International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis is concerned with the recent advancement in mechanical dynamics and analysis. Both experimental and theoretical papers are welcome, journal also publish editorial reviews, short communication and comparative data analysis in the related fields of mechanical dynamics. The focus of the journal is on various aspects of the matter, structural and network dynamics, as well as the practical aspects of the theory and application of the research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Turbine engineering and turbine-generator ! Aerodynamics ! Nonlinear dynamics, structural dynamics ! System dynamics ! Structural dynamics ! Computational fluid dynamics ! Electro hydrodynamics ! Nonlinear dynamics and network dynamics ! Condensed matter dynamics ! Quantum condensed matter dynamics ! Ultrafast electron dynamics

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis is published twice a year (bi-annual by JournalsPub- an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. K. R. Sivadas Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kadayiruppu, India

Dr. Wang Wei Tianjin University, China

Dr. Mark Ovinis Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

Dr. Dinesh Singh G. Thakur Department of Mechanical Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India

Dr. Nikhil Dev Garg YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Mechanical Engineers community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Industrial automation, Factory automation, Building automation, Robotics, Hydraulics and pneumatics, Manufacturing automation, System integration etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Mechanical readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Vibration in Turbine Blades: Review of Techniques Nikhil Dev

2. Mathematical Model Development for Turbine Blade Vibration Analysis Nikhil Dev Garg

3. A Brief Review on Potential Flow Solver Techniques Used for Studying Stalling Conditions of the Aircraft Wings in Multiple-Lifting-Surface Configuration V.K. Gurushankar, P. Garg 20 4. A Short Description of Flow Mechanism of a Swimming Fish Nibha Singh

5. Highlights on Improvement of Performance Characteristics of Nanofluids by Enhanced Heat Transfer Process Priyanka Garg

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Vibration in Turbine Blades: Review of Techniques Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract In the present work a review on the vibrational analysis of turbine blades is present so that different techniques of blade vibration analysis may be compared. The value of natural frequency for any steam and turbine blade increases with the bending mode. At the root, blade is fixed, so the value of natural frequency at the root is low. As it proceeds from root to tip value, natural frequency increases. From the discussion presented in this work, it can be concluded that the variational method is a simple method, which yields good vibration characteristics. The results obtained by the variational approach are found very encouraging and this method can further be applied to more complex vibratory problems. Method of variational makes the base to find the natural frequency of beam vibrating in bending-bending mode. Further it is also observed that the values only for single value of breadth taper and depth taper. Researchers can observe the effect of breadth taper on natural frequency while keeping the depth taper constant. In the similar manner the effect of depth taper on natural frequency while keeping the breadth taper constant can be observed. Keywords: blade, natural frequency, beam, vibration

INTRODUCTION Blades are vital part of the turbo machine either steam or gas turbine. Even the failure of a single blade may shut down the whole power generation plant and it, thus, may leads to a big economic loss in terms of power generation. [1–3] The cost of turbine based projects runs into millions of rupees and needs many months for completion even if expert labour is available. Any process that can reduce this expenditure of time, money and man hours is very much needed and it may be adoption of computational efforts also. [4–6] Thus, it has become essential to perform vibration analysis of the gas or steam turbine blade theoretically or computationally. Accurate prediction of

the natural frequency of tapered blade is of considerable importance at the design stage of turbo machines to avoid any resonant conditions leading to the consequent failure of the blade due to fatigue while during their operation. [7–9] Condition of resonance is due to matching in the blade natural frequency and excitation frequency. If these both the frequencies are resonating then their amplitude will increase. This leads to turbine blade failure. [10–13] The accurate prediction of natural frequency for the

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics & Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Mathematical Model Development for Turbine Blade Vibration Analysis Nikhil Dev Garg* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Abstract Accurate prediction of the natural frequency of tapered steam turbine blade is of considerable importance at the design stage of turbo machines to avoid any resonant conditions leading to the consequent failure of blade due to fatigue. In the present work mathematical modelling of the turbine blade is presented while considering potential energy and kinetic energy. The applications of steam turbine blades and gas turbine blades are increasing with time as the power generation industry is growing at a very fast rate. Therefore, computational analysis at design stage is helpful to minimize the cost of design and in return cost of production. Keywords: body forces, complementary energy, strain energy, surface traction, variational functional

INTRODUCTION A lot of different studies have been performed in power plant system developments. Dev et al[1] developed a computational methodology for the assessment of dual pressure non-reheat combined-cycle power plant with change in drum pressure. A GTA based methodology was also proposed by Dev et al [2] for the evaluation of combined cycle power plant. Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heat and power system was carried out to study the effect of different parameters on power plant performance by Dev et al. [3]

Attri et al.[4,9,21,42,43,57] developed methodology based upon ISM and graph theory for the performance evaluation of different types of the systems. Dev et al. [5, 6] developed a methodology for the analysis of combined cycle power plant performance based upon the combination of graph theory and matrix method. For

the performance evaluation CCPP system was divided into six sub-systems. [7, 8] These sub-systems were developed in such a way that all of them were interdependent.[9,10] In literature it is also reported that the system structure developed for the performance evaluation for a power plant or some other type of organization can be extended for the evaluation of other performance parameters.[11,12] The decision making methodology developed for performance evaluation of combined cycle power plant was extended for the evaluation of reliability and efficiency. [13-15] Dev et al. [16] proposed that reliability is dependent upon the subsystems. It is the reliability of individual components which affect the reliability of macro-system. Therefore, it is rudiment to consider all of the sub-systems and their interlinking while evaluating the reliability of any system such as combined cycle

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Brief Review on Potential Flow Solver Techniques Used for Studying Stalling Conditions of the Aircraft Wings in MultipleLifting-Surface Configuration V.K. Gurushankar1*, P. Garg2 1

Department of Aerospace Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India 2 University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Of the many phases of flight conditions encountered in mid-air, there is seldom anything more frightening than stall as the forces acting on flight post-stall quickly renders aircraft as a huge aluminum structure obeying the commands of gravity. In the present work, a short review of literature related to time to time efforts being made in order to understand the flow behavior over the aircraft wings in multiple lifting surface configuration and the stall characteristics of formation flight using various potential flow solver techniques. Keywords: wing, unsteady aerodynamics, potential flow, stall, formation flight, VLM, decambering approach, lift.

INTRODUCTION In the first course of aerodynamics, the idea is acquainted with the motion of a body in air medium and the way it interacts with the air flow. This basic thought presides over the other principles in regard to the subject matter. Over past a century there have been numerous ventures passed on to understand the mystery behind the flow structure and its tendency to get hold of the body under consideration. The content available for the study of aerodynamics stands on the works of many who had the strong intuition about the flow maneuverability. The credit for early development of wing theory is highly reserved for the pioneers namely, Frederick W. Lanchester, Francis Wenham, Ludwig Prandtl, Glauert, Helmholtz, Max Munk, Albert Betz, V. M. Falkner and many others. As the physicists realized the changes in flow behavior explained through fluid mechanics especially,

hydrodynamics point of view, the desire to obtain the optimum numerical techniques was encouraged for precise modeling of the flow. IMPROVEMENTS IN PRANDTL’S LIFTING LINE THEORY An article by E. Pakalnis [22] (2004), gives an account of numerous developments in calculation method of wing characteristics. With a spur of moment, the fluid mechanics as a whole was revolutionized soon after the remarkable presentation by Ludwig Prandtl [37] on boundary layer concept on 8 August, 1904. Although, the vortex theory of wings was first expressed by Frederick W. Lanchester [37] in his two-volume work, Aerial Flight in 1907, but it was soon discarded. Later, Ludwig Prandtl37 in 1918–1919, confirmed the correctness

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Short Description of Flow Mechanism of a Swimming Fish Nibha Singh C.C.S. University, Meerut, India

INTRODUCTION Fish is nature’s archetypal swimmer. Past study of interspecific variation in the swimming speed of fishes has focused on internal physiological mechanisms that may limit the ability of locomotors muscle to generate power. In this paper, we approach the question of why some fishes are able to swim faster than others from a hydrodynamic perspective, using the technique of digital particle image velocimetry which allows measurement of fluid velocity and estimation of wake momentum and mechanical forces for locomotion. Swimming and flying animals generate fluid-dynamic forces by flapping flexible appendages such as wings or fins. The stresses generated by motions of these structures can be resolved into vertical forces that support an animal’s weight and horizontal forces that provide thrust for forward motion. Both aerial and aquatic animals that propel themselves with wing-like appendages generate these vertical and horizontal forces. Aerial animals, which must support their weight, generate a larger net upward force than aquatic animals, which often generate vertical forces that cancel over a stroke. Despite such differences, the principles governing fluid flow around a flapping appendage remain the same. The key issues involve understanding how the motion and shape of an appendage determine the timing and magnitude of forces derived from the various fluid stresses.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR PERFORMANCE OF A SWIMMING FISH Leah Mendelson and Alexandra H. Techet investigated the structure and strength of the wake in three dimensions to determine how hydrodynamic force varies in two species that differ markedly in maximum swimming speed. The fish exhibits forward swimming and turning behaviors at speeds between 0.9-1.5 body lengths/second. Results show clearly isolated and linked vortex rings in the wake structure, as well as the thrust jet coming off of a visual hull reconstruction of the fish body. With a clear and classic relationship between form and function, fish have evolved to survive in challenging environments and persist unrivaled by biomimetic swimming robots. The design of vehicles, such as those developed by Barrett et al. (1999), Fish et al. (2003), and Epps et al. (2009), can be significantly improved with detailed quantitative analysis of the momentum transfer between the fish and the fluid during swimming behaviors. Fish swimming behavior is inherently threedimensional (3D), with multifarious fin and body motions and fin-wake interactions. The complexity of these swimming behaviors suggests that 3D rendering, with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution, is necessary to simultaneously capture the relevant kinematics and hydrodynamics to facilitate the quantification of propulsive performance. 1. t 18),2393-241pp.

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Highlights on Improvement of Performance Characteristics of Nanofluids by Enhanced Heat Transfer Process Priyanka Garg University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

INTRODUCTION Nanofluids are potential heat transfer fluids with enhanced thermophysical properties and heat transfer performance can be applied in many devices for better performances (i.e. energy, heat transfer and other performances). In the present paper, highlights are made on different problems that occur with the use of nanofluids and how their performance characteristics can be improved by enhancing heat transfer process.

Nanofluids Nanofluids consist of a base fluid enriched with nano size particles (less than 100 nm). Nanofluids are characterized by an enrichment of a base fluid like Water, Ethylene glycol or oil with nanoparticles in variety of types like Metals, Oxides, Carbides, Carbon. Mostly commonly recalled Nanofluids could be typified as TiO2 in water, CuO in water, Al2O3 in water, ZnO in Ethylene glycol. Today Nanofluids have got wide range of potential applications in transportation, power generation, solar water heating, nuclear, space, microelectronics, fuel cells, biomedical, industrial cooling and many areas where heat removal is involved. All the applications of nanofluids are largely because of enhanced thermal conductivity.

Production of Nanofluids There are mainly two methods of nanofluid production, described in the following: a) Two-step technique – In the two-step technique, the first step is the production of nanoparticles and the second step is the dispersion of the nanoparticles in a base fluid. Two-step technique is advantageous when mass production of nanofluids is considered, because at present, nanoparticles can be produced in large quantities by utilizing the technique of inert gas condensation. The main disadvantage of the two-step technique is that the nanoparticles form clusters during the preparation of the nanofluid which prevents the proper dispersion of nanoparticles inside the base fluid. b) One-Step Technique – Onestep technique combines the production of nanoparticles and dispersion of nanoparticles in the base fluid into a single step. There are some variations of this technique. In one of the common methods, named direct evaporation one-step method, the nanofluid is produced by the solidification of the nanoparticles, which are initially gas phase, inside the base fluid. The dispersion characteristics of nanofluids produced with one-step techniques are better than those produced with two-step technique. The main drawback of onestep techniques is that they are not

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