International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines is a peer-reviewed journal has wide range of discipline under it and is designed to publish articles that cover current advances in the ever-growing field of combustion engines. Journal always encourage authors to provide summary of their recent work as well as reviews of the research that was and is of significant importance. Journal broadly covers two stroke, four stroke, six stroke engines, steam turbines and turbine engine failure.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Two-stroke, Four-stroke (Otto cycle) and Six-stroke engine

! Diesel engine ! Atkinson cycle ! Miller cycle ! Wankel rotary engine ! Engine configurations ! Fuels and oxidizers ! Measures of engine performance ! Jet engines ! Turboprop engines ! Aeroderivative and Amateur gas turbines ! Gas turbine locomotive ! Gas turbine modular helium reactor ! Non-Intrusive Stress Measurement System ! Pneumatic motor ! Steam turbine ! Turbine engine failure

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Chitranjan Agarwal College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, (Rajasthan), India

Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa

Dr. Balram Kundu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Shivaji Bhandarkar Department of Automobile Engineering, Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India

Mr. Anjaneya Gorkal RVCE, Bengaluru, India

Bo-Wun Huang Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan

Dr. Harishankar Chandra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur Sarguja University, Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Two-stroke, four-stroke (Otto cycle) and six-stroke engine, Diesel engine and Wankel rotary engine, Atkinson cycle, Engine configurations, Jet engines and Turboprop engines, Aeroderivative and amateur gas turbines, Gas turbine locomotive etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its Performance and Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani 1 2. Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas Turbine Power Plant S.O. Oyedepo, R.O. Fagbenle, S.S. Adefila, M.M. Alam

3. Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor of a Conventional Locomotive â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Case Study Ravi Shankar, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma

4. Review on Vibration Problems in Turbomachinery Priyanka Garg

5. Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine Testing Priyanka Garg

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Computational and Parametric Investigation on Single Cylinder SI Engine-Based Generator to Improve Its Performance and Emission Charectoristics as Per the Future Emission Norms U. Qadri, M. Marouf Wani National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Abstract This work is based on single cylinder SI engine based generator,which basically works on Gasoline and LPG in Dual fuel mode. The main purpose of this work is to use Alternative fuel, for reducing the emissions of the generator in dual fuel mode. As the engine is dedicated to Gasoline engine,which is conventional fuel. So power is comparativily increasing in case of gasoline engine,but emissions are more as compared to Alternative fuels. Since alternative fuel is having less number of carbon atoms. So, less formation of NOx, HC and CO emissions occurs. Our main focus is on emission formation. We are trying to reduce the emissions as per the future emission norms. Although power is comparatively going down in case of alternative fuel,but emission formation are less. So in order to investigate the performance and emissions charecteristics we are using AVL boost software for predicting the performance of SI engine and emissions,when using the engine in dual fuel mode. Keywords: alternative fuels, AVL boost, emissions, SI engine, simulation

INTRODUCTION Most of the natural gas is found in the upper part of the oilwells or gas wells.It mainly consists of methane (75% to 95%) with small quantities of ethane,propane,and higher hydrocarbons.It may also contain small quantities of nitrogen,carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.It is nearly odourless and colourless. During the refining process of petroleum,considerable amount of propane and butane gases are produced.Propane gas liquifies at 8.8 bar and butane gas liquifies at 2.1 bar at atmospheric temperature of 21.1C. Natural-gas processing is a complex industrial process designed to clean raw natural gas by separating impurities and various nonmethane hydrocarbons and fluids to produce what is known as pipeline quality dry natural gas. [1] The liquified gas can be stored in steel cylinders and these gases

are suitable for domestic and industrial applications. A powerful odorant, Ethyl Mercaptan is added, in order to detect leak on the container (tank) or at any connection, it made leaking can be easily detected. It is generally accepted that the emission form a LPG powered vehicle are less than those from the unleaded petrol (ULP) fuelled equivalent.[2–12] Result from corroborated by Klausmeier and Billick[4] Wu et al.[5] and Newkirk et al.[6] presented measured data showing that NOx emission from LPG fuels are lower compared to ULP. It is also comparably light and cost effective. Ceviz and Yuksel in their study on cyclic variation on LPG when fuelled as lean burn SI engine is

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International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Thermodynamics Modelling and Performance Assessment of Gas Turbine Power Plant S.O. Oyedepo1*, R.O. Fagbenle2, S.S. Adefila3, M.M. Alam4 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria 4 Institute for Turbulence-Noise-Vibration Interaction and Control, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, China 2

Abstract In this study, thermodynamics modelling of gas turbine engine is performed based on thermodynamic relations. The thermodynamic model reveals that the influence of operating parameters including the compression ratio, turbine inlet temperature and ambient temperature has significant effect on the performance of gas turbine engine. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted to evaluate performance of the selected power plant and to assess the effect of operating parameters on energy loss and exergy destruction in the plant. Energy analysis shows that the turbine has the highest proportion of energy loss (31.98%) in the plant. The exergy analysis results reveal that the combustion chamber is the most exergy destructive component compared to other cycle components. In addition, it was found that increase in the gas turbine inlet temperature (GTIT) decreases the exergy destruction of this component. The effects of design parameters on exergy efficiency show that an increase in the compression ratio and TIT increase the total exergy efficiency of the cycle due to a rise in the output power of the turbine and a decrease in the combustion chamber losses. The overall exergetic efficiency of the plant decreased with increased ambient temperature. It was found that a 5 K rise in ambient temperature resulted in a 1.03% decrease in the overall exergetic efficiency of the plant. Based on the results of this research work, the possible economical methods and technologies to improve performance of the selected gas turbine power plant are suggested. Keywords: ambient temperature, energy analysis, exergy analysis, gas turbine engine, simulation

INTRODUCTION Energy is an important factor in wealth generation, economic and social development in any nation. Based on historical data, there is a strong relationship between economic activities and availability of energy resources. [1] Gas turbines have come to play a significant role in distributed energy systems due to its multi-fuel capability, compact size and low environmental impact and reduced operational and maintenance cost. Growing demand of

power and degradation of environment has made gas turbine power plants of scientiﬁc interest for the efﬁcient utilization of energy resources. [2] A gas turbine as a device designed to convert the heat energy of fuel into useful work is different from steam turbine in the sense that there is no change of phase in

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International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Analysis and Overhauling of Two Stage Reciprocating Air Compressor of a Conventional Locomotive – A Case Study Ravi Shankar*, Amit Suhane, Manish Vishwakarma Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Abstract Reciprocating air compressor is the most widely used type of compressor found in many industrial applications and is a crucial machine in gas transmission pipelines, petrochemical plants, refineries, etc. Due to high pressure ratio requirements, reciprocating air compressor is commonly used in locomotives. After a period of life unexpected failures of internal components due to miscellaneous reasons occur, which affects the operating system performance. This paper presents a case study on reciprocating air compressor of a locomotive highlighting the associated problems, diagnosis and effective solutions supported by appropriate maintenance strategies for overhauling and repairing arising out due to frequent failure of parts. It is predominantly essential to establish the recommended clearances given for the various parts of the compressor. Based on dimensional measurement of compressor parts selection of repair and replacement is becomes easy and it is best for economical point of view. Keywords: dimensional measurement, frequent failure, overhauling, repair and replacement

INTRODUCTION An air compressor is a device to facilitate converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline locomotive) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing the air, which, on control can be unconfined in rapid bursts Compressor is a device that extracts air from the ambiance and compresses it into a holding chamber. [1] In certain application such as air compression, multi stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available and are typically larger and more costly. Most multi-stage compressors use intercoolers which are heat exchangers with the intention of remove the heat of compression between the stages of compression.

Inter-cooling affects the overall effectiveness of the machine. While mechanical energy is applied for compression of air, after compression density of air increase due to which the temperature of the gas increases. Aftercoolers are installed after the last stage of compression to decrease the air temperature. As the air temperature is reduced, water vapor in the air is condensed, separated, collected, and exhausted from the system. Nearly all of the condensate from a compressor with inter-cooling is removed in the intercooler, and the remains in the after-cooler. Approximately all engineering systems, except those that supply process air to heat indifferent operations, require after-cooling (Figures 1, 2). [2–16]

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International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review on Vibration Problems in Turbomachinery Priyanka Garg* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Vibration suppression of turbomachinery is an important engineering problem. Vibration caused by mass imbalance is a common problem in rotating the turbomachinery systems. Imbalance occurs if the principal axis of inertia of the rotor is not coincident with its geometric axis. Higher speeds cause much greater centrifugal imbalance forces, and the current trend of rotating equipment toward higher power density clearly leads to higher operational speeds. In this paper, a review of the research work performed in real-time active balancing and active vibration control for turbomachinery, as well as the research work on dynamic modeling and analysis techniques of turbomachinery systems, is presented. The basic methodology and a brief assessment of major difficulties and future research needs are also provided. Keywords: turbomachinery, rotor, vibration, control, aerodynamic loading, structural instabilities, damping, blade.

INTRODUCTION Vibration problems in modern turbomachinery systems instill equal concern as those in their design, manufacture and general maintenance. Considerable amount of precise energy go unused due to machinery breakdown and associated costs to machine downtime add up to unproductive overheads. The modern trend of building high-speed engines requires new, dependable techniques to reduce vibrations.[1] Vibration problems, usually unrelated to unbalance, represent another kind of problem for turbomachinery in which the rotor vibrates at nonsynchronous (other than rotating speed) frequencies. Nonsynchronous vibrations can be subsynchronous, when the frequency is lower than the rotational speed of the shaft, supersynchronous, when the frequency is higher than the rotational speed of the shaft, or a combination of both. One of the most harrowing of rotor

vibration scenarios is the case of rotor instability causing subsynchronous vibrations. The onset mechanisms of subsynchronous vibrations are related to a great diversity of destabilizing forces, some of them not well understood yet, and therefore, special attention must be paid to this type of vibration. While considerable literature exists on analyzing, predicting and implementing passive techniques for reducing vibrations due to rotor instability, no publications on active control of these phenomena exists. Active control through AMBs stands as a promising solution for the prevention of this type of vibration problem. In this paper, a brief review is made on various vibration problems that occur in turbomachinery systems due to various factors involved such as, hydraulic/

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International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Highlights on Performance Standards Used in Gas Turbine Testing Priyanka Garg* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

INTRODUCTION A gas turbine is a kind of spinning device that uses the action of a gas to produce work. Various engineering applications have included the use of gas turbines for decades to turn the core of an electrical generator to produce power for both industrial and to some extent residential consumption. The gas turbine is a complex machine and its performance is governed by many standards. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) performance test codes have been written to ensure that the test is conducted in a manner that guarantees that all turbines are tested under the same set of rules and conditions to ensure that the test results can be compared in a judicious manner. [1] Factors Affecting Gas Turbine Performance Air Temperature and Site Elevation Since the gas turbine is an air-breathing engine, its performance is changed by anything that affects the density and/or mass flow of the air intake to the compressor. Ambient weather conditions are the most obvious changes from the reference conditions of 59 F/15 C and 14.7 psia/1.013 bar. Correction factor for Heat rate is from 0.92 from -29 0C to 1.1 at 45 0C. Correction factor for Power is from 1.25 from -19 0C to 0.83 at 40 0C. [4, 5] Altitude Heat rate is not affected by altitude. Correction factor for power from 1 at 0 m

(sea level) to 0.8 at 1800 m above sea level, at 1000 m is about 0.89. [5] Humidity Humid air, which is less dense than dry air, also affects output and heat rate. In the past, this effect was thought to be too small to be considered. However, with the increasing size of gas turbines and the utilization of humidity to bias water and steam injection for NOx control, this effect has greater significance. It should be noted that this humidity effect is a result of the control system approximation of firing temperature such as, used on GE heavyduty gas turbines. [4, 5] Inlet And Exhaust Losses Inserting air filtration, silencing, evaporative coolers or chillers into the inlet or heat recovery devices in the exhaust causes pressure losses in the system. The effects of these pressure losses are unique to each design. Correction factor Heat rate is 0 for 0 mm H2O inlet losses to 1.02 at 300 mm H2O. Correction factor Power is from 0 for 0 mm H2O inlet losses to 0.98 at 300 mm H2O. [4, 5] Fuels Work from a gas turbine can be defined as the product of mass flow, heat energy in the combusted gas (Cp), and temperature differential across the turbine. The mass flow in this equation is the sum of compressor airflow and fuel flow. The heat energy is a function of the elements in the

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

IJICEGT

Jan – Jun 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

I.C. Engines & Gas Turbines

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences