International Journal of Green Chemistry vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Green Chemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Jul–Dec 2016

IJGC

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. 

Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.

 JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features  An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure.  Universal transmission and reflectivity.  A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process  Speedy Publication of Manuscripts  Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.  Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.  The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry recent advancement in green chemistry and related environmental science is published under this journal. Journal covers a niche segment of technology dealing with remediation, phytoremediation, phytostabilization and environmental engineering science. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes good quality original and review papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Green chemistry metrics

 Green computing  Bioremediation  Environmental engineering science  Phytoremediation  Phytoextraction  Phytostabilization  Phytotransformation  Renewable feed stocks  Degradable products

International Journal of Green Chemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Rekha Lagarkha Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Bharat Modhera Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. R. P. Badoni College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, India

Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran

Dr. Samson Maria Louis N. Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore, Chennai, India

Anandkumar J. National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Reena Singhal Department of Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I. Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored), Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Chhattisgarh, India

Prof. Ahmad Reza Massah Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Dr. Nandkumar M. Patil Wockhardt R & D Center, Aurangabad, Bihar, India

Dr. Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Monika Gupta Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

Dr. Gulam Mohammed Nazeruddin Nasiruddin Department of Chemistry, Poona College of Art, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Dr. P. V. Singh Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technology & Management, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. L. Ammayappan National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, West Bengal, India

Dr. Hitesh D Patel Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Pramendra Kumar M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shobhna Vij NSL, NISCAIR, India

Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar (CUSB), BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Lakhwinder Singh Department of Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sumita Nair Department of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

Shaista Ali Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore, Punjab, India

Dr. Suryakant B Sapkal MGM's Jawaharlal Nehre Engineering College, Aurangabad, Bihar, India

Dr. Someshwar Dagduappa Dindulkar Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Global hall 413, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul, South Korea

Dr. Nitinkumar S. Shetty Department of Organic Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University (Manipal), India

Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi Department of Chemistry, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Swapnil Dharaskar Department of Chemical Engineering, Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Chennamsetty Subramanyam Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Green Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Green Chemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Green Chemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Green Chemistry community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Green Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Green Chemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Green Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Green chemistry metrics, Green computing, Bioremediation, Environmental engineering science, Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytotransformation, Renewable feed stocks and Degradable products. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Green Chemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Green Chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Green Chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Green Chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Green Chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal Cleansing Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar

2. Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of Materials Zeanut Akoijam

3. Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and Demerits Vishal Jain

4. Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-Up Dayananda Singh Konjengbam

5. Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion Technologies Aruna Singh

International Journal of Green Chemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Extraction of Nicotine from Tobacco Leaves Used for Animal Cleansing Hrishikesh P. Kulkarni, Savita V. Shetty, Swapnil A. Dharaskar*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management, and Research, Akurdi, Pune (MS), India

ABSTRACT Nicotine is addictive. On an average, a single cigarette yields nearly 2 mg of nicotine that gets easily absorbed in human body. Low doses (<2 mg) acts as a stimulant in mammals, while high doses (50–100 mg) can cause harmful effects. This stimulant effect is a crucial factor responsible for the addictive properties of tobacco smoking. Nicotine’s addictive properties include psychoactive effects, drug-reinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance. Nicotine can also be used as an insecticide. The insecticide is recommended as a treatment for various parasites and also on bacteria. Tobacco water is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period after extracting nicotine then by Saponification method the soap is formed which can then be used. Keywords: addictive, insecticide, nicotine, tobacco, saponification

INTRODUCTION Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade Solanaceae family of plants, predominantly in the leaves of tobacco, and in lower concentration in tomato, eggplant, and in green pepper. They are also found in the leaves of the coca plant. Nicotine is one of the most highly toxic compounds belonging to the tobacco alkaloids.[1] Nicotine’s addictive nature includes psychoactive effects, drugreinforced behaviour, compulsive use, and relapse after abstinence, physical dependence and tolerance. Topical tobacco paste is sometimes recommended as a treatment for wasp, hornet, fire ant, scorpion, and bee stings. Several products obtained from tobacco viz., tobacco water, tobacco juice, tobacco dust juice or tobacco lime; are used as traditional organic insecticides in domestic gardening. Farmers have been using nicotine sulphate insecticide since the early 19th century. Tobacco water is produced by boiling the

tobacco in water, or simply by steeping the tobacco in water for long period. After cooling, the water can be applied with a spray or painted on leaves of garden plants, where it will prove deadly to insects. Saponification reaction is done by adding alkalis and fats. The by-product of Saponification reaction is glycerol which is used in many cosmetic industries for moisturising purpose. Research carried out across the world has shown the harmful effects of nicotine caused in humans after consumption. These include cardiac-vascular disorders (heart-attack, stenocardia, peripheral vascular diseases), respiratory disorders (lung cancer, tracheobronchitis, etc.), problems in digestion system (gastritis, oral mucosa inflammation, etc.) as well as narcotic type of psychic and physiological dependency. Nicotine addiction treatment

Page 1

International Journal of Green Chemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Chemical Metrics for Sustainable Use of Materials Zeanut Akoijam*

Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT A number of metrics have been used to drive business, government and many goods communities. Here, a few metrics for chemical industry have been mentioned. The use of chemical metrics is an ideal approach to design methods of chemical synthesis in order to use the resources in a sustainable manner. Keywords: chemical industry, chemical synthesis, E factor, effective mass yield, metrics

BACKGROUND Chemical manufacturing is a long and tedious process involving many different constituents. During this process, a lot of waste is generated which poses a problem to the chemical industry. From the last 25– 30 years, emphasis has been laid to change the method of chemical manufacturing that can reduce the waste generation and accumulation.[1] The emphasis is laid in designing new processes and synthesis methods to create minimal amount of wastes. Major Sources of Wastes Stoichiometric Reagents These include acids and bases such as H2SO4 and NaOH, oxidants and reductants like K2Cr2O7 and Fe/HCl. Loss of Solvents Nearly 85% of chemical solvents are lost as non-aqueous mass during chamical synthesis. The solvents lost are usually in the form of air emissions and aqueous effluent. Multistep Process of Chemical Synthesis Several catalytic reactions in chemical synthesis involve multiple steps. During this, solvents are lost as gases.

Wastes are produced by various types of chemical industries. These include oil refining, pharmaceuticals, bulk and/or fine chemical industries, etc. A number of metrics have been put forward over the past 10 years that can help the chemists to change the methods of chemical synthesis and manufacturing. It is important that these metrics are simple and clearly defined. They should be easily measurable, able to make comparisons, objective in nature, demonstrate improvement, improve transparency and capable to induce the desired behavior/change.[2] Some of the reaction metrics that are essential include. Metrics of Chemical Synthesis Effective Mass yield (EMY) This metric was introduced by Hudlicky et al., in 1999.[3] It is mathematically expressed as: Effective mass yield (%) = (Mass of products × 100)/(Mass of non-benign reagents) This metric is defined as the “percentage of the mass of desired product relative to the mass of all non-benign materials used

Page 8

International Journal of Green Chemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Understanding Green Computing: Its Merits and Demerits Vishal Jain*

MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Green computing is an effective approach of saving our environment from deleterious consequences of using computing devices and the toxic metals involved in their manufacturing. In this short review, we have highlighted the importance of this novel concept ‘Green Computing’, the approach laid down in behind it, its merits and demerits. Keywords: computers, energy star, green computing, laptops

BACKGROUND Green computing is gaining importance these days as it entails to improve the environmental surroundings by using balanced and sustainable approach. It involves using computers and related technologies in an environment-friendly manner. Presently, computing is not very environment-friendly. The aim of ‘Green computing’ is to utilize computing resources within strict energy conservation guidelines, to achieve a greener, healthier and safer environment without minimizing damage caused to environment by computers. The concept of green computing came into existence with the launching of ‘Energy Star’ in 1992, a voluntary labeling program that was introduced with the intention of recognizing and promoting energyconserving strategies and technologies. The concept of ‘Green computing’ was supposedly introduced soon after the Energy Star program began. San Murugesan has defined green computing as “the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems—such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems — efficiently and

effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment”.[1] In simple words, ‘Green computing’ is the practice of utilizing computing resources efficiently and effectively without harming the environment. NEED FOR GREEN COMPUTING Today, computer has become a basic requirement of every human. Computer has made life easier by reducing human efforts thereby saving a lot of time and manpower. Use of computers has however, raised the power consumption and resulted in generation of enormous heat. Many multinational companies, IT companies, publishing house, research laboratories, etc., use computers for carrying out the work. Even at homes, people use personal computers and laptops for surfing internet. In absence of sufficient cooling systems, all these computers together generate enormous amount of heat. Certain greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide are also released while using computers which will further rise the global warming and related environmental problems.[2,3] Environmental pollution also occurs while manufacturing of computers and in case of informal disposing of old computers or

Page 10

International Journal of Green Chemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Bioremediation: An Approach for Environmental Clean-Up Dayananda Singh Konjengbam*

Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India

ABSTRACT Bioremediation is defined as the remediation process wherein naturally occurring microorganisms or deliberately introduced microbes are exploited for inducing breakdown of environmental pollutants with the idea to make our surroundings clean. Here, an overview about this technology is provided for the beginners. Keywords: bacteria, biodegradation, bioremediation, detoxification, microbial biota

BACKGROUND The development of industrialization has led to increase in the productivity of agricultural and manufactural sectors. However, this development has also lead to increase in wide range of xenobiotic compounds in the environment. There is excess accumulation of hazardous wastes into different water bodies, land and soil, and disturbances in the biosphere as a whole. The consequences are the adverse effects on human health, reduced crop yield and production, contamination of soil and water bodies, damage to natural flora, loss of habitats of fauna and unbalanced ecosystem.[1–3] METHODS Bioremediation is an emerging and promising technique to detoxify and/or degrade environmental hazards. This is a fast growing technique that combines the concept of green chemistry and green engineering to be applied for practical use. It employs biological agents such as microbial consortia and microbial processes for detoxifying environmental contaminants. The microorganisms employed for this purpose are usually bacteria, yeast and fungi. The principle behind this technique is that it promotes growth of particular indigenous microflora at the sites of contamination such that

these microorganisms will then perform the desired activities for cleaning-up of the sites. This technology is performed under standardized conditions of temperature, pH, oxygen supply, water content and presence of specific microbial biota, and thus it helps to enhance the natural process of biodegradation. Several ways have been developed in bioremediation technique to carry out the clean-up process. These include anaerobic digestion, phytoremediation, biosorption, bioaugmentation, composting, bioleaching, biopulping, slurry phase biodegradation, controlled phase biodegradation etc. Principally, bioremediation works in two ways: in situ and ex situ. In the former method, contaminants are treated at the site of their location. Microorganisms are added directly at the contaminated site wherein they come in contact with the dissolved and sorbed toxic substances and convert them into harmless or less harmful forms. In ex situ, transformation by microorganism is carried out at specially designed facilities. Majority of the bioremediation techniques treat petroleum

Page 13

International Journal of Green Chemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Bio-Based Feedstocks for Conversion Technologies Aruna Singh*

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Efficient fuel production and energy-generation with no or reduced carbon release is an important need in today’s generation. Conversion technologies have been designed to convert bio-based waste materials into a useable form of fuel and energy. Various methods are employed in these technologies such as anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification etc. These technologies not only help generate refined fuel products but also release low carbon content that helps to maintain the environment. Herein, an overview of these technologies has been discussed. Keywords: bio-based fuels, biomass feedstocks, conversion technology, pyrolysis

BACKGROUND There is a growing need for creating energy-efficient processes to generate products with reduced carbon emissions. Now-a-days, ‘conversion technologies’ are developed that can convert different waste materials into fuels, chemicals and other useable products in a way that minimizes the release of carbon content into the atmosphere. Bio-based feedstocks are gaining importance in this field as the alternative energy source for future sustainability of several chemical and allied industries. Feedstocks are simply defined as any biological and renewable substance that can be used directly as a fuel or can be converted into some usable fuel or energy source.[1] These may include plant products and algal materials. These substances can be used to produce hydrocarbon fuels, biodiesel, and various alcohols like ethanol, butanol, etc. Based on the diverse nature of feedstock materials, their physical and chemical characteristics; multiple conversion technologies have been developed. These technologies involve a number of

processes that include: enzymatic catalysis, hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, carbonization, gasification, pyrolysis, transesterification, thermal depolymerization etc.[1, 2] Main focus has been laid in two areas: Biochemical conversion technology and Thermochemical conversion technology. Though these conversion technologies are based on different principles viz., biochemical and thermochemical respectively; it is suggested that combining the two areas will provide a tremendous opportunity for enhancing the conversion of feedstock materials into varying kinds of fuels, chemicals and energy products. One more conversion method is the physiochemical conversion technology that involves physical and chemical reactions to convert the biomass feedstocks into usable fuel forms.[1, 3] Biochemical Conversion Technology It is the conventional method for conversion of feedstock materials into a usable fuel or energy. It generally requires low-temperature and catalytic and/or mechanical pathways. In this, the

Page 15

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Green Chemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Jul–Dec 2016

IJGC

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences