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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

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International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour

International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour is a peer-reviewed journal focused on electromechanical modeling and Micro-electro mechanical systems. The aim of this journal is to promote advances in electrical machines and instruments, research in Kinematics and dynamic analysis, wear and degradation of material, mechanical behavior of materials, fluid dynamics and sophisticated motion control. With this in mind journal anticipate that all contributions would offer substantial result and will have a lasting effect on the field of research. Journal seeks work that presents innovation and promise future research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Wear and degradation of materials  Electromechanical modelling  Micro-electro mechanical systems  Kinematics and dynamic analysis  Micro scale heat transfer  Fluid power engineering  Mechanical/magnetic behavior and testing of metals  Structure of materials, elasticity, plasticity and failure  Mechanical behaviour of metals, ceramics, polymers, fiber and composite  Sophisticated motion control and hand-held electronic/photographic devices

International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. N. Bose Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, India

Dr. Pankaj Thakur IEC University, Solan, India

Dr. Sam Paul Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

Bo-Wun Huang China

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Nagar, Coimbatore, India

Dr. Krishna Lok Singh Structural Technologies Division (STTD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Vasudev Malhotra Y.M.C.A University of Science and Technology, (State Govt. University), Faridabad (Haryana), India

Dr. K R Sivadas Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kadayiruppu, India

Dr. Wang Wei Wang Wei Tianjin University, China

Dr. Basel Alsayyed Department of Mechanical Engineering, UAE University, United Arab Emirates

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Electro Mechanics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Electro Mechanics as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electro Mechanics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Wear and degradation of materials, Electro-mechanical modelling, Micro-electro mechanical systems, Kinematics and dynamic analysis, Micro scale heat transfer, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electro Mechanics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electro Mechanics. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electro Mechanics. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Analytical Study of Temperature Distribution for Two-Stroke Engine Component Using Finite Element Method C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

2. 5- Axis Multi-functioning Machining Deepika Bhadauria

3. An overview of Material processing through Chemical Machining (CM) S. Sharmila

4. Pneumatic Rescue Tools in Fire Fighting Reema Jaiswal

5. An Overview of Motion Control Systems Priyanka Garg

International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Analytical Study of Temperature Distribution for Two-Stroke Engine Component Using Finite Element Method C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University, Namakkal, Chennai, India

BACKGROUND Petrol Engine The engine which gives power to propel the automobile vehicle is a petrol burning internal combustion engine. Petrol is a liquid fuel and is called by the name gasoline in America. The ability of petrol to furnish power rests on the two basic principles [1–5];  Burning or combustions always accomplished by the production of heat.  When a gas is heated, it expands. If the volume remains constant, the pressure rises according to Charle’s law. Specification of Four Stroke Petrol Engine Type: four strokes Cooling system: air cooled Bore/stroke: 50 × 50 mm Piston displacement: 98.2 cc Compression ratio: 6.6: 1 Maximum torque: 0.98 kg-m, at 5500 rpm Calculation Compression ratio = (Swept Volume + Clearance Volume)/Clearance Volume where compression ratio = 6.6:1 Therefore, 6.6 = (98.2 + Vc)/Vc Vc = 19.64 Assumption (1) The component gases and the mixture behave like ideal gases. (2) Mixture obeys the Gibbs–Dalton law

Pressure exerted on the walls of the cylinder by air is P₁, P₁ = (M₁RT)/V where M₁ = m/M = (mass of the gas or air)/(molecular weight), R = universal gas constant = 8.314 kJ/kg mole K, T₁ = 303 K, V₁ = V = 253.28 x 10¯⁶ m3. Now Molecular weight of air = density of air ×x V mole where, Density of air at 303ºK = 1.165 kg/m³ V mole = 22.4 m³/kg-mole for all gases. ∴ Molecular weight of air = 1.165 x 22.4 ∴ P₁ = {[(m₁/(1.165 x 22.4)] x 8.314 x 303}/253.28 x 10¯⁶ P₁ = 381134.1 m₁ Let Pressure exerted by the fuel is P₂ P₂ = (N₂ R T)/V Density of petrol = 800 kg/m³ ∴ P₂ = {[(M₂)/(800 x 22.4)] x 8.314 x 303}/(253.28 x 10¯⁶ P₂ = 555.02 m₂ Therefore, total pressure inside the cylinder[6–17] PT = P₁ + P₂ = 1.01325 x 100 KN/m² ∴ 381134.1 m₁ + 555.02 m₂ = 1.01325 x 100 Eq (1)

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International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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5- Axis Multifunctioning Machining Deepika Bhadauria*

I.P. University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT The appeal of multi-axis machine tools is obvious to machine shops of all sizes. These machines typically require only one setup to machine an entire part, saving time and improving accuracy between operations. These advanced machines also have the capability to change the tool axis direction in order to reach machinable areas with shorter, more rigid tools or to reach undercut zones that could not be cut at all with standard methods. Keywords: multi-axis, machine, machinable, standard, tools *Corresponding Author

INTRODUCTION These benefits make it easy to justify the cost of upgrading to the latest technology. A new concept in machining functionality is that 5-axis milling functions, no matter how complex, can be defined in just a few steps. DP Technology has introduced an approach to CAM functionality that simplifies the methodology of multi-axis machining into one unique CAM function called a Composite function. By following the same logic that machinists use when deciding how to program a part, the Composite function is familiar and easy to understand, yet flexible and powerful enough to exploit the full capabilities of advanced machine tools today and in the future. 5-Axis Machining In the simplest terms, 5-axis machining involves using a CNC to move a part or cutting tool along five different axes simultaneously. This enables the machining of very complex parts, which is why 5-axis is especially popular for aerospace applications. However, several factors have contributed to the wider

adoption of 5-axis machining. These include:  A push toward single-setup machining (sometimes referred to as “Done-inOne”) to reduce lead time and increase efficiency  The ability to avoid collision with the tool holder by tilting the cutting tool or the table, which also allows better access to part geometry  Improved tool life and cycle time as a result of tilting the tool/table to maintain optimum cutting position and constant chip load True five-axis machining refers to the ability to feed the tool through the cut using all axes to smoothly follow a contoured surface. After all, 5-axis machines were first developed for the aerospace industry to do just that. In this example of a blade, the rotary axes move continuously during the cut. Just like a CNC machining center, a five-axis machine has three linear axes. However, five-axis machining centers have two additional rotary axes that can take one of two basic forms. One style uses rotary tables and the other style incorporates the

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International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Overview of Material Processing Through Chemical Machining (CM) S. Sharmila*

Department of Physics, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT There are numerous ways used in manufacturing of workpiece materials. Advanced manufacturing processes are employed where traditional machining processes are not feasible, satisfactory or economical due to special reasons such as if materials are very hard and fragile then they would be difficult to be clamped for traditional machining, when the workpiece is too flexible or slender or when the shape of the part is too complex. In the present content, a short description about material processing using chemical machining is made. Keywords: chemical machining, milling, etchant, workpiece material, electrochemical machining, electrolyte *Corresponding Author

INTRODUCTION Chemical machining (CM) is the controlled dissolution of workpiece material (etching) by means of a strong chemical reagent (etchant). In CM material is removed from selected areas of workpiece by immersing it in a chemical reagents or etchants; such as acids and alkaline solutions. Material is removed by microscopic electrochemical cell action, as occurs in corrosion or chemical dissolution of a metal. This controlled chemical dissolution will simultaneously etch all exposed surfaces even though the penetration rates of the material removal

may be only 0.0025–0.1 mm/min. The basic process takes many forms: chemical milling of pockets, contours, overall metal removal, chemical blanking for etching through thin sheets; photochemical machining (pcm) for etching by using of photosensitive resists in microelectronics; chemical or electrochemical polishing where weak chemical reagents are used (sometimes with remote electric assist) for polishing or deburring and chemical jet machining where a single chemically active jet is used. A schematic of chemical machining process is shown in Figure 1.

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International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behaviour

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Pneumatic Rescue Tools in Fire Fighting Reema Jaiswal*

Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India

ABSTRACT Using Pneumatic rescue technique to complement hydraulic tool can be a great asset to extrication works. Recognizing the very nature of fire, how it ignites, spreads and consumes materials in its environment, though important often under-estimated fire engineering aspect. Perhaps, fire spreading is a bitter pill, modern research is now on the brink to facilitate cutting edge technologies that would able to control fire ignition as well as its aggressive dispersion. Water is known to withstand the progressive nature of fire and thus, has been the most sort-after options used while in emergency. Fire solution services have literally relied on hydraulic rescue tools and have emerged as a tradition. Of late, many studies emphasize on understanding how to control air flow through a fire structure and the importance of quickly cooling the fire room to delay flashover. Fire-fighting technology is persistent to changing phases and forms and thus, confronted by several breakthroughs in order to replace water in all respects. Pneumatic rescue tool is one of the most effective rescue tools that can withstand all flammable atmospheres without consuming much energy. Keywords: firing, pneumatic, tool *Corresponding Author

INTRODUCTION Hand-held rescue tools such as the pneumatic air chisel were the tools of the trade prior to the introduction of hydraulic cutters, rams and spreaders. The chisel still had a place on the truck, but was used less and less frequently as time went on.[1] NEED FOR INTELLIGENT RESCUE TOOLS The ultimate goal of the smart fire department is to integrate this wellspring of data into firefighting. According to a report co-authored by Grant, it will “revolutionize firefighting by collecting data globally, processing the information centrally and distributing the results locally.” The report, issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, says all of the most promising smart firefighting

technologies fall into one of three categories: environmental, operational and personal. The first grouping includes smart building and robotic sensor technologies. The second concerns the technologies that will allow for departments to work more cohesively and to make better decisions, and the third relates to smart firefighters. While some shortcomings will always exist with collection and processing data, many technological obstacles can be easily overcome given the advances in data processing. This is particularly the case when it comes to using data that has already been collected by agencies.[2,3]  Fire service technology is consistently progressing  Multi-purpose or utility tools  Flammable atmospheres  Flammable metering device 

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International Journal of Electro Mechanics and Mechanical Behavior

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An Overview of Motion Control Systems Priyanka Garg*

Department of Physics, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Development of high-accuracy positioning or tracking control has shortened the access time of mass storage. Sophisticated integration of actuator and sensor technologies has created many innovative techniques for new motion control systems. It is quite obvious that motion control is becoming more and more important as one of the key technologies in industrial electronics. Studies on mobile robots have been popular as an application of motion control technology. The method utilizes an onboard arm as an extra limb that can be pushed against the ground. The arm is also used for shifting the center of gravity of the robot. The seventeenth paper by Yajima and Katsura extends the study of a motion-copying system to multiple degrees of freedom and analyzes the performance based on the velocity information. By using the proposal, it is possible to reproduce the saved motion, although the environmental location is shifted in a parallel manner. Keywords: control, gravity, high accuracy, innovative, motion

INTRODUCTION Motion control is the sub-group of automation that encompasses the systems with moving parts in a controlled manner. The main components of a motion control system include a motion controller, energy amplifier and one or more prime movers or actuators. It refers as an industry term that manifests a range of applications involving control on the motion of machines with various degrees of precision. The Motion Control is of 2 types: (1) Open Loop (2) Closed Loop Open Loop System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; In this system, a controller sends a command through amplifier to the prime mover or actuator and does not know if the desired motion was actually achieved. For example, Stepper Motor or fans control.

Closed Loop System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; For much tighter control, a measuring device is added to the motion control system through which measured data is obtained and then is converted to a signal. This signal is then sent back to the controller which compensates the signal for any error. Such a motion control system is called closed loop system. For example: The position or velocity of machines is controlled using some type of devices such as hydraulic pump, linear actuator or electric motor, usually a servo. An Overview of Motion Control System Motion control is an important part of robotics and CNC machine tools, however in these instances it is more complex than when used with specialized machines, where the kinematics are usually simpler. The latter is often called General Motion Control (GMC). The basic architecture of a motion control system contains.

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Jul–Dec 2016

IJEMMB

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences