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International Journal of Environmental Chemistry The International Journal of Environmental Chemistry aims to serve as a platform for the dissemination of innovative ideas and research in entire areas of Environmental Chemistry. Aim and Objective is to create interest among Researcher Scholars in Environmental Chemistry dealing with the atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as profoundly depend on Environmental Sciences. Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes the chemical processes occurring in the environment which are impacted by humankind's activities. All manuscripts go through a rigorous peer review process. Journal targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert editorial team to ensure the publication of only good quality papers.

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Air quality monitoring Soil and water management Wastewater treatment and reuse Disposal and recycling of waste Environmental quality parameters Flora and fauna Bio-monitoring Pollution prevention Safety and sustainability of environment Pesticides

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Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Alexander Russell Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Germany

Dr. Arpana Mishra Faculty of Science & Environment, Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Satna, Madhya Pradesh, India

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Dr. Bashir Ahmad Dar University of Kashmir, North Campus, Delina, Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Dr. Bharat Modhera Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti Navale Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand Education Society's College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Feyzullah Tokay Department of Chemistry, Expert Dr. Balikesir Universtiy, Research Center of Applied Sciences, Turkey

Dr. Gengan Saravanan Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam Banerjee Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago

Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas Department of Ecological Engineering & Environmental Management, International Centre for Ecological Engineering University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao Kanidarapu Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Centre D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Neetu Singh Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India

Dr. Parin Shah Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Prof. Pushpa Jha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. R. Chandrasekharan Nair PG College, Kerala, India

Prof. Radha Das Department of Chemical Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. Rajendra Sharma Applied Chemistry Department, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Rajendra Singh Jadega Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Sahu Department of Chemistry, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India

Prof. Ramakrishna Karipeddi Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ranganathan Subramanian Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. S. R. Shah Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Saeed Soltanali Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Iran

Dr. Santhi Raju Pilli Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Seema Gupta Department of Chemistry, Acharya Narendra Dev College (University of Delhi), New Delhi, India

Dr. Shi-Peng Sun National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri Department of In vitro carcinogenesis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr, Srinivasan Anandan Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Center for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Stoyan Novakov Nedeltchev Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany

Dr. Sufia Hena Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Suhas Natyan Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Sumita Nair Department of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Vajjiravel Murugesan Department of Chemistry, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Environmental Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of Environmental Sciences, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Environmental Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Environmental Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in chemical processes occurring in the environment in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Soil and water management, Wastewater treatment and reuse, Bio-monitoring, pollution prevention, Safety and sustainability of environment, and many more. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International Journal of Environmental Chemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Environmental Sciences. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Environmental Science readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Environmental Chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India Manoj Kumar Solanki, Omprakash Gupta

2. River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India Om Prakash Gupta, Manoj Kumar Solanki, Dinesh Kumar Jain, Jayshri Kanoje

3. Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to Study the Effects of Caustic Treatment S.R. Shah, P. Patel

4. Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride Gengan Saravanan, Subramanian Mohan

5. Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth Chhavi Jain

International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Analysis of Impure and Pure Underground Water in Post Monsoon of Rewa City, MP, India Manoj Kumar Solanki1*, Omprakash Gupta2 1

Department of Chemistry, Govtment Engineering College, Rewa, M.P., India 2 Department of Chemistry, Govtment Science College, Rewa, M.P., India

Abstract Present papers to analysis of underground water in postmonsoon of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India in a year of 2015. Most of the samples analyzed are within the prescribed limits as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO), Indian Standard Institute (ISI) and BIS desirable limit. Seasonal variation in physical and chemical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, Color, Odor, Taste, pH value, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Total alkalinity, chloride, Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc. All parameters were found in some limits. Keywords: analysis of underground water, analysis of water in post monsoon, physical and chemical properties of water

INTRODUCTION All life on earth depends on water. Fresh water is a critical, finite, vulnerable, renewable natural resource on the earth and plays as important role in our living environment without it life is impossible. India is endowed with rich water resources. Underground water found in an under the earth, it is called underground water. The Rewa district underground water quality evaluated on the basis of dissolved some minerals and salts. Most of the Underground water of Rewa District is hard and alkaline and quantity of salts and minerals are deepened as the source areas of water. In this paper proposed results of the study of impure and pure underground waters in the post monsoon for analysis of temperature, turbidity, color, odor, taste, pH value, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, Total alkalinity, chloride, Nitrate, Total dissolved solid, sulfate etc. in a year of 2015 in the winter season of Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India. Sample-1 is indicated by impure

underground water and sample-2 is indicated by pure underground water after purification. Some parameters were found in some limit see Table 1.[1–4] MATERIAL AND METHODS The underground water sample was collected from Rewa city, Madhya Pradesh, India in a year of 2015 in winter season. Material requirement for sampling and analysis of water of Itinerary for the trip, Personnel and sample transport arrangement, area map, location map for the sampling site, ice-boxes, rope, weighted bottle sampler, D.O. sample, D.O.D. bottles, sample containers, bacteriological and special sample, heavy metals, D.O. fixing and traction chemicals, glasswares, thermometer, tissue papers, other requirements for field measurement are sample identification forms, labels for sampling containers, field note bottle, pen or pencil, markers, soap, towels, match-

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International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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River Bihar Water Analysis in Winter Season-2015 of Rewa District, Madhya Pradesh, India Om Prakash Gupta1*, Manoj Kumar Solanki2, Dinesh Kumar Jain3, Jayshri Kanoje4 1

Department of Chemistry, Govt. Science College, Rewa, MP, India Department of Chemistry, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Govt. Engineering College, Rewa, MP, India 4 Department of Home Science, Govt. Girls College, Dhar, MP, India 2

Abstract This paper aims to carry out analysis of water in Bihar River during winter season in year 2015 in Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, India. We have analyzed the seasonal variation and change in physical and chemical properties such as temperature, pH, color, odor, alkalinity, turbidity, hardness; and presence of total dissolved solutes (TDS) like calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl), and sulfate (SO42), of Bihar river water. The variable data of samples were compared with the prescribed limits as suggested by World Health Organisation (WHO), Indian Standard (ISI) and BIS; desirable for water used for drinking purpose. The analysis was carried out for a period of one year 2015 (winter). Readings of some parameters were found within the limits. Keywords: physico-chemical, Rewa, river water, seasonal variation

INTRODUCTION All living organisms on Earth depend on water. Fresh water is a critical, finite, vulnerable, renewable natural resource that plays an important role in our living environment such that without it, life is impossible. India is endowed with rich water resources. The chemical composition of river waters is not constant and carries different types of impurities dissolved in it. Due to this, the river waters are usually polluted. The water quality of Rewa district Bihar River was evaluated on the basis of dissolved minerals or salts or impurities, etc. River waters were analyzed for temperature, turbidity, color, odor, test, pH, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg+2), total alkalinity, chloride (Cl), TDS, sulfate (SO42), etc. The analysis was done in the year of 2015 during winter season in the month of

October. Bihar river water samples are indicated by sample-1 and sample-2 in Tables 1–3 as given below.[1–4] MATERIAL AND METHODS The material requirement for sampling and analysis of water included: itinerary for the trip, personnel and sample transport arrangement, area map, sampling site location map, icebox, weighted bottle sampler, D.O.D. bottles, sample containers, bacteriological and special sample containers, heavy metals, D.O. fixing and traction chemical and glassware, thermometer, tissue papers. For field measurements, the materials needed were sample identification forms, labels for containers, field note-book, pen or pencil, markers, etc. All analyses were carried out as per APHA (1998) and BIS desirable limit for drinking water. Some

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International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Characterization of Tesu Colour Dyeing on Excel Fibre and to Study the Effects of Caustic Treatment S.R. Shah*, P. Patel Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

Abstract Tesu, the natural flower colour, was extracted in such way that the maximum colour yield can be obtained on textile fibre. The extracted Tesu colour was applied on excel, the third generation regenerated cellulosic fibre, at different pH, time, temperature and electrolyte concentration. The characterisation of Tesu colour dyeing on excel fibre was developed. Further, the effects of caustic soda treatment on dyeability of excel fibre with natural Tesu colour was evaluated and the results found are quite energetic. Keywords: Caustic soda, dyes, fibre, Tesu

INTRODUCTION Anciently, textile materials were dyed using colours obtained from natural resources until synthetic colours were invented. Due to easy access of pure synthetic dyes of different classes and cost advantages associated with it, most of the textile dyers and/or manufacturers chose to shift towards using synthetic colorant. Almost all synthetic colorants are synthesized from petrochemical sources after undergoing through hazardous chemical processes that possess threat towards its eco-friendliness. Hence, worldwide growing awareness about organic value of eco-friendly products has generated new interest of consumers towards usage of textiles dyed with ecofriendly natural dyes.[1] Due to this, even after a century, the use of natural dyes has not vanished completely and they are still used in different places across the world. Natural dyeing of different textiles is continued mainly in the decentralized sector for specialty products while synthetic dyes are used in the large scale sector for general textiles/apparels.[1–5]

Recently, most of the commercial dyers and textile export houses have started looking to the maximum possibilities of using natural dyes for dyeing and printing of different textiles for targeting niche market. Natural colorants produce very uncommon, soothing and soft shades as compared to synthetic dyes. On the other hand, synthetic dyes, which are widely available at an economical price and produce a wide variety of colours, sometimes causes skin allergy and other harmfulness to human body, produces toxicity/chemical hazards during its synthesis, releases undesirable/hazardous/toxic chemicals etc.[6–9] Excel, a third generation manmade cellulosic fibre, having high dry and wet strength, good dimensional stability and clean manufacturing technology is the answer to the fashion, with comfort luxury and engineered precision of a manmade fibre.[10] No literatures available pertaining to the processing of excel fibres in specifically. Excel fibres are mainly dyed

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International Journal of Environmental Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Square Wave Pulsed Electrodeposition of Chromium from Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) Based on Choline Chloride Gengan Saravanan1*, Subramanian Mohan2 1

Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu, India CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, EMFT Division, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Electrodeposition of chromium from hexavalent chromium ion is very toxic, carcinogenic, not environmentally benign, cathodic efficiency is low, and the quality of coating is very poor (due to H2 evolution). Ambient temperature Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) can be formed by reacting choline chloride (HOC2H4 (CH3)3Cl) with metal salts. These low cost DES are not sensitive to air and moisture and have good electro-conductivity and they do not have vapour pressure. DES is promising electrolyte for electrodeposition of nano-sized metals and alloys in the metal finishing industry. In the present study, the electrodeposition of chromium films from a solution of DES containing chromium (III) has been investigated by square wave pulse current technique. Homogeneous and well adherent Cr films have been obtained with 65% current efficiency which is 50% higher than Cr deposited from aqueous Cr(III)-based electrolyte. Keywords: chromium, choline chloride, deep eutectic solvent, desorption, metals

INTRODUCTION In recent year’s ambient temperature DES have been studied extensively for electrodeposition, electropolishing and as an electrolyte for batteries.[1,2] Key advantages that enable them to overcome the limits imposed by common aqueous or organic media are their wide electrochemical windows, spanning up to 6 V in some cases; extremely low vapour pressures, high ionic conductivities. Early investigations focused on imidazolium or pyridinium cations with chloroaluminate anions although increasing amounts of work has been carried out using inert anions such as CF3SO3-, PF6- and (CF3SO2)2N-. Osteryoung showed that nalkylimidazolium salts gave liquids over a wide range of composition with AlCl3.[3,4] The properties of these DES are controlled by various chloroaluminate anions, whose relative concentrations change

considerably with the melt composition.[5] These DES have been used for metal deposition, and as media to carry out a variety of reactions.[6,7] It has recently been shown that eutectic solvents can be formed using metal chloride with pyridinium,[8] dimethylethylphenylammonium,[9] and [10,11] imidazolium salts. These have higher melting points than the corresponding chloroaluminate melts but are still fluid at ambient temperatures. Abbott et al. recently reported that eutectic solvent can be formed using zinc or tin chlorides with substituted quaternary ammonium salts such as choline chloride.[12] These eutectic solvents are resistive to air and water but their low cost enables their use in commercialization in metal finishing industry.

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Trees Conservation: Protecting Life on Earth Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

A BRIEF ON TREE CONSERVATION Today, one of the biggest concerns about the environment and our Earth is the need for tree conservation. Trees are the cornerstones of all the ecosystems and the building blocks for all the living organisms on Earth. It is difficult to even imagine our lives without trees. There would be no place for the birds and animals to live and have leisure time. Trees stabilize soils, regulate water and carbon cycles, and provide oxygen and other wealth of products to living beings on Earth. Without trees, these all would be gone and it is easy to believe that there would be no life on Earth. Trees are thus a fundamental part of our life. Tree conservation involves ensuring that trees are regularly planted, maintained and/or saved for future generations. By doing this, we can ensure that trees will remain a part of our lives, thereby protecting us and preserving life on Earth. Certain strategies that can be adopted to save trees include: Education Obtaining information from professional foresters, horticulturists, landscape architects and planners and educate people and property owners about how to care for and maintain the trees will be helpful in conserving trees. Voluntary Measures Interested citizens, landowners, local readers should be invited and encouraged to donate time and money towards tree preservation efforts.

Provide Incentives It is one of the best ways to promote tree conservation. It includes providing incentives i.e., grants or funds as financial assistance to encourage landowners to protect their trees, plant new trees and improve the community. Regulatory Measures This includes adopting organized regulations that emphasizes rules to on protect environmental and economic benefits of trees. More than 9600 tree species are threatened with extinction and above 1,850 species are listed as critically endangered. The latter are likely to become extinct unless immediate action is undertaken to preserve them. The Global Trees Campaign is a joint initiative between Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). It is the only international campaign dedicated to conserving threatened trees. It aims to protect the future of the world’s threatened tree species thereby benefiting the living beings and the environment. The Global Trees Campaign works in three ways: (1) Directly supporting threatened tree projects: This includes providing direct support to different projects that focuses on conservation of world’s most threatened tree species. Currently, the Global Trees Campaign is supporting such projects in more than 15 different countries. The threatened trees that are under focus

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJEC

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

JAN – JUNE 2016

5 more...

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences