and Novel Kalman Filter for Estimating Chemical and Nanoparameters Saeid Zoghi* Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract The conservative input estimation methods assume constant input level and there are not shielded a universal input modeling. In this article, an innovative system is advanced to overcome these problems by using a new partitioned input dynamic modeling. In addition, author suggests an improved two-stage Kalman estimator with a new arrangement, which is an extension of the conventional input estimation methods and is optimal for common, linear discrete-time systems. At the end of this paper, we propose new application for this estimator in chemical engineering. Author of this paper, propose applying this for estimating and predicting density volume or amount of dopants that need for a special structure. Keywords: chemical engineering, density, estimation and prediction

INTRODUCTION The well-known augmented state Kalman estimator (AUSKE) or “full state” method answers the general state estimation difficult in a stochastic linear system with unknown input variable. The AUSKE answers the difficulties by comprising the input factors as a part of an augmented state to be estimated.[1,2] Though, “reduced state” approaches do not augment the state, and usually return a better performance.[3]. The AUSKE suffers from difficulty of computational work and numerical difficulties when state dimensions are large. The input detection and estimation (IDE) procedure was first advanced by Chan et al., in[4] using a simplified batch least square data. While IDE method is attractive since it intends to relax restrictive assumptions about input dynamics modeling, it suffers from a key deficiency, being that little prior knowledge is accessible for dynamics

estimation.[5] For instance, we can cite Wang et. al.,[6] used the IDE method in the maneuvering target tracking problem. In[7] the indefinite input defined as a sum of basic time functions. While this input modeling is more common than the constant-input model of the original IDE procedure, the performance is cheap if there is any input dynamics. Friedland[8] presented a system of separating estimation of the unknown input from the dynamic variables and Blair used this technique in the MTT problem.[9] The elementary idea was to decouple the augmented Kalman filter (AKF) into twostage filters in order to lessen computation and memory necessities.[10-13] Lately, Hsieh and Chen[10,11] derived an optimal two-stage Kalman estimator (OTSKE) for a common case to reduce the computational difficulty of AUSKE. The two-stage filtering process, proposed for MTT problem in[9] suffers from two major drawbacks. These problems stem from

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International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Power Awareness by Distributed Voltage-Scaling Technique for Wireless Sensor Networks – Review E.N. Ganesh* Electronics Communication Engineering Department, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India

Abstract Distributed Microsensor networks are emerging as a compelling new hardware platform for remote environment monitoring. A distributed micro sensor network consists of many small expendable and battery powered wireless nodes. When the nodes are deployed they collect the data from the environment and sent to cluster head node and in turn to base station. The  - Amps (Micro domain power aware sensors) use the enabling technologies for distributed micro sensor networks. An essential component of power aware systems are the ability to make intelligent trade-offs between energy and quality and energy scalability in micro sensor networks. A Variable Voltage Microprocessor can reduce the energy consumed during low workload periods through dynamic voltage scaling. Dynamic voltage scaling is the active adjustment of supply voltage and frequency in response to fluctuations of processor utilization. In this paper it is demonstrated on SA-1100 processor and converter circuit of A/D – D/A and programmable logic controller with Buck voltage regulator circuit. The controller is programmed with 4-bit value to regulate one of 32 voltages between 0.9 and 2.6 volts. A programmable logic in the controller controls the digital input and prevents voltage delivering beyond 2.6 volts. We have proposed our approach and simulated each circuit individually and waveforms are presented. Keywords: A/D converter, distributed voltage scaling, microprocessor, voltage regulator

BACKGROUND Distributed micro sensor networks are emerging as a compelling new hardware platform for remote environment monitoring. Researchers are considering a range of applications including remote climate monitoring, battle – field surveillance and intramachine monitoring etc. A distributed network consists of many small, expendable, battery – powered wireless nodes. Once the nodes been deployed throughout an area, they collect data from the environment and automatically establish dedicated networks to transmit their data to base station. The nodes collaborate to gather data and extend the operating lifetime of the entire system. Comparing with larger macro sensor based systems; micro sensor

networks offer a longevity, robustness and ease of deployment that is ideal for environments where maintenance or battery replacement may be inconvenient or impossible. So therefore older methods for deployment of components at remote places requires replaceable power supply units, maintenance etc. But nowadays due to technology power of about 2 volts is more than enough for the same kind of applications. Figure 1 illustrates operation of distributed micro sensor network. Figure 1 illustrates operation of distributed micro sensor network.[1]

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International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Number Plate Extraction and Detection Using Matlab Swati*, Chanchal Sarovar, Hitendra Singh Raja Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus, ETC, Bichpuri, Agra, India

Abstract For the efficient regulation and monitoring of traffic in present era, tracking of vehicles is quite important and essential. This is quite a major issue which demands smart as well as intelligent solution in concern with traffic surveillance. Monitoring vehicles for Law Enforcement and security purpose is a difficult problem because of the number of automobiles running on the road today. So there should exist a way for vehicle identification for detecting and identifying license plate without constant human intervention. Various efforts have been made in this direction. These approaches were applicable for limited number of vehicles and were able to achieve limited efficiency of about 40%. By the help of this work we aim to present a new graphical interface in MATLAB which will help to extract information from the number plate of vehicle. Keywords: graphical user interface, MATLAB, intelligent transportation systems

INTRODUCTION Today vehicles play vital role in transportation and due to surplus growth in human population, the use of vehicles is also increasing consistently.[1-8] From years, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) had a wide impact in peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life as their scope is to improve transportation safety and mobility and to enhance productivity through the use of advanced technologies. There are different types of license plates in India on the basis of color, size, and number of rows of characters present as well as the types of font utilized. Therefore it is quite complicated to make an intermediate system that can overcome with all of these unpredictable [9,10] changes. Therefore for the effective control of the vehicles an automatic number plate recognition system has been developed which is being used and so many efforts have been done in order to enhance its efficiency at quite large scale.[8] Image processing has been utilized

in controlling vehicle parking system, doing vehicle access to specific area, traffic monitoring system and highway electronic toll collection as computer possess capacity to process image and convert it into useful data . For this purpose, the computer needs to capture the vehicle license plate number and process it in the computer.[5] For this, many efforts have been done and continuous approaches are being made to achieve maximum efficiency. By this approach we aim to propose a new method for dealing with the discussed issues. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a pictorial interface related to program that can make the programs easier by providing them a consistent appearance and with intuitive controls. GUI being developed in MATLAB in which the captured image is being processed so as to remove all the kind of noise present in it and also the information from the database with the

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International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Challenges of Terahertz Radiations as Imaging and Sensing Anant Bhardwaj1*, Govind Sharma2, Vikas Gupta2 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, BSA College of Engineering & Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, India

Abstract In electromagnetic spectrum, terahertz (THz) region is an open research area & it can be applied to diverse field of applications & in this region of the electromagnetic spectrum consists of THz waves, which at 100 GHz to 10 THz fall between millimeter waves and the infrared light. This article reviews the challenges faced by THz radiations in various applications & its implementation. Terahertz (THz) radiation, which occupies a relatively unexplored portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between the mid-infrared and microwave bands, offers innovative sensing and imaging technologies that can provide information unavailable through conventional methods such as microwave and X-ray techniques. With the advancement of THz technologies, THz sensing and imaging will impact a broad range of interdisciplinary fields, including chemical and biological detections and identifications. Keywords: imaging, sensing, t-rays, time-domain spectroscopy

INTRODUCTION The T-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum has proven to be one of the most difficult to find region. T-ray radiation is generally defined by the 0.1 to 10 THz frequency range (where 1 THz is 1012 cycles/s). It is situated between infrared (IR) light and millimeter wave radiation (see Figure 1), the terahertz gap is resistant

to the techniques commonly employed in the well-established, neighboring bands[1-3] Much of the recent interest in terahertz radiation stems from its ability to penetrate deep into many organic materials without the damage associated with ionizing radiation such as X-rays (albeit without the spatial resolution).[1]

Fig. 1. Terahertz Lies Between Gigahertz Radio Frequencies and Mid-Infrared Light on the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Also, because terahertz radiation is readily absorbed by water, it can be used to distinguish between materials having varying water contents.[4-8]

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Improved Routh Table Truncation Algorithm for Large Scale Uncertain Discrete Interval Models Manish Kumar Sharma1*, Deepak Parashar2, Aseem Chandel2 1

I.T.S. Engineering College, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 B.S.A.C.E.T., Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Order reduction of complex uncertain discrete interval time system is considered. The novelty of algorithm is that coefficient of known higher order model are within given uncertain pattern and coefficient of reduced model are also derived in intervals, such that step response and frequency response envelope of original and derived reduced model are optimally close to each other. The developed algorithm ensured the stability aspect of reduced system if higher order uncertain system is stable. A numerical example is included to illustrate the proposed algorithm along with the comparison with existing techniques. Keywords: discrete interval system, integral square error (ISE), interval system,model order reduction

INTRODUCTION Many different algorithm of system order reduction are completely exploited by control system engineers in skeleton formation of typical control when the complex higher order model is supposed absolutely known and certain in nature.[1-3] However, in real life control engineering models, there are several sources of inaccuracies and unpredictability about the accurate values of model’s parameter. Then, the fundamental question is that what is the meaning of system order reduction for models with uncertain and inaccurate parameter? The aforementioned question has not yet been completely explained in the order reduction literature. The choice of fixed or uncertain reduced order system depends of problem formulation, since both options have their own advantages and applications so both are equally important. The fixed coefficient type reduced systems

is important when it is necessary to ease the complexity of original higher order system for simulation or design purpose. Furthermore, interval type reduced system is necessary for those systems in which preserving the uncertainty of reduced system is important. Being of several advantages of practical system reduction, various previous publications are available which discussed the order reduction of linear fixed-coefficient system in frequency domain.[4-6] Further, limitations of continuous-time systems have provided ample opportunity for study, analysis and research of discrete-time systems techniques.[7-9] Also uncertain variation in science and engineering design proposed another research area termed as continuoustime or discrete-time parametric interval system modelling. On the other hand in consequence of Kharitonov’s theorem, several stable mixed techniques and few unstable techniques such as Routh Padé

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International Journal of Digital Electronics Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Big Data Analysis and Framework Sakshi Shewale*, Joni Birla, Mahesh Kumar, Jitender Singh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana, India

Abstract Big data is a wide span for data sets so great or composite that outdated data processing submissions are insufficient. Challenges include study, capture, data curation, examine, sharing, storage, transfer, imagining, and info privacy. The period often refers simply to the use of prognostic analytics or other definite progressive procedures to excerpt value from data, and seldom to a specific size of data set. Accuracy in big data may chief to more assured decision making and better decisions can mean superior working efficiency, cost reduction and reduced risk. Investigation of data sets can discover new connexions, to "spot business tendencies, avert diseases, and combat crime and so on. Researchers, business executives, practitioners of media, and marketing and administrations alike frequently meet problems with large data sets in levels comprising Internet search, finance and business informatics. Scientists encounter restrictions in e-Science work, comprising meteorology, genomics, connectomics, complex physics simulations, and biological and environmental investigation. Keywords: big data, data scientist, analytics, business intelligence, information management, strategy, Hadoop

INTRODUCTION We live in the Information Era – the Age of BIG data. As an example, Big Data’s significance and power became apparent when the results of the 2012 US Presidential Elections were announced. Complex analytics processing large data not only predicted the exact election results but may also have influenced it. Further, leading business magazines and economical newspapers run frequent articles about Big Data’s success. However, it should be recognised that Big Data is not something new, it has long been the playground of the elite. The aim was to maximise expensive CPU utilisation. As a result, it had a limited audience as computation and storage was expensive and difficult to utilise requiring detailed systems knowledge where capacity doubles every 18 months.

In the Big Data period, computation and storing is cheap per TB. So, with evergrowing computational competences, system application is no lengthier as dangerous a factor. It is currently possible to use additional computational power to do the similar work (hence with lower utilisation). At the same time, the quantity of data that wants indulgence has been cumulative exponentially in the past era as a result of developments in data generation and storage capacity.[1] Overhead all, program design tools and practises have aged with globalisation and the Internet. It is progressively possible to reuse code (and also share it), therefore, the focus has

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Robotic System for Differentiating Color Objects Santosh Kumar Agrahari, Kunal Saini*, Ritesh Raj, Suraj Changotra, Love Sharma Electronics and Communication, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract In this paper, we are designing robotic System for distinguishing various color objects using Arduino UNO Board and a programmable color light-to-frequency converterTCS3200. This system will automatically identify various colors which can detect any number of colored objects and it picks the object and places at predefined location automatically. In the TCS3200, the light-to-frequency converter reads an 8 × 8 array of photodiodes. Sixteen photodiodes have blue filters, 16 photodiodes have green filters, 16 photodiodes have red filters, and 16 photodiodes are clear with no filters. This system can be used in various automation industries like food industries, pharmaceuticals, agricultures, etc. Keywords: Arduino Uno Board, color sensor, light-to-frequency converter, microcontroller, robotic system

INTRODUCTION A Robotic System is required to fulfill the requirement of pick and placing an object from one source point to another destination point according to their different colors.[1–3] This whole need to be complete in practical can be done by this project named as Robotic Arm System for Distinguishing Color Objects. The inset parts evolved the robot to differentiate several objects with their colors as helping nature of a color sensor. This color sensor verifies colors according to frequency reflected from various objects sensed at the photodiode attached on sensors. The sensor called ass programmable color light-to-frequency converters that combine configurable silicon photodiodes and a current-to frequency converter on a single monolithic CMOS integrated circuit. The output is a square wave (50% duty cycle) with frequency directly proportional to light intensity (irradiance).[4]

The full-scale output frequency can be surmounted by one of three preset values through two control input pins. Digital inputs and digital output allow direct interface to a microcontroller or other logic circuitry. Output enable (OE) places the output in the high-impedance state for multiple-unit sharing of a microcontroller input line. In the color sensor, the light-tofrequency converter reads an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. Sixteen photodiodes have blue filters, 16 photodiodes have green filters, 16 photodiodes have red filters, and 16 photodiodes are clear with no filters.[5] The next part of this project includes Arduino Circuit confined of the output of color sensor. Arduino is an open-source prototyping platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs (light on a sensor) and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, display message on LCD, publishing something online. Arduino controls the operation of

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

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Signals

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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International Journal of

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences