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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Analog circuit ! Digital circuit ! Mixed and RF circuit ! Mixed-domain simulation and design ! Formal verification ! Embedded systems ! Emerging devices ! Testing, design for testability, built in self-test ! MOSFET transistors ! Digital communication ! Audio-amplifiers, FM radios, logic blocks and regulators ! Speech Signal Processing

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Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Phool Singh Chauhan Chemical Engineering Department, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India

Dr. Dimitrios Efstathiou Department of Informatics Technological Educational Institute of Central Macedonia, Serres, G ? reece

Dr. M R Nayak Aerospace Electronics and Systems Division,National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL), Bangalore, India

Dr. Hadadi Sudheendra School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia

Dr. Vinod Kumar Sayal Department of Physics, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, Majitar, Rangpo, Sikkim, India

Dr. Sandeep Kumar Kautish North West Institute of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India

Sakshi Dubey Department of Electrical engineering, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India

I Ravi Kumar Anna University, Chennai, India

M. Premkumar Anna University, Chennai, India

R. Padma Priya Anna University, Tamilnadu, India

M. V. Subramanyam, Santhiram Engineering College, Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ravi Prakash Dwivedi, SENSE, VIT university, Chennai, India

Lekshmi R. R Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Ettimadai, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

Dr. Santosh Kumar Agrahari Poornima University, Jaipur, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits. This journal is part of the Electrical Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Electrical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electrical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electrical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Analog circuit, Digital circuit, Mixed and RF circuit, Mixed-domain simulation and design, Formal verification, Embedded systems, Emerging devices, Testing, design for testability, built in self-test, MOSFET transistors, Digital communication, Audio-amplifiers, FM radios, logic blocks and regulators. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electrical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electrical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electrical Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Deposition and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Thermal Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Method for Photoconductive Sensor Application S. Vyas, S. Singh, A.D.D. Dwivedi 1 2. Performance Comparison of the Two-Stage Kalman Filtering Techniques for Density Prediction Saeid Zoghi

3. Numerical Simulation of GaAs-Based MISFET Photo Detector for Optical Communication S. Patel, A.D.D. Dwivedi, P. Chakrabarti

4. Building Automation and Control Using ZigBee for Energy Optimization Santosh Agrahari, Pritam Kumar, Jyoti Vasuja, Raju Biswas, Sumit Kumar

5. A Multi-Module Fuel Cell Power System Feeding DC Load Mohd. Aqeel Abbas, Chaudhary Arjun Singh, Prabhu Narayan Singh, Amar Singh Patel

6. Short-Term Load Forecasting by Using ANN Girraj Singh, Aseem Chandel

7. Modelling and Control of Higher Rating DC Motor With GA-Based Optimized PID Controller Garimella Raghu Chandra, Garimella Atchyut

International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Deposition and Characterization of ZnO Thin Films by Thermal Vacuum Thermal Evaporation Method for Photoconductive Sensor Application S. Vyas1, S. Singh2, A.D.D. Dwivedi3* 1

Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India Department of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea 3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India 2

Abstract In this work we have deposited ZnO thin films using thermal evaporation method. The films have been deposited on silicon substrate for structural characterization and on glass substrate for optical characterization. The structural, surface morphology, optical properties and electrical properties of ZnO thin films were investigated systematically using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ellipsometeric measurement and semiconductor parameter analyzer respectively. The deposited ZnO thin films exhibit polycrystalline nature with hexagonal wurtize structure. The surface of the films was composed of uniform grains and band gap was estimated around 3.19 eV. The electrical characterization of the Al/ZnO thin films contacts revealed that the ohmic contact fabricated by a simple and inexpensive method can be used for fabrication of photoconductive sensors applications. Keywords: RF sputtering, scanning electron microscopy, thermal oxidation, X-ray diffractometer, ZnO thin films

INTRODUCTION Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a II-VI group, n-type semiconductor. Its superior electrical, optical and piezoelectric properties make it suitable for low cost and high performance devices for various applications.[1] It has direct and wide bandgap (3.37 eV), large excitation binding energy (60 meV) at room temperature and large photoresponse which makes it attractive for optoelectronic devices like LED in UV range,[2,3] Schottky UV photo-detector and Metal Semiconductor IJMDIC (2016) 1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7 ÂŠ JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved

Metal (MSM) photo-detector. ZnO has high optical transparency, high conductivity and it is widely available, so it can replace ITO based transparent electrodes in devices like flat panel displays, LEDs, solar cell etc.[4,5,6,7] ZnO is also explored as a replacement of Si for active channel layer in TFT technology. It has high field effect

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Performance Comparison of the Two-Stage Kalman Filtering Techniques for Density Prediction Saeid Zoghi* Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract The advanced optimal partitioned state Kalman estimator (OPSKE) developed to overwhelm these problems of traditional approaches. In this article, we compare performance of the OPSKE with the OTSKE and the AUSKE in the maneuvering target tracking (MTT) badly behaved. We provide some analytic results to demonstrate the computational advantages of the OPSKE. Author of this paper compare these two algorithms with target tracking problem, because in that problem they dealing with so many parameters which are useful for estimating the workability of such filters. As a result, we introduce the better filter for estimation and prediction and we discuss about different applications of such filter in chemical engineering, for example, the amount of density or degree of different dopants in a special wafer. Keywords: estimation, new predictor, Kalman filtering in chemical engineering, prediction

INTRODUCTION The AUSKE or “full state” technique solves the general state estimation problems by comprising the input factors as a part of an increased state to be estimated.[1,2] However, “reduced state” approaches do not enlarge the state, and usually vintage a better act.[3] The AUSKE suffers from intricacy of computational effort and numerical difficulties when state dimensions are large. The input detection and estimation (IDE) procedure was first established by Chan et al., in[4] using a simplified batch least square data. The IDE method suffers from a major lack, being that the little prior knowledge is accessible for dynamics estimation.[5] For instance, we can cite Wang et. al.,[6] used the IDE method in the maneuvering target tracking problem. So, the routine of the estimation is condensed when target moves with non-constant acceleration.[7]

Friedland[8] presented a method of separating estimation of the unknown input from the dynamic variables and Blair used this technique in the MTT problem.[9] The main idea was to decouple the augmented Kalman filter (AKF) into twostage filters in order to lessen computation and memory necessities.[10-13] Lately, Hsieh and Chen[10,11] derived an optimal two-stage Kalman estimator (OTSKE) for a general case to reduce the computational difficulty of AUSKE. The two-stage filtering technique, suggested for MTT problem in[9] suffers from two major problems. These drawbacks stem from assuming constant acceleration and assuming the input term is observable from the measurement equation. In this paper, the performance of the OPSKE is analyzed and compared with the AUSKE and the OTSKE to show the advantage of the proposed algorithm. The

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Numerical Simulation of GaAs-Based MISFET Photo Detector for Optical Communication S. Patel1, A.D.D. Dwivedi2,3*, P. Chakrabarti1,4 1

Centre for Research in Microelectronics, Department of Electronics Engineering, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India 3 IMS Lab, Université de Bordeaux, France 4 Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India

Abstract This paper presents a 2D numerical simulation and analysis of GaAs based MISFET photo detector. Numerical simulation of the performance of the device in dark and illuminated condition has been performed. Drain current increases with wavelength of operation and attains maximum value at 0.65 micron and there is a sharp fall beyond 0.85 micron which is higher cut off wavelength for the proposed structure. The device exhibits very low dark current is the order of 10-6 A and quantum efficiency of about 35%. We can optimize the performance of the device by changing the doping concentration and device dimensions. Keywords: MISFET photodetector, optically controlled GaAs MISFET, quantum efficiency

INTRODUCTION In optical communication systems the optical sources and detectors are generally made of semiconductor devices. This is because the size of these devices are compatible to optical fibers which have typical diameter of the order of 100 µm or so. In order to develop free space optical communication system operating at different wavelength regions, one has to search for suitable sources and detectors operating at these wavelengths. The wavelength of the operation of the device is determined by the characteristics of the particular semiconductor material used for the fabrication of the device. More specifically the band-gap of the semiconductor material determines the wavelength of operation of particular semiconductor device. Both III-V and IIVI materials have opened up enormous options to develop new devices (sources and detectors) operating at various wavelengths. A large number of theoretical and experimental work have been reported in the past decades. With the advent of

injection laser diode, it has become possible to transmit data at very high transmission rate. However, there is an urgent need of development of suitable photodetectors that can demodulate the optical signals to electrical signal at that high rate. The development of suitable photodetectors operating at high bit rate needs special attention to cope up with the noise. As the data rate approaches 10 Gb/s metal interconnection like copper wire is facing a number of issue such as slow resistancecapacitance limits speed and large heat dissipation, under these condition, it is well known that for data rate above 10 Gb/s optical signal is more advantageous compared to conventional copper wire interconnections. As a result III-V compound semiconductor based electro photonic integrated circuit emerge as one

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Building Automation and Control Using ZigBee for Energy Optimization Santosh Agrahari, Pritam Kumar, Jyoti Vasuja*, Raju Biswas, Sumit Kumar Electronics Communication Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

Abstract ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols. ZigBee is a typical wireless communication technology which uses low rate, low-power digital radio based on an IEEE 802 standards for personal area networks. Wireless sensor network can be defined as a network of sensor nodes that covers wide area and provides environmental information about the monitored area through wireless communication protocols. Keywords: building automation and control, energy optimization, microcontroller, wireless sensor network, ZigBee

INTRODUCTION ZigBee is a typical wireless communication technology, which is widely used in wireless sensing networks.[1,2] ZigBee wireless sensor network is widely used in military security, environment monitoring, and home automation.[3] Various progressive wireless communication standards were developed and implemented into practice during the last decade. These standards have penetrated into their daily routine with outstanding popularity.[4,5] “An Internet of people” has become ordinary for everyone who wants to have everybody and everything within reach. Even though it seems that all peoples’ wireless requirements have fulfilled, it turns on, that they lack of something like “an internet of things” especially in mainstream.

large scale wireless ZigBee sensor network, because the coordinator [6,7] processing ability is limited. The whole task of the network will be divided into two parts; one is about the network building, node joining, and data collecting; the other one is about data processing, network information conservation, and communicate with the host computer. By this way the performance of the ZigBee wireless system improves a lot.[8,9] BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM This project mainly consist of two part i.e. transmitter and receiver part. Both parts consist of microcontroller, MAX232 IC, ZigBee, LCD, ULN2003. It is a control unit of transmitter part. The block diagram of transmitter part in shown in Figure 1.

BACKGROUND Home automation (HA), as a new technology, in the practical application the advantage of the ZigBee wireless sensor network was not very ideal, especially in a

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Multi-Module Fuel Cell Power System Feeding DC Load Mohd. Aqeel Abbas*, Chaudhary Arjun Singh, Prabhu Narayan Singh, Amar Singh Patel Department of Electrical Engineering, United College of Engineering and Management, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The conventional energy resources present in nature are limited and exhaustible, if it would be used with the rate at which it is being used in today's era then it will be vanished up. So we have to go with the alternative i.e.it is necessary to promote nonconventional energy resources as main source of energy. Fuel cell power generation systems (FCPGS) are going to play an important role for future applications. Fuel cells convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Output voltage of fuel cell is very small, almost less than 1 volt, so number of fuel cell connected in series i.e. stacked in order to increase its voltage level. In this paper the authors has studied the voltage current and power voltage characteristics of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Low voltage output of fuel cell stack (FCS) is connected to a step up chopper which boost the voltage level. The output of the chopper is fed to a DC load. The results are presented in tabular form as well as waveforms. All the studies are simulation based, and the simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink. Keywords: proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), fuel cell stack(FCS), fuel cell power system(FCPS), step up chopper

INTRODUCTION The conventional energy resources coal, petrolium, gasoline etc are exhaustible in nature. They are going to be vanish in upto 200 years.[1] Fuel cell has become the most promissing renewable energy resource to meet the future demand of power. Fuel cell system generally operates on pure hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity with water and heat as the bioproducts. Fuel cell is modular in construction and their efficiency is independent of size.[2,3] A fuel cell requires continuous supply of a fuel and oxidant to produce D.C. electric power. In conventional steam power plant, the chemical energy of fuel cell is converted into heat energy by burning and heat energy is, then, converted into electrical energy. The efficiency of this conversion process is limited by the limitation of Carnot cycle. In fuel cells the chemical energy of the reaction is converted into

electrical energy as an isothermal process so heat is not involved in the conversion process and high conversion efficiency is possible.[4] The advantages of fuel cells are that they are simple and safe, they have no moving parts, they are pollution free, and they are compact in size and also lighter in weight. Another reason for the interest in fuel cells is that their efficiency and cost per KW of power are independent of size or the rating of fuel cell.[5] This advantage makes the prospects of the fuel cells is very attractive as portable power plants for space-crafts, locomotives etc.

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Short-Term Load Forecasting by Using ANN Girraj Singh, Aseem Chandel* Department of Electrical Engineering, B S A College of Engineering & Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Load forecasting play an impartment role in power system planning, operation and control. Short-term load forecasting is an important basis of the secure and economic operation in power systems. Accurate load forecasting is helpful to improve the security and economic effect of power systems and can reduce the cost of generation. Therefore, finding an appropriate load forecasting method to improve accuracy of forecasting has important application value. This paper explains the general theory of neural network and builds a short-term load forecasting method based on Artificial Neural Network. Keyword: artificial neural network, feed forward neural network, power system

INTRODUCTION Short term load forecasting plays a key role for the economic and secure operation of power systems.[1] A Precise short term electrical load forecasting, results in cost savings and secure operational conditions allowing utilities to commit their production resources to optimize energy prices and exchange with vendors and clients. Basic operations such as unit commitment, hydro-thermal coordination, interchange evaluation, and security assessments require a reliable short term load forecast. Future introduction of different tariff periods will make load forecasting much more important, not only for large utilities, but also for medium and small ones. Load forecasting in a power system can normally be classified into the following categories:[2]  Very short-term load forecasting of up to a few minutes ahead  Short-Term load forecasting lead time from one hour to one month  Medium-Term load Forecasting time interval one month to one year



Long-term load forecasting of the power system peak load up to 10 years ahead.

Efforts have concentrated mainly on short term forecasting since it plays a vital role in optimum unit commitment, start up and shut down of thermal plants, control of spinning reserve and buying and selling of power in inter a connected system In this work, an approach for performing shortterm load forecasting based on ANNs is proposed. Artificial neural networks (ANN), whose operation is based on certain known properties of biological neurons, comprise various architectures of highly interconnected processing elements that offer an alternative to conventional computing approaches. They respond in parallel to a set of inputs and are more concerned with transformations than algorithms and procedures. They can achieve complicated input-output mappings without explicit programming and extract relationships (both linear and nonlinear) between data sets presented during a learning process. ANNs are

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International Journal of Microelectronics and Digital Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Modelling and Control of Higher Rating DC Motor With GABased Optimized PID Controller Garimella Raghu Chandra1*, Garimella Atchyut2 1

Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India 2 SNVT Government College, Tanuku, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract The usage of the common kind dc motors has its extended past. It has been used in the productions for numerous ages currently. They deliver humble means and exact method of controller. In addition, they have high efficiency and have a high starting torque versus falling speed characteristics which helps high starting torque and helps to prevent sudden load rise. But with such characteristics, the dc motors have some deficiencies that needed to be attended to which gave rise to design of some other alternative types of dc motors. For this purpose, a brief perspective will be considered on how the DC motors could be compensated in terms of control and stability. Therefore, this report would present a theoretical background of DC motors, design of simple model of basic DC motors. The PID controller is applied in various fields of engineering, and it is also a very important tool in telecommunication system. If there is a system and stability is desired, then PID could be very useful. The results analysis and discussion is presented. Keywords: BLDC motor, genetic algorithm, machine modelling, PID controller, ZN method

INTRODUCTION DC Motors A brief illustration and mathematical representation of DC motors will be discussed in this section based on the general concepts of electromagnetic induction. The most important part of these components that needs detail attention is the main field and the rotating windings (the stator and the rotor, respectively).

As shown in Fig. 1., the stator is formed by the metal carcass with a permanent magnet enclosure which a magnetic field inside the stator windings. At one of the ends is the brush mountings and the brush gear which are used for electrical contacts with the armature (the rotor).[2] DC MOTOR MODEL Mathematical Model of a Typical DC Motor A typical dc motor equivalent circuit is illustrated as shown in the circuit shown below in Error! Reference source not found..

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Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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