International Journal of Mechanics and Design vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

Civil Engineering

« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

IJMD

Jul–Dec 2016

Electrical Engineering International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

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Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning 2 more...

Computer Science and Engineering

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Mechanics & Design

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Architecture

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International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Mechanics and Design

International Journal of Mechanics and Design provides a forum for scholarly work dealing with the mechanics. The purpose of the journal is to promote the recent advances that can create lasting impact on the ongoing research. Time to time journal will publish peer- reviewed papers that are research and development oriented and is of interest to the readers. Journal ensures that only good quality of papers are published depending upon the originality and relevance of the paper.

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Quantum mechanics

 Continuum mechanics  Biomechanics,  Nano-mechanics  Analysis and conception of machine and structural components  Experimental Stress Analysis  Kinematics and Dynamics of linkage and Mechanisms  Adaptive algorithms in FEM  Structural Analysis with FEM  Meshless Methods  General Finite Difference Method  Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation with Computational Inverse Methods

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Gang Chen School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin, P. R. China

Dr. Basel Alsayyed Department of Mechanical Engineering, UAE University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. R S Jadoun G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India

Dr. Muthuramalingam Thangaraj SRM University, Chennai, India

Dr P. M. M. Subrahmanya Sarma VIZAG Institute of Technology, Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam, Visakhapatnam, India

Dr. V Sugumaran School of Mechanical Engineering and Building Sciences, VIT University, India

Dr. Sam Paul Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Bo-Wun Huang China

Dr. Sarang Pande Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot (Gujrat), India

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Nagar, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Sumit Bhowmik Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Silchar, Assam, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Mechanics and Design. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Mechanics and Design issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Mechanics and Design as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Mechanics and Design in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Mechanics and Design in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Mechanics and Design focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Quantum mechanics, Continuum mechanics, Biomechanics, Nano-mechanics etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Mechanics and Design and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Mechanics and Design. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Mechanics and Design. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. The History of Clock Mechanism Sourav Kumar Bhoumik

2. An Insight into Industrial Automation Kumar Khimnani

3. 100 Years of General Theory of Relativity Moumita Halder

4. Design Calculations of Chain Sprocket Drive C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

5. A Brief Note on Biomechanics Debasish Mohanta

International Journal of Mechanics and Design

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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The History of Clock Mechanism Sourav Kumar Bhoumik*

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India

ABSTRACT Time is the temporal dimension of the world perceived by our human senses. The human experience of time is universal, thorough and immediate. Life, death, and time are related to each other in a complex manner, which is difficult to explain. Time is the principal of all forms of human knowledge and expression. Time has been defined in all great philosophies and religions. Time is connected with the functions of the mind. Time has been added as the fourth dimension of spacetime by Hermann Minkowski in 1908, which served the basis for Einstein’s special and general theory of relativity. Keywords: connection, dimension, fourth, relativity, fundamental

INTRODUCTION Time always represents the past, present and future in a frame of reference, therefore the actions in time are always complemented with a mental imagery of every particular event. Time is a dimension and the art of constructing machines for measuring time is known as ‘Horology’.

In Greek mythology, the Horae or Horai were the goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time. In 1752, French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille added the constellation Horologium to the modern constellations to honor, Christiaan Huygens [1–3]. He invented the first pendulum clock in 1656 based on the pendulum presented by Galileo Galilei. Horologium is the name of a small and faint constellation, in the Southern sky with declination angle of around 600. Gradually Horology was replaced by the Latin word ’clock’ which means ‘bell’. A clock is an instrument for keeping time (Figure 1). HISTORY OF CLOCKS 1. Sundials: Sundial was the oldest method of telling the time of day. There is no record for the origin of the sundial but they were certainly used in Ancient Egypt with clear mention in the Old Testament. Greeks and the Romans also used sundials. The disadvantage of the Sundial was that, they would only be used during sunlight (Figure 2).

Fig. 1. Horologium constellation.

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International Journal of Mechanics and Design

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Insight into Industrial Automation Kumar Khimnani*

Delhi College of Engineering, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Automation is the process of following a pre-defined sequence of operations with or without human labour, by using specialized equipment and machines that perform and control manufacturing processes. Automation in full sense can only be achieved through the combined use of devices, techniques, and equipment capable of perceiving the manufacturing process, making decisions regarding the changes, needed in the operation, and control. Keywords: automation, control, device, machine, process

INTRODUCTION The word automation is derived from the Greek word "automates", meaning selfacting but the term automation was coined in the mid-1940s. The definition of automation has extended after the developments in computers and control systems. During middle of the 20th century, automation was limited on a small scale, with the use of mechanical devices to automate the production, but the concept became practical after the implementation of the computers in industrial field [1, 2]. Automation is the process in industry where various production operations are converted from a manual process, to an automated or mechanized process with the help of machines. Automation is a step beyond mechanization. Industrial robotics are said to be the most visible part of automation. Modern automated processes are typically controlled by computer programs, with close monitoring of progress and control of the sequences of events until the process is complete. All the decisions made by the computer logically to ensure that the process should complete accurately and quickly.

Automation is a technology dealing with the application of mechatronics and computers for production of goods and services [3]. EXPERIMENTAL Role of Automation • Material handling. • Storage and retrieval systems. • Inspection systems. • Feedback control systems. • Transforming designs into parts.  Assembly of machine parts. • Planning and Decision making to support manufacturing. • Segregation of products manufactured. • Quality checks and monitoring the rate of production. Difference Between Mechanization and Automation Mechanization refers to the use of powerdriven machinery to help a human operator in their task. The invention of powered machine tools; such as the steam operating machines reduced the amount of time required to carry out different tasks, and improves productivity. Automation and mechanization are different from with each other. Mechanization saves the physical

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International Journal of Mechanics and Design

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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100 Years of General Theory of Relativity Moumita Halder*

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India

ABSTRACT The General Theory Relativity is the generalization of the Special Theory of Relativity. This theory certainly is one of the most extraordinary achievements of the scientific world till date. Einstein's discovery of General Theory of Relativity is itself series of dramatic incidents, from the beginning until it’s proven. The theory reviewed our understanding of gravity, light and time, and paved the way for many modern technologies. The observational evidence is overwhelming. Einstein’s theory is essential to the new fundamental theory of nature. Dark matter, dark energy, black holes, and string theory are all product of Einstein’s theory, and right now they are dominating physics and astronomy. String theory depends on a complicated space-time with strange geometrical properties in higher dimensions. Far obscure than Einstein’s theory ever was, it is addressed by many as the final theory. In the year 2015, Scientist had also able to detect gravitational wave, a prediction of General Theory of Relativity. Through this paper, I have presented that how general theory is originated from the special theory. The main emphasis has been given on all the work that has happened in the last 100 years after the General Theory of Relativity. The year 2015 marked the 100 anniversary of Einstein’s Field equation. The paper gives a comprehensive review based on one hundred years of development of general relativity and its scientific influences. Keywords: big bang, cosmological constant, deflection of light, expanding universe, gravitational lens

BACKGROUND Gravity is the basic force of the universe. From motion of the ocean tides to the expansion of the universe, a wide range of astronomical phenomena are controlled by gravity. Three centuries ago Newton was the first scientist to sum up gravity in mathematical form. Einstein’s greatest achievement was that he helped us to visualize gravity. Through astronomical experiments, he proved that gravity is not a mathematical form only. The Theory of General Relativity is 100 years old, but the irony is that, this theory still helps the scientist to discover new things. Using this theory scientist has been able to unlock many celestial objects and their characteristic. We have been

able to understand the universe, its birth as well as its end. Though Einstein started developing this theory from 1905, the ultimate formula was published in 1915. The theory was itself took 10 years, within this decade many scientists contributed in this equation. Though it was Einstein’s theory, but he would never been able to prove it without contributions of the astronomers as well as mathematicians, who helped him to create the perfect theory of gravity. The general theory’s application is increasing as days are passing by. After the

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International Journal of Mechanics and Design

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Design Calculations of Chain Sprocket Drive C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University, Namakkal, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT Chain drives, gear drives and belt drive systems are all effective power transmission selections. Chain Drives are easy to install, can be easily reconfigured as compared to gear drives. Chains perform better than gears under shock and load conditions. Chain drives are special as they spread functional loads over many teeth. Chain drives do not require tension on the slack side, thus bearing loading is reduced. Chain drives require less space and are less costly to maintain as well as build for a given loading and speed condition. Keywords: chain drive, easy, load, operational, system, tension

DESIGN OF CHAIN DRIVE Step 1: determination of transmission ratio n₁ = 20 n₂ = 16 Transmission ratio, (i) = z₂/z₁ = n₁/n₂ = 20/16 = 1.26 1.25 (approx) Step 2: selection of no. of teeth on driver sprocket[1–10] z₁ = 15 z₂ = i z₁ = 1.25 × 15 = 19 Step 3: center distance a = (30–50)p a = 150 mm p max = a/30 = 150/30 = 5 mm P min = a/50 = 150/50 = 3 mm P = 9.525 is chosen Step 4: selection of chain Assume the chain to be Duplex From table 7.72 For duplex DR 50 10 A-Z DR 50 is chosen 54

Step 5: total load on the driving side chain Σp = pt + pc + ps pt = 102 × 0.75/0.0476 = 160.71 kgf v = No. of teeth on driver sprocket × pitch × rpm/60 × 1000 = 15 × 9.525 × 20/60 × 1000 = 47.62 mm/sec pt = 102 × 0.75/0.0476 = 160.71 kgf pc = wv²/g (From page 7.72) for duplex DR 50 (P.No. 7.72) w = 1.78 kg/m pc = 1.78 × (0.0476)²/9.81 = 4.8 kgf Tension due to staging by chain ps = 6 × 1.78 × 0.5 = 5.34 kgf Σ₁p = 5.34 + 4.8 + 160.71 = 170.85 kgf Step 6: design load Design load = Ks x Σp Ks = k₁k₂k₃k₄k₅k₆ k₁ = Load factor = 1.25

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International Journal of Mechanics and Design

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Brief Note on Biomechanics Debasish Mohanta*

Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India

ABSTRACT Biomechanics is generally referred to as the study of how the systems of living organisms from plants to animals, react to the various forces of nature and stimuli. Biomechanics is the science of dealing with effects produced by external and internal forces on the living body. The need to study biomechanics for any the particular case is necessary for every physical educator or coach, who is involved in teaching movement technique as well as the athletic instructor or physical therapist for curing the injury caused due to sprain, strain, swollen muscles, dislocations and fractures by using biomechanics, effectively through analyzing and identifying biomechanical principles involved in action and movement. Keywords: biomechanics, force, movement, system, limit, performance, principle

INTRODUCTION The word Biomechanics is combination of two words biology and mechanics. The common disciplines of biomechanics are Physics, Mathematics, Biology, Anatomy, and Physiology. Kinesiology is the study of human movement and Biomechanics is one of the sub disciplines of kinesiology. Biomechanics has been defined as the study of the movement of living things using the science of mechanics (Hatze, 1974). Biomechanics provides key information on the most effective and safest movement patterns, equipment, and relevant exercises to improve human movement. Biomechanics formulates conceptual and mathematical tools that are essential for understanding how living things move and how kinesiology can improve movement or make movement safe. Scientists often apply physical and mathematical analysis to determine the limits and capabilities of different biological creatures and hence combine and create the graphical data which correlates in the improvement of athletic and sports performances of players related to all sports [1–3]. The importance of introduction of biomechanics in sports

sciences has helped in a big way by the improving the performance of players. Sports biomechanics allows the detailed analysis of a player’s movement and with the help of the acquired data; the player’s movement can be improved by allowing less injury risk and enhancing performance in various sports. The applications of biomechanics can be classified into some key thrust areas such as, the improvement of performance and the reduction or treatment of injury. Human movement performance can be improved in many ways. Effective movement involves anatomical factors, neuromuscular skills, physiological capacities, and psychological/cognitive abilities. In order to gather specific data to determine the performance of an athlete, sports biomechanics should analyze:

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

Civil Engineering

« International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

IJMD

Jul–Dec 2016

« « « «

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Computer Science and Engineering

« « « « «

Mechanics & Design

1 more...

Architecture

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences