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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

International Journal of Nanomaterial and Nanostructures is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to NanoMaterials and Nanostructures All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

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Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures Special Nanomaterials Nanostructures Fabrication Nanomaterials synthesis Nanotopography Nanocomposite GML nanofilm Nanocages Nanofabrics Nanofiber Nanoflake Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys Nano Minerals: Nanoclays

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal (M.P.) India, India

Dr Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu SRM University, India

Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem Portugal

Dr. Alagiri Swamy SRM university Main Campus, India

Dr. Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

Dr. Swapnadip De Meghnad Saha Institute Of Technology, India

Dr Jay Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

Dr. Tapas Kuila DST INSPIRE Faculty Fellow, India

Dr. Suresh Kumar Kailas S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), India

Dr. Lavanya khanna Thapar University, Patiala, India

Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Tehran, Iran

Dr Prashanthi Kovur University of Alberta, Canada

Dr. Michael Loong Peng Tan Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECE) Faculty of Electrical Enginering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia

Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh Associate Professor Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored) Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, (College with Potential for Excellence) Durg Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal Advisor, Sri Sukhmani Group of Institutions ChandigarhIn

Dr. Neetha J. Shetty Associate Professor, Manipal college of dental sciences Mangalore, India

Dr. Rajesh Das Associate Professor Haldia Institute of technology, Haldia Purba-Medinipur, West Bengal, India., India

Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee Deptment of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon India

Dr. S. Krishnakumar Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University Chennai, India, India

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal, Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal (FTA(I), FISCA, FICER, FIJERIA, FIJMRAE, FANSF) Associate Professor Department of Textile Chemistry Faculty of Technology & Engineering The M. S. University of Baroda vadodara India

Dr. Shobhna Vij niscair, nsl, new delhi, India

Dr. Pradip Kumar Roy Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.),Varanasi

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. This journal is part of the Nanomaterials and Nanostructures and is devoted to the scope of present Nanotech and Material Sciences from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nanotech and Material Sciences community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nanotech and Material Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nanomaterial sciences and Material Structure. Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures,Special Nanomaterials, Nanostructures Fabrication, Nanomaterials synthesis, Nanotopography, Nanocomposite,GML nanofilm, Nanocages, Nanofabrics ,Nanofiber, Nanoflake, Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys,Nano Minerals: Nanoclays The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques to share Nanomaterials, Nanostructures and Material sciences solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nanomaterial and Nanostructures community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nanomaterial sciences and Nanostructure This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nanomaterial and Nanostructures Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Growth of CNT in a Stainless Steel Surface by Using Gold Nanoparticle as a Catalyst for Corrosionless Implants Shyamal Mandal

2. Application of Nanomaterials for Food Industry Sandeep Rai, Anjali Bishnoi, Sunil Kkumar, Jinkal Mistry, Hitkam Pandya

3. Synthesis of High-Quality Single- and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Fe/MgO Catalysts Hussain Arbai

4. MRF Computation to Identify Errors in Quantum Structures E.N. Ganesh

5. Review of Influence of pH on Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Pulkit Mathur

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

eISSN: 2455-5584 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Growth of CNT in a Stainless Steel Surface by Using Gold Nanoparticle as a Catalyst for Corrosionless Implants Shyamal Mandal*

Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, India

ABSTRACT Now a day’s maximum implant are failure due to corrosion or infection. And the infection is happened due to growth of Escheria coli, steptococus, miccrobacterium tuberculosis like bacteria. Carbon nanotubes based stainless steel implant may be the promising outcome for corrosion. Carbon nano tubes when irradiate with NIR will heat up to 70°C and it has been demonstrate that folic acid adsorbed on carbon nano tubes allow specific binding to cancer cells. And this cancer cells were destroyed upon NIR irradiation. Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (diameter 40–300 nm) were synthesized on the stainless steel surface via chemical vapour deposition method. Gold nano particles (size 1–30 nm) were used as a catalyst. The surface morphology, microstructure and were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy. The interaction of a liquid in stainless steel surface is defined by measured by contact angle (CA), on the basis of contact angle value the CNT grown stainless steel surface defined as hydrophobic (øc < 90°). Most of the bacteria grown in wet surface so the contact angle measurement is very important for testing the antimicrobial property of that surface. Keywords: antimicrobial, contact angle, corrosion less, Escheria coli, NIR irradiation

INTRODUCTION Carbon Nanotube CNT can be structurally considered as the seamless rolling of carbon sheets in a cylindrical form. Depending on the number of carbon sheets from which a single carbon monotube is composed, the carbon nano tube are classified as single – walled carbon Nanotube (CWCNT) double wall carbon nanotube (DWNT) and multi wall carbon Nano tube (MWNTs) neglecting hypothical ends the carbon nano tubes are generally considered to be 1D structures because of the large aspect ratios of the cylinders (~104–106).

Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Based on the literature, the method of synthesis of CNTs can be categorized in to two groups: (a) Physical deposition (b) Chemical deposition Physical Method Under this main category the subcategory of the physical deposition techniques are describe below. Arc Discharge: in the arc discharge method, first an inert-gasplasma is created at a low pressure. Subsequently, an arc discharge is created by passing high currents between two carbon roads placed end to end approximately.1 mm apart. Bacon in 1960, used this method for the first time to grow carbon whiskers (Figure 1).[1]

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

eISSN: 2455-5584 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Application of Nanomaterials for Food Industry Sandeep Rai1,2*, Anjali Bishnoi2, Sunil Kumar2, Jinkal Mistry1, Hitkam Pandya1 1

GRP Limited, Panoli Industrial Estate, GIDC, Bharuch, Gujarat, India Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT This review focuses on the use of nanomaterials in food industry. The topic of this review highlights application of nanomaterials in processing, in packaging and as food contact materials. This review also gives an insight on the food safety as well as regulation of nanotechnologies for ensuring food safety. The food industry is in need of technologies, which can be employed to produce fresh authentic, convenient and flavourful food products. Products with prolonged shelf life and freshness along-with improving the quality of food are the other major targets. In fact nanomaterials have revolutionized the food industry. Recent development of smart packaging helped to optimize product shelf life using nanomaterials. Such packaging systems based on nanomaterials can repair small holes/tears and can suitably respond to environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture changes to alert the customer in case the food is contaminated. Nanomaterials can provide answers to practical solutions for modifying the permeation behaviour of foils by increasing barrier properties. Nanomaterials can also be used to develop surfaces with antimicrobial and antifungal properties which are capable of sensing and signalling microbiological and biochemical changes in the nano-biodegradable packaging. The article also briefly highlight the need of creating regulatory systems for managing risks associated with the use of nanomaterials in the food industry. Keywords: biodegradable, nanofoods, nanomaterials, nanotechnology, nanosensors

INTRODUCTION Nanomaterials are the pillars of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Recently, nanomaterial research has attracted great attention of scientists and therefore field has seen exponential growth over the last few years.

Nanomaterials are of great interest because of their unique properties.

Nanomaterials are defined as very small, at least in one dimension. In nanomaterial, at least one dimension (width, length or height) must be less than 100 nm.[1] It is to be highlighted that size of a nanomaterial is one billionth of a meter or 1000 million times smaller than a meter. It is so small that it is 100,000 times smaller than a diameter of a human hair.

Because of unique properties, nanomaterials have potential for applications in numerous fields such as food, electronics, medicine, transportation, textiles, etc.

The nanoparticles possess unique mechanical, optical, magnetic and electrical properties which are not observed in their bulk counterparts.

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

eISSN: 2455-5584 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Synthesis of High-Quality Single- and Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on Fe/MgO Catalysts Hussain Arbai*

School of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT In this study, Fe/MgO impetuses with three diverse iron substance (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) were set up by three impetus readiness techniques: impregnation, arrangement burning union, and co-calcination of metal nitrates. The subsequent impetuses were subjected to methane at 900°C so as to develop carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The powders and items were then considered by X-beam diffraction (XRD), differential warm investigation (DTA), checking and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. Development of MgFe2O4 after warming the impetuses to 900°C was affirmed by XRD. After the development step, comparing pinnacles of MgFe2O4 vanished and metallic iron pinnacles showed up, demonstrating that MgFe2O4 is the dependable stage for generation of iron nanoparticles. HRTEM pictures demonstrated that the item on the 5 wt.% impetuses was for the most part SWNTs and DWNTs with no proof of carbon nanofibers or multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the co-calcination impetus. Moreover, ID/IG proportions acquired from Raman spectra were all underneath 0.1, with the exception of one specimen, demonstrating the great nature of the items. Keywords: carbon nanotubes, catalysis, Raman spectra

INTRODUCTION Due to their unique properties, single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have found numerous applications in fields such as catalysis, composites, and electronics. However, commercialization requires large-scale and cost-effective synthesis processes. Catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) has become well-established as a very efficient technique in such processes,[1,2] which requires the presence of a catalyst. Several methods for the preparation of the catalyst have been reported, as well as different ways to modify the synthesis of desired CNTs. Among them, impregnation is perhaps the most common. Using this method, Colomer et al.[3] reported the large-scale synthesis of SWNTs over Fe/MgO, Co/MgO, and Ni/MgO catalysts.

Ago et al.[4] synthesized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and doublewalled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) over MgO-supported catalysts and reported that the catalytic activity of Fe was higher than with Ni and Co; this has been corroborated elsewhere.[3,5] Ning et al.[6] synthesized SWNTs and DWNTs over heat-treated Fe/MgO catalysts and revealed that hydrogen treatment has a very detrimental effect on CNT quality. This adverse effect of hydrogen was also reported by Ago et al.,[7] correlated to iron-particle coarsening during the H2 reduction process. Recently, the present authors reported successful synthesis of CNTs over Fe/MgAl2O4 catalysts through CCVD without using

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

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MRF Computation to Identify Errors in Quantum Structures E.N. Ganesh*

Department of ECE, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT As the present trend move towards the construction of circuits using Nano scale devices, the probability rate of occurrence of errors in these devices are high. Therefore, detailed study is required to identify the possibility of errors in these nanoarchitectures. In this paper we propose two elegant methods namely Probabilistic based design methodology and Markov random field approach to identify the occurrence of errors. Any arbitrary logic circuits can be expressed using these methods and logic operation is achieved by maximizing the probability of state configurations in logic networks. Maximizing the probability of state configurations is equivalent to minimizing a form of energy that depends on neighbor nodes in the network. Here, the logic circuits such as full adder, decoder, multiplexer, D and T type FF are simulated using QCA automata tool and employed the above design methodologies to find the errors in these devices. Finally we conclude that probabilistic design based approach and MRF computation can dynamically be adopted to identify the structural and signal based faults occurring in the quantum scale devices. Keywords: energy, quantum structure, silicon

INTRODUCTION Silicon based devices are fast approaching their practical limits and according to Mooreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law every couple of years there is a double of no of transistors on a single chip.[1] Limitations such as lithography, high fields effects, short channel effects are dominating as the devices dimensions are reduced. As a result many alternatives to silicon-based devices are being explored for the basis of developing new nanoelectronic systems. Here we focus on Nanotechnology concept of quantum cell automata technology being developed by Walus[2] that attempts to create a general computational functionality at the nanoscale by controlling the position of single electrons. The fundamental unit of QCA cell is the QCA cell created with four Quantum dots positioned at the vertices of square. Electrons able to tunnel between the quantum cells placed adjacent

to each other will interact. As a result, polarization of one cell will be directly affects the polarization of neighboring cells. Therefore, an array of QCA cells acts as a wire and is able to transmit information from one end to another. Therefore QCA cells can be used to construct combinational logic circuits and these circuits can be simulated using QCA tool. The fabrication of nanocircuits has been limited to a few devices intended to demonstrate only simple logic or memory operations. However for larger network of devices, there are no actual data to measure the characteristics of these devices. Practically it may be possible to have the following two limitations at the nanoscale levels. First one, the device failure during interconnections and next is operation near

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

eISSN: 2455-5584 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Review of Influence of pH on Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Pulkit Mathur*

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

ABSTRACT The anodic oxidation strategy has been utilized to get ready thin movies of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in corrosive and soluble electrolytes. The impact of pH on the structure, the morphology and the photograph reaction of the kept TiO2 has been assessed by measuring the present thickness. The test comes about demonstrated that the photograph current reaction was pH subordinate. The corrosive electrolytes being the best medium in creating stable oxide movies with great grip to titanium metal substrate and great charging rate and current thickness. Keywords: anodic oxidation, photo response, pH values, titanium films

INTRODUCTION The thin layers and nanoparticles of the move metals oxide stir a major intrigue these days both on the hypothetical and exploratory perspective. On the experimental plan, the understanding of the behaviour of transition metals from which they arise is far from being satisfactory even though these oxides show very interesting properties. In their great majority these oxides show not only a semiconducting behaviour, but also a photo-catalytic activity. This last property is particularly very important in the photolysis of the water, the decomposition of organic pollutants, and the clean-up of the air.[1] The precursory works of Brattan and Garret on the physical behaviour of semiconductors, more specifically some germanium in contact with aqueous solution are references in this field. The reference regarding the metal semiconductors of 3d oxides has for origin the work realized by Fujishima and

Honda, whose were the first to use a single crystalline TiO2 photo anode for electrocatalytic decomposition of water under the influence of the external applied anode potential. The application of such as anodic bias was found to increase the photo-catalytic efficiency of TiO2 thin layers for degrading undesirable pollutants in aqueous solution.[2] This works were realized in order to use and store the solar energy and were the starting point of several researches up today. Currently, researches are mainly focused on three directions: 1) storage and use of solar energy (photo-galvanic cells), 2) photo-catalysis by induction of photoactivated reactions by natural or artificial catalyst, 3) the manufacturing of electronic devices (sensors, nanocomponents). Regarding to the two first applications, titanium dioxide to its low cost and toxicity is the one with quasiinalterability in the reaction medium; add to that his low cost and toxicity.

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

eISSN: 2455-5584 Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

Civil Engineering

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Electrical Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanostructures

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nanomaterials &

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences