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International Journal of Immunological Nursing
International Journal of Immunological Nursing is a peer reviewed Journal. It majorly focuses towards the publication of current Research/Review works carried out in the area of Immunology and Nursing with a special emphasis on autoimmunity, immunotherapy, reproductive immunology and vaccines. The Journal covers all major areas involved in Nursing care and Infectious Disease management.
Focus and Scope of the Journal
Classical immunology
Anatomy and physiology of immune system
Immunology and infectious diseases
Autoimmunity
Developmental immunology
Immunotherapy
Hypersensitivity
Reproductive immunology
Nursing management
Clinical immunology
Infection control
Immunotoxicology
International Journal of Immunological Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).
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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi
INTERNAL MEMBERS
Associate Manager Hidam Renubala
Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh
Dr. Chhavi Goel
Deepika Bhadauria
Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran, India
Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health Mission, New Delhi, India
Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India
Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India.
Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia
Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India
Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India
Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai, India
Dr Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, (Himachal Pradesh), India
Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates
Dr. E. Sinu Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
Mr. Rathish Nair College of Nursing, AIIMS, Bihar, India Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Auckland- New Zealand
Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. A Judie SRM College of Nursing, SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. Aman Moda Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, India
Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India
Dr. Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India
Dr. Mala Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospitals, Bangalore, India
Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece
Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece
Dr. Vahitha.S. College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India
Prof. A Arvin Babu Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India
Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India
Stella Sagaya Mary Matha College of Nursing, Nadu, India
Urmila D Bhardwaj Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University, India
Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola, India
Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department, Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India
Siva Jeya Anand T Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India
Prof. Dhanpal H.N. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, India
Dr. C. Susila Billroth College of Nursing, Chennai, India
From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly Journal, International Journal of Immunological Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Immunological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Classical immunology, Anatomy and physiology of immune system, Immunology and infectious diseases, Autoimmunity, Developmental immunology, Immunotherapy, Hypersensitivity, Reproductive immunology, Nursing management, Clinical immunology, Infection control, Immunotoxicology. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director
Contents 1. Microchimerism – A Novel Exemplar for Human Health and Disease: Review Article Blessy Varghese
1
2. Autoimmune Disorders: A Review Neha Sharma
4
3. New Vaccines on the Horizon Ankita Mathur
7
4. Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Causes, Treatment and Prevention Ankita Mathur, Rajni Kaul
10
5. Onion – A Miraculous Vegetable T. Johnsy Rani
15
International Journal of Immunological Nursing
eISSN: 2456-1592 Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Microchimerism – A Novel Exemplar for Human Health and Disease: Review Article Blessy Varghese*
Child Health Nursing, MGM Muthoot College of Nursing, Kozhencherry, Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT It is now known that during pregnancy some cells move from mother to fetus and vice versa even though placenta was considered as a barrier for the interchange. Swapped cells can multiply and can be immunologically mobile even decades after giving birth. The presence of fetal cells has been associated with both positive and negative effects on maternal health. Keywords: microchimerism, maternal, fetal, interaction
INTRODUCTION Maternal-offspring interactions are often viewed as solely cooperative, both parties having an interest in the other's survival and well-being. The placenta was previously thought to barricade the mother and fetus thus preventing maternal rejection of the fetus. It is now known that during pregnancy some cells traffic from mother to fetus and from fetus to mother. Surprisingly, some mother’s cells can be found in her adult offspring and some cells from the fetus can be found in the mother decades later.[1–3] BODY Microchimerism/Mc is the presence of a little amount of cells that arise from another individual and are therefore genetically discrete from the cells of the host individual. Interchanged cells can proliferate and setup lifelong cell lines that are immunologically agile.[4] Types of Microchimerism Natural acquiredmicrochimerism (i) Feto-maternal microchimerism – cells from a fetus pass through the placenta
IJIN (2016) 1-3 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
and establish cell lineages within the mother. (ii) Maternal→fetal microchimerism – cells from mother are also found in the offspring but this phenomenon is half frequent as former Iatrogenic chimerism – This occur as a result of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Persistent microchimerism – Blood transfusion is the cause. Etiology of Mc Placentation allows for the transfer of small numbers of cells between the fetus and the mother Maternal-fetal genomic encounter Mechanism of Transfer During pregnancy, there is a biface flow of fetal and maternal cells. More fetal cells are being transferred to the mother than vice versa and the transfer of these cells is disproportionate. After child birth, the maternal immune system by inducing apoptosis actively clears few but not all fetal cells from the maternal blood. Not only microchimerism happens between mother and child but also cells can be
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International Journal of Immunological Nursing
eISSN: 2456-1592 Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Autoimmune Disorders: A Review Neha Sharma*
Department of Nursing, Khalsa College of Nursing, Amritsar, India
ABSTRACT Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which immune system attacks healthy cells of the body. The basic function of the immune system is to protect us from diseases but during autoimmune diseases many parts of the body like joints, muscles, skin, red blood cells, blood vessels, connective tissue, endocrine glands are affected. More than 80 types of autoimmune diseases are found till date and most of them show similar symptoms. The Main sign of an autoimmune disease is Fever, fatigue, general malaise, inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling. Autoimmune are treated by medical interventions, alternative therapies, etc. Keywords: antibody, antigen, autoimmune, immune system
INTRODUCTION The insusceptible arrangement of the body gives assurance against destructive substances. Immune system ailments are brought on by microscopic organisms, infections, poisons, growth cells, and blood and tissue that enter from outside the body. They contain antigens.[1] The insusceptible framework produces antibodies against
IJIN (2016) 4-6 Š JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
these antigens that empower it annihilate these hurtful substances.
to
Amid an immune system issue, your invulnerable framework couldn't recognize solid tissue and antigens. Thus, the body begins pulverizing typical tissues of the body. The correct reason for immune system issue is obscure. An immune system issue causes unusual organ development, destructs body tissue and dysfunctions in the organs.
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International Journal of Immunological Nursing
eISSN: 2456-1592 Vol. 2: Issue 2
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New Vaccines on the Horizon Ankita Mathur
Department of Nursing, Shivalik Institute of Nursing, Shimla, HP, India
Immunizations are hailed as a standout amongst the most critical general wellbeing accomplishments of the 20th century. New advancements in immunization innovation and new data about how the resistant framework attempts to ensure us make this an energizing time in the field of antibody innovative work. In 2012, there were about 300 immunization clinical trials in advance or being inspected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 170 of these immunizations are for irresistible infections. In 2002, the Perspective in Health Magazines made the accompanying expectations: By 2005, noteworthy advance toward, if not accomplishment of the worldwide annihilation of polio. By 2010, immunizations against meningitis, pneumonia, rotaviruscreated looseness of the bowels and human papilloma infection (the reason for cervical disease). By 2015, antibodies against AIDS, intestinal sickness and aspiratory tuberculosis, and the worldwide control of measles. By 2025, the capacity to secure newborn children against no less than 20 pathogens for the duration of their lives. The initial two have as of now been refined! While there is a coordinated push to end measles, the objective to accomplish overall annihilation of measles by 2010 has been hindered by guardians in Europe and parts of the United States picking not to inoculate their kids prompting to higher disease rates.
IJIN (2016) 7-9 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
To secure more kids, researchers and specialists are buckling down each day to grow new antibodies. Immunizations against the "enormous three" – AIDS, jungle fever and tuberculosis (TB) – are en route. TB is brought about by microscopic organisms that contaminate the lungs. It spreads when microorganisms go through the air from one individual hacking, sniffling, or talking, and are breathed in by another person. It is evaluated that TB costs the worldwide economy $1 billion a day, and there are strains that cannot be cured by any anti-infection. In 2011 alone, there were 8.7 million contaminations and 1.4 million passing’s from TB. Although the U.S. had just 10,528 reported instances of TB in 2011, a 2011–2012 TB flare-up in a Longmont High School indicates how effectively maladies like TB can influence nearby groups. With the ascent of antitoxin safe strains of TB, there is a potential for the effect of the sickness to wind up more extreme. Numerous TB antibodies are currently in clinical trials that would have a neighborhood and in addition worldwide effect. Respiratory diseases like flu and pneumonia are especially hazardous for kids and the elderly, bringing about no less than 4.25 million passing a year. The present influenza immunization is suggested every year and secures against the three most common strains coursing in every given year. In mid-2012, the FDA affirmed an influenza antibody that secures against four distinct strains. Since flu is an infection that consistently transforms, it
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International Journal of Immunological Nursing
eISSN : 2456-1592 Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions: Causes, Treatment and Prevention Ankita Mathur*, Rajni Kaul
Department of Nursing, Shivalik Institute of Nursing, Shimla, HP, India
ABSTRACT Hypersensitivity alludes to unnecessary, undesirable (harming, distress creating and some of the time lethal) responses delivered by the typical insusceptible framework. Extreme hypersensitivity responses require a pre-sharpened (safe) condition of the host. Immediate hypersensitivity is a quick IgE-and pole cell-intervened vascular and smooth muscle reaction that happens in hereditarily defenseless people upon introduction to certain ecological antigens to which they have been beforehand uncovered. These responses are otherwise called sensitivities, and the antigens that affect these responses are normally called allergens. The signs of these responses can run in seriousness from gentle feed fever or sensitivities to pet dander, to extreme hypersensitivity brought on by ingestion of medications, for example, penicillin or infusion with creepy crawly venoms. Hypersensitivities are the most widely recognized issue of the safe framework and may influence up to 20% of the populace. Keywords: hypersensitivity, IgE, immunoglobulin, type I
INTRODUCTION The insusceptible framework is an essential piece of human security against sickness, yet the typically defensive resistant components can in some cases cause impeding responses in the host. Such responses are known as excessive hypersensitivity responses, and the investigation of these is named immunopathology. The customary arrangement for extreme hypersensitivity responses is that of Gell and Coombs and is at present the most usually known characterization system.[1] It separates the excessive Hypersensitivity responses into the accompanying 4 sorts: Type I responses (i.e., quick extreme hypersensitivity responses) include immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated arrival of histamine and different go between from pole cells and basophils.[2] Examples incorporate hypersensitivity and unfavorably susceptible rhinoconjunctivitis.
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Type II responses (i.e., cytotoxic extreme hypersensitivity responses) include immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin M antibodies bound to cell surface antigens, with resulting supplement obsession. A case is medication initiated hemolytic weakness. Type III responses (i.e., insusceptible complex responses) include coursing antigen-counter acting agent invulnerable buildings that store in postcapillary venules, with consequent supplement obsession. A case is serum infection. Type IV responses (i.e., deferred excessive Hypersensitivity responses, cell-interceded insusceptibility) are intervened by T cells as opposed to by antibodies. A case is contact dermatitis
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International Journal of Immunological Nursing
eISSN: 2456-1592 Vol. 2: Issue 2
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Onion – A Miraculous Vegetable T. Johnsy Rani*
The Salvation Army Catherine Booth College of Nursing, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari, India
ABSTRACT Onions are miraculous vegetables that are low in calories but rich in beneficial nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and also possess folate, magnesium, phosphorus, fructans, selenium, chromium and antioxidants, quercetin and sulphur. Its health benefits are enormous. Its high fiber content, organosulfur compounds, antioxidants like quercetin and vitamin C exhibits an anticancerous action through inhibition of tumor growth, mutagenesis, free radical formation and exerting toxic effects on cancer cells. Folate contained in it relieves depression and promotes mood, sleep and appetite by inhibiting the excess storage of homocysteine which may affect the production of hormones like serotin, dopamine and norepinephrine. Collagen in it keeps skin and hair healthier. Fructan, a complex carbohydrate promotes the growth of probiotics, Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in intestine, whose presence destroys carcinogens and promotes absorption of minerals. Flavanoids and quercetin present in onions sluggish the growth of Helicobacter pylori, prevent gastric ulcers and inhibit the inflammation causing leukotrienes, prostaglandins and histamines in osteoarthritis and rheumatic arthritis, deteriorate cancer growth respectively. GPCS (Gamma – L – glutamyl – trans – S – 1 – propenyl – L – cysteine sulfoxide) inhibits breakdown of bones and treats osteoporosis and corticoid induced bone loss. Selenium lowers inflammation and stimulates immune responses, thereby controls viral, inflammatory and allergic conditions. Onions also help in regulating blood sugar through the presence of S-methylcysteine, quercetin, sulphur compounds and chromium and also it lowers LDL. Keywords: chromium, flavanoid, folate, fructan, onions INTRODUCTION Onions also known as the bulb onion or common onion is a vegetable and is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. They can vary in size, shape, color and flavor. The most common types are red, yellow and white onion. Flavors of onions can vary from mild flavor to sharp with sweet and juicy, spicy, and pungent, often depending upon the season grown and consumed. It is estimated that 105 billion pounds of onions are harvested each year worldwide.[1,2]
IJIN (2016) 15-18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
Nutrition Facts Amount Calories Total fat Cholesterol Sodium Potassium Total carbohydrate Dietary fiber Sugar
100 g 40 0.1 g 0 mg 4 mg 146 mg 9g 1.7 g 4.2 g
Amount Protein Vitamin A Calcium Vitamin D Vitamin C Iron Vitamin B6 Magnesium
100 g 1.1 g 0% 2% 0% 12% 1% 5% 2%
Onions are dense in nutrients i.e., even though their caloric contents are low, they are rich in beneficial nutrients like vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. They also have little quantity of folate, magnesium, phosphorus, fructans,
Page 15
7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo
Applied Mechanics
Mechanical Engineering
eISSN: 2456-1592
5 more...
Chemical Engineering
5 more...
1 more...
Civil Engineering
Architecture
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2 more...
Computer Science and Engineering
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering
Immunological Nursing JUL–DEC 2016
5 more...
Nursing « « « « «
IJIN
4 more...
Material Sciences and Engineering
International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing 4 more...
5 more...
Biotechnology
Chemistry
3 more...
Nanotechnology
3 more...
Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences
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