International Journal of Green Chemistry vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Green Chemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Jan – Jun 2016

IJGC

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub ü JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering. ü JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. ü Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia. ü JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness. ü JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies. ü JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features ü An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena. ü The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure. ü Universal transmission and reflectivity. ü A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process ü Speedy Publication of Manuscripts ü Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations. ü Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts. ü The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystem Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription ? Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription ? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

? Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystem Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry recent advancement in green chemistry and related environmental science is published under this journal. Journal covers a niche segment of technology dealing with remediation, phytoremediation, phytostabilization and environmental engineering science. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes good quality original and review papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Green chemistry metrics

! Green computing ! Bioremediation ! Environmental engineering science ! Phytoremediation ! Phytoextraction ! Phytostabilization ! Phytotransformation ! Renewable feed stocks ! Degradable products

International Journal of Green Chemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Rekha Lagarkha Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Bharat Modhera Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. R. P. Badoni College of Engineering Studies, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, India

Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Tehran, Iran

Dr. Samson Maria Louis N. Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore, Chennai, India

Anandkumar J. National Institute of Technology Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Reena Singhal Department of Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I. Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored), Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, Chhattisgarh, India

Prof. Ahmad Reza Massah Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Iran

Dr. Nandkumar M. Patil Wockhardt R & D Center, Aurangabad, Bihar, India

Dr. Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Monika Gupta Department of Chemistry, University of Jammu, Jammu, India

Dr. Gulam Mohammed Nazeruddin Nasiruddin Department of Chemistry, Poona College of Art, Science and Commerce, Camp, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Dr. P. V. Singh Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technology & Management, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. L. Ammayappan National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology, West Bengal, India

Dr. Hitesh D Patel Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Pramendra Kumar M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shobhna Vij NSL, NISCAIR, India

Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar (CUSB), BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. Lakhwinder Singh Department of Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering, Mohali, Punjab, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda,Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sumita Nair Department of Applied Chemistry, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, Chhattisgarh, India

Shaista Ali Department of Chemistry, GC University, Lahore, Punjab, India

Dr. Suryakant B Sapkal MGM's Jawaharlal Nehre Engineering College, Aurangabad, Bihar, India

Dr. Someshwar Dagduappa Dindulkar Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Global hall 413, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangin-gu, Seoul, South Korea

Dr. Nitinkumar S. Shetty Department of Organic Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University (Manipal), India

Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi Department of Chemistry, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Swapnil Dharaskar Department of Chemical Engineering, Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Chennamsetty Subramanyam Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Green Chemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Green Chemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Green Chemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Green Chemistry community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Green Chemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Green Chemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Green Chemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Green chemistry metrics, Green computing, Bioremediation, Environmental engineering science, Phytoremediation, Phytoextraction, Phytostabilization, Phytotransformation, Renewable feed stocks and Degradable products. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Green Chemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Green Chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Green Chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Green Chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Green Chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Thiamine Hydrochloride (VB1) in Water: A Privileged Synthetic Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives Suchita S. Gadekar, Suryakant B. Sapkal, Balaji R. Madje

2. Redox System Initiated Improved Low-Temperature Colouration of Real Silk With Metal-Complex Dyes for Energy Conservation Bipin J. Agrawal

3. Desulfurization of Light Fuels Using Trihexyl Tetradecyl Phosphonium Bromide Shivam Varma, Swapnil A. Dharaskar, Samir K. Deshmukh

4. Phytoremediation: Its Background and Global Scenario Chhavi Jain

5. Soil Moisture Level and Carbon Release Are Inversely Proportional: Recent Report Meenakshi Tripathi

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Thiamine Hydrochloride (VB1) in Water: A Privileged Synthetic Route to Benzimidazole Derivatives Suchita S. Gadekar1, Suryakant B. Sapkal2, Balaji R. Madje1* 1

Department of Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India Department of Applied Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Thiamine hydrochloride (VB1) is found to be an inexpensive, efficient, non-toxic and mild catalyst for the cyclocondensation of o-phenylinediamine and aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic aldehydes in water at moderate temperature. The present work contributes a greener approach for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives under gracious (water) reaction medium which resulted into facile, sustainable and high yielding methodology. Keywords: benzimidazoles, sustainable chemistry, thiamine hydrochloride (VB1), water

INTRODUCTION In this day and age an embryonic awareness of the environmental consequences of the chemical output and protocol by which they are produced has led to the gentle concept of “Sustainable (Green) Chemistry.” Green Chemistry has emerged as an important aspect of all chemistry that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.[1] In a sustainable civilization, manufacturing processes are designed in such a way so as not to generate waste products, else they are put for recycling/biodegrading.[2] Green chemistry has produced itself the landlord of organic chemistry, since it’s fundamental scientific methodologies can protect human health and the environment in an economically beneficial manner.[3] Therefore, there has been great expedition towards the improvement of greener chemical processes. The present research involves the use of natural solvent i.e., “Water” that can be surrogates for organic

solvents. Water could be dedicated solvent under reflux temperature of reaction condition for organic transformations, because it is readily available, highly polar, nonflammable, nontoxic, cheap, and could offer the easy separation of reagents or catalysts from many organic products.[4] Several organic transformation has been performed by using water as a solvent.[5] Considering the above worthwhile advantages of water as competent reactions medium herein, attempt has been made to perform the cyclocondensation of o-phenylinediamine and aromatic/heteroaromatic/aliphatic aldehydes catalyzed by VB1 in water for obtaining the desired benzimidazoles. In the last few decades benzimidazoles have been much utilized for the synthesis of diverse highly functionalized molecules because of their broad spectrum of biological/pharmacological activities.[6] It has been observed that numerous benzimidazole derivatives are successfully

Page 1

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Redox System Initiated Improved Low-Temperature Colouration of Real Silk With Metal-Complex Dyes for Energy Conservation Bipin J. Agrawal* Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Abstract Silk has always been the symbol of royalty due to its lustrous appearance and peach like softness. It can be dyed in bright shades with the available natural and many synthetic dyestuffs. The slight cationic character of silk makes it possible to be dyed with anionic synthetic dyes such as acid, metal complex, reactive and selected direct dyes. The main objective of colouration of a textile fibre should be to maintain the permanency of the colour and not allow any damage of the fibre. However, conventional dyeing of silk by exhaust dyeing method with these dyes is usually performed at near boiling temperature, which substantially damages the silk fibre, loses its magnificent luster and deteriorates its qualities. Many approaches have been adopted to decrease this potential damage of silk fibre. One such effort is redox system initiated low temperature dyeing of silk substrate to preserve its aesthetic characteristics. The redox system is formulated by the utilization of glucose and hydrogen peroxide as reducing agent and oxidizing agent respectively. The dyeing of silk substrate is performed with metal-complex dyes at low-temperatures and compared with the conventional exhaust dyeing performed at 90°C. Conventionally, an ionic bond is formed between the silk fibre and the anionic dye(s) when the dyeing is performed at or near boil. However, the redox system has aided a much strong covalent bond formation between the metal-complex dyestuff and the silk substrate at much lower temperatures than the conventional dyeing temperature. The dyeing performance has been evaluated spectrophotmetrically in terms of colour strength (K/S) values and the results are compared with the conventionally dyed samples. Fastness characteristics (wash, light and rub, both wet and dry) of various dyed samples are also evaluated and compared with each other. Keywords: Mulberry silk, metal-complex dyes, exhaust dyeing, redox system, free-radical

INTRODUCTION The dyeing process is one of the most significant parts of textile wet processing that utilizes huge amounts of energy. Generally, dyeing involves adsorption of molecules or ions of the dye onto surface of the fibre from solution phase (i.e., dyebath). This is followed by diffusion of the adsorbed molecules into the fibre. These processes are influenced by factors

such as pH, temperature, concentration of dye, presence of other dyeing agents, liquor ratio, etc. Temperature plays a key role in the economics of the dyeing process. Main objective of a successful dyer is to reduce the temperature of dyeing so as to conserve energy. Attempts have been made to reduce the energy

Page 9

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Desulfurization of Light Fuels Using Trihexyl Tetradecyl Phosphonium Bromide Shivam Varma1, Swapnil A. Dharaskar2*, Samir K. Deshmukh1 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Priyadarshini Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur (M.S) India Department of Chemical Engineering, Pad. Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management and Research, Akurdi, Pune (M.S), India

Abstract Owing to the stringent environmental regulations in many countries for production of ultralow sulfur petroleum fractions with the aim to reduce sulfur emissions, has resulted in increased interest in this area among the scientific community. The need for zero sulfur emissions enhances the requirement of more advanced techniques in desulfurization. The mechanism of desulfurization by extraction is a promising approach having several advantages over the conventional method of hydrodesulphurization. The data and results provided in the present paper explore the significant insights of phosphonium based ionic liquids as a promising environmentally benign solvent for the extractive desulfurization of liquid fuel. Keywords: Ionic Liquids, Desulfurization, Liquid Fuel, Extraction, Industrial Application

INTRODUCTION The development of efficient deep desulfurization processes for diesel fuel has been challenging work for chemists, since pollution caused by exhaust emissions (especially SOx) is one of the most serious environmental problems in the world. For environmental protection purposes, many countries have mandated reduction of the S-level in fuels down to 10 ppm by 2016, and the trend is to achieve sulfur free fuels in the following years. In India, the present norms have been decided by the Central Pollution Control Board, and currently the total sulfur content in liquid fuels is limited to 350 ppm although it should be reduced to as low as possible. In the petroleum reﬁning industry, the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) processes, which has been employed to remove organic sulfur from fuels for several decades, needs high temperature and pressure, large reactor volumes, and very active catalysts. Owing

to continuous fuel quality challenges, basic scientiﬁc research has started in the field of extraction of sulfur compounds with ILs, which have shown potential in alternative and future complementary technologies for deep desulfurization. Subsequently, technologies such as extractive desulfurization (EDS), selective adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and biodesulfurization have been applied. Compounds such as ethers, amines, alcohols and other volatile organic solvents have been used for absorption, extraction, azeotropic distillation, and many other methods. Conventional solvents have their own limitations on account of environmental issues, recyclability etc., which can be overcome by the use of ILs as green solvents.

Page 18

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Phytoremediation: Its Background and Global Scenario Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

BACKGROUND Phytoremediation is an evolving in situ remediation technology that utilizes plants to clean polluted soil, groundwater and wastewater. Phytoremediation is defined as that branch of science that utilizes inherent abilities of green plants to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, metalloids, organic compounds, trace elements, and radioactive substances present in soil or water. The plants used in this technology include trees, shrubs, grasses and even aquatic plants. The idea of using plants for cleaning up of contaminated soil and water is not new. It was around 300 years ago, when plants were proposed to treat wastewater.[1] Thlaspi caerulescens and Viola calaminaria were the first plant species reported to accumulate high level of metals in their leaves.[2] Afterwards, other plants such as those from the genus Astragalus, were also reported of accumulating metals like nickel and selenium in their shoots.[3, 4] The idea of using plants to absorb metals from polluted soils was developed and reintroduced by Utsunamyia and [5] Chaney. The first field trial of this concept was conducted in 1991 for phytoextraction of zinc and cadmium.[6] Since then, extensive research is being carried out to investigate the biology of this metal phytoextraction. Although significant success has been achieved in this regard, our understanding of plant mechanisms that enable them to carry out this remediation process is still emerging. Land and water pollution due to heavy metals is a worldwide issue.[7] Nearly, all countries have been affected by heavy

metal pollution, though the area and severity of such pollution vary immensely. This has led to an increasing concern with regard to accumulation of heavy metals in environment as they pose big threat to both human health and natural environment.[8] In this regard, the science of phytoremediation has shown promising results as an innovative cleanup technology. GLOBAL SCENARIO Phytoremediation research is going on in every continent, but most of the work is carried out in US, Africa and Asia. In US, funding agencies viz., Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Defence (DOD) encourages applicative research that focuses on everyday contamination scenarios. This has resulted in relative success of commercial phytoremediation, as entrepreneurial businesses attached to research institutes. There are a number of conventional remediation technologies which are employed to remediate environmental contamination with heavy metals such as solidification, soil washing and permeable barriers. But a majority of these technologies are costly to implement and cause further disturbance to the already damaged environment. Phytoremediation is evolving as a costeffective alternative to high-energy, highcost conventional methods. It is considered to be a “Green Revolution” in the field of innovative cleanup technologies. Phytoremediation has the potential to clean an estimated 30,000 contaminated waste sites throughout the US according to the EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental

Page 27

International Journal of Green Chemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Soil Moisture Level and Carbon Release Are Inversely Proportional: Recent Report Meenakshi Tripathi* Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

With the advancements in the field of science and technology, it is now possible to predict or control climatic changes. A recent scientific research shows that the soil moisture levels can help determine the amount of carbon that is released into the atmosphere.

dry, it would be a significant change that dramatically alters the carbon flux coming out of the soil".

An international team led by Northern Arizona University scientists investigated the results of 25 experiments carried by multiple research groups including the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

"Models help us scale from the present to the future". Such refined models can further help to improve estimates of methane and carbon dioxide release under rising temperatures and changing soil moisture conditions.

These scientists studied the emission of greenhouse gases from incubated soil samples in the field sites of Alaska, Canada and Russia, under a temperature increase of 10Â° C.

ORNL's Colleen Iversen has mentioned that "It's one thing to say, 'What does the Arctic look like now and what are the implications for carbon feedbacks?'

It was found that soils with plenty of oxygen from air released about 3.4 times more carbon than wetter soils with limited oxygen. Even accounting for the effects of methane-an extremely potent greenhouse gas produced by microbes in saturated, oxygen-free soils-oxygen-rich soils still released comparatively more carbon.

Thus, the crucial and observing point here is when that soil becomes exposed to oxygen. ORNL coauthor David Graham stated that "If the soils were to drain and

This finding has helped the scientists to develop refined models for predicting and controlling future climatic changes.

But we really want to know what it will look like at the end of the century. The only way we can get there is to have accurate processes in models that are predicting the future." Recognizing the importance of soil moisture and hydrology in the Arctic will also guide future experimental research in future projects. This study can thus, help improve the way the scientists predict the future climate forecasts and that too in a more accurate way.

Page 30

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Green Chemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Jan – Jun 2016

IJGC

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences