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International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research is a peer reviewed journal and provides a platform to discuss new issues in the area of nursing sciences. The journal also seeks to advance the quality of research by publishing papers introducing or elaborating on new methods in nursing science and practice, subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Nursing administration and management  Nursing theory and practice  Nurse education  Emergency nursing  Geriatric nursing  Palliative nursing  Assessment and diagnosis  Community health nursing  Home health nursing  Forensic nursing  Nursing informatics  Telenursing  Preoperative nursing  Intellectual disability nursing

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Kizhanaikarai, Tiruvannamalai, India

Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Mrs. Urmila D Bhardwaj Department of Nursing, Hamdard University, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. A. Judie SRM College of nursing, SRM University, SRM nagar, potheri, (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Mala â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospital, Kengeri, Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha college of Nursing, Vaanpuram, Manamadurai, (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Ubahara Sahauaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

A. Arvin Babu Mental Health Nursing Sree Abirami Hospital and College Of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Dr. E. Sinu Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department & Research Coordinator Lourdes College of Nursing, India

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College; Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, India

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. C. Kanniammal Meenakshi College of Nursing, Chennai, India

Dhanpal H.N. Smt.Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, Bangalore, India

Dr. H. Juliet Sylvia Sacred Heart Nursing College, Ultra trust, Madurai, India

Mr Dinesh Selvam Subramani Padmashree Institute of Nursing Kommaghatta, Bangalore, India

Ms. Kripa Angeline A. Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India

Vahitha. S College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. N. J. Vasudevan Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala India

Evangelos C. Fradelos RN, MSc, State Mental Hospital of Attica "Daphne", Greece

Dr. Harmeet kaur Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India

Dharitri Swain All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Sijua (Odisha), India

Ms. Agnes Elizabeth Jose Father Muller College of Nursing, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka,India

Mr Shivarajkumar Dandagi KLE University Institute of Nursing Sciences, Karnataka, India

Dr. Usha Ukande Choithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore (M.P.), India

Dr. C. SUSILA Billroth College Of Nursing, Chennai, India

Dr. Parimala.K.Samuel Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Dr. Renuka Gugan Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry, India

Dr. Usha Sanjeev Govt. College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Dr. Rajee Reghunath Amala College of Nursing, Kerala, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing Science Practice as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nursing theory and practice, Nurse education, Emergency nursing, Geriatric nursing, Community health nursing and Intellectual disability nursing. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Is Sexual Harassment of Nurses an Ice Berg in India? Are Our Student Nurses and Nurses Free From Harassment? Meena Ganapathy

2. Effectiveness of Positive Family Interactions Module on the Expressed Emotion of the Caregivers and Relapse of Patients with Schizophrenia in a Psychiatric In-Patient Facility: A Pilot Study Report Agnes Elizabeth Jose

3. Exercises and Quality of Sleep Among Elderly D. Jose, A. Prabhakar, N. Meenakshi Sundaram

4. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module (SIM) on Knowledge Regarding Adverse Effects of Selected Antipsychotic Drugs among Interns in Selected Nursing School's of Belgaum Mahesh C. Gadag 29 5. Identification of Triggering Factors of Migraine Saniya Jose, Susan Kumar, Thomas Mathew

6. Effectiveness of Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain During IM Injection A. Kripa, M. Anbhu, K. Renuka

International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research

eISSN: 2455-6351 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Is Sexual Harassment of Nurses an Ice Berg in India? Are Our Student Nurses and Nurses Free From Harassment? Meena Ganapathy*

Department of Nursing, Maharshi Karve Stree Shikshan Samstha, Smt. Bakul Tambat Institute of Nursing Education, Karvenagar, Pune, India

ABSTRACT The brutal abuse done on Aruna Shanbhaug, a nurse from KEM hospital, Mumbai and on Nirbhaya, in Delhi and the sexual harassment of student nurses by the School of Nursing by the owner in Andhra Pradesh highlight the flight of women in India. Sexual harassment is always a play of unequal power dynamics wanting to crush the weaker. Despite being visible only at the tip, it is always been there deep rooted from times immemorial. All of us tend to sweep it under the carpet pretending the failure to see it will be equivalent to non – existence. But the truth is it is there everywhere at transit to transport, public places, educational institutions and work place. The potential harassers are free to do so because we tend to look at it as an individual issue and shame the victim rather than the system. Nursing being the profession with 90% of its members being women is the most vulnerable profession. Nurses need to be aware of this issue, and act collectively to prevent this being done on the innocent, ill-informed victims. Keywords: harassment, workplace

INTRODUCTION Sexual harassment at education institutions or at work place or at public spaces or anywhere is a violation of human right. It is an attack on the person’s privacy and dignity. (International Labor Organization and Forum for Women Law and Development 2004).[1] Throughout the world, unwanted sexual attention of men is a common problem faced by girls, boys, women and men too. This experience is universal transcending, caste, creed, socio economic, educational status, nations and cultural identities. The most common loss faced by the girls and women due to this problem is loss of educational opportunity and loss of employment (Phoebe M., & James EG.).[2]

Many at times the perpetrators are those who are in regular contact with the victim. The victim chooses to do nothing or just pretend as if they have not seen, faced or experienced harassment. The victim is always a subordinate where there is power dynamics involved. Sexual harassment is reported where there is uneven power (Menon et.al, 2008, Chen et.al, 2009 & Lee et al., 2011).[3] Nurses and nursing students are highly vulnerable as they are in a dependent profession. Workers in the service industries are often sexually harassed by their customer, seniors and colleagues. Among those victims, workers in retail, catering, health care and nursing industries have been regarded as vulnerable group (China. Daily Asia, 2013).[4]

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International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research

eISSN: 2455-6351 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effectiveness of Positive Family Interactions Module on the Expressed Emotion of the Caregivers and Relapse of Patients with Schizophrenia in a Psychiatric In-Patient Facility: A Pilot Study Report Agnes Elizabeth Jose*

Department of Mental Health Nursing, Father Muller College of Nursing, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT This randomized pilot study was aimed to determine whether the administration of the family intervention ‘Positive Family Interactions Module’ will be feasible and effective in reducing the expressed emotion of caregivers and relapse of patients with schizophrenia. The pilot study tested the trial design, and ability to recruit and deliver the intervention. Drop-out rates were assessed. The completion and acceptability of the intervention were investigated. The study also enlightened a sample measurement power calculation for an upcoming substantive randomized controlled trial. Five caregivers and their patients each were randomly assigned to Positive Family Interactions Module (experimental) group or Treatment As Usual (control) group. There was a significant reduction in the expressed emotion of the PFIM group compared to TAU group. All participants had completed the follow up in both the groups. Significant improvements over time were observed in both the groups of patients. Positive feasibility results suggest that the study should be conducted on a larger sample size. Keywords: caregivers, family intervention, positive family interactions, schizophrenia, relapse

INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a serious debilitating psychological disorder which not only influences the lives of those affected but also his family.[1] Schizophrenia affects about 7 per thousand of the adult population, mostly in the age group 15–35 years. Though the incidence is low (3– 10,000), the prevalence is high due to chronicity. It affects about 24 million people worldwide. About 4.3–8.7 million people in India suffer from schizophrenia.[2] Unlike in the West where in many cases the expansive network of professionals act as a surrogate family, in India family remain the single most important source of care for the patients with chronic mental illnesses. It is both by

choice and compulsion due to lack of facilities.[3] As schizophrenia tends to become chronic the functional decline leads to loss of social functioning, alters communication patterns in the family, leads to occupational difficulties and puts a burden in the family.[1] The chronic burden of caregiving to a patient with schizophrenia is likely to generate negative emotions and their expression.[4] Expressed emotion (EE) comprises critical or emotionally over-involved attitudes or behaviors (critical comments, hostility and emotional over-involvement).[4,5] With the advent of

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eISSN: 2455-6351 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Exercises and Quality of Sleep Among Elderly D. Jose1*, A.Prabhakar2, N. Meenakshi Sundaram2 1

Lecturer, Lourdes College of Nursing, Ernakulam, India 2 R.V.S. College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

ABSTRACT A quasi experimental pretest – posttest study was done to evaluate whether three different types of exercises – walking, stretching and a combination of walking and stretching exercises made any significant difference in quality of sleep of elderly people from selected old age homes, Kerala. From four different old age homes 100 subjects were selected by simple random sampling, and assigned 25 subjects each to three experimental groups and control group. Experimental group I was taught walking exercises; group II stretching exercises and group III a combination of walking and stretching exercises and made them to practice the exercises 5 days a week for 20 minutes for one month. Data was collected using modified Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale by interview technique. The analytical findings revealed that the overall sleep quality was poor in all the groups before the intervention and after the intervention 76 – 80% subjects in the experimental groups got good quality of sleep while no change was observed in control group. The mean overall sleep quality score of experimental groups markedly improved from 14.44 to 5.52 after the intervention which indicated good overall quality of sleep, meanwhile the control group mean sleep scores remained the same. This study concluded that walking and stretching exercises had a great impact on the quality of sleep of elderly in old age homes. So it is recommended that some form of exercise or physical activity can improve quality of sleep in elderly. Keywords: elderly, quality of sleep, stretching exercises, walking exercises

INTROUCTION The world population is rapidly ageing and it is projected that in the next few decades most of the elderly would be in the developing countries. Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years will double from about 11% to 22%. The absolute number of people aged 60 years and over is expected to increase from 605 million to 2 billion over the same period (WHO, 2012). India has around 100 million elderly at present and the number is expected to increase to 323 million, constituting 20 per cent of the total population, by 2050, according to the report jointly brought out by United Nations Population Fund

(UNFPA) and Help Age International. Ageing results in many morphological, physiological as well as psychological changes, those affect the social life of senior citizen. The biological changes start occurring which outwardly may show as tiredness, breathlessness, joint and muscle aches, forgetfulness, decreased appetite, sleep, sight and hearing. Unlike adults, who usually suffer from a single disease at a given time, older people generally get multiple ailments simultaneously. Sleep disorders are common among elderly people, affecting about 50%

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International Journal of Nursing Science Practice and Research

eISSN: 2455-6351 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module (SIM) on Knowledge Regarding Adverse Effects of Selected Antipsychotic Drugs among Interns in Selected Nursing School’s of Belgaum Mahesh C. Gadag*

Department of Mental Health Nursing, KLE’s Institute of Nursing Sciences, Hubballi, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT A study to assess the effectiveness of self-instructional module (SIM) on knowledge regarding adverse effects of selected antipsychotic drugs among interns in selected nursing school’s of Belgaum, was carried out for partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Master of the Degree of Nursing at KLE University Institute of Nursing Science Belgaum. The objectives of the study were, to assess the level of the knowledge regarding adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs among interns, to evaluate the effectiveness of Self Instructional Module on knowledge regarding adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs among interns, to associate the level of the knowledge regarding adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs among interns. One group Pretest Posttest design was used which included 60 nursing interns at selected schools of Belgaum. Nonprobability convenient sampling technique. The tool was selfstructured knowledge questionnaire. The technique adopted was self-reporting. Majority of the subjects: 81.66% were from age group of 22-24 years, 65% were male and 35% were female. 46.66% were from Christian community, 43.33% were working in psychiatry ward, and 41.66% were secured 1st class results in previous academic year. 21.66% of subjects were having good knowledge, 58.33% having average knowledge and 20% subjects having poor knowledge, but in post test scores 86.66% of subjects were having good knowledge and 13.33% of subjects having average knowledge score. The self-instructional module significantly brought out their improvement in the knowledge regarding adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs among interns in selected schools of nursing at Belgaum. Keywords: antipsychotics, interns, knowledge, SIM

INTRODUCTION Medicines now not only treat and cure diseases that were untreatable just a few years ago, they aid in the early diagnosis of disease; prevent life-threatening illnesses; relieve pain and suffering; and allow people with terminal illnesses to live more comfortably during their last days.[1] Psychiatric medications treat mental disorders. Sometimes called psychotropic or psychotherapeutic medications, they have changed the lives of people with mental disorders for the better. Many

people with mental disorders live fulfilling lives with the help of these medications. Without them, people with mental disorders might suffer serious and disabling symptoms.[2] An antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) is a psychiatric medication primarily used to manage psychosis (e.g. delusions or hallucinations), particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The

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eISSN: 2455-6351 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Identification of Triggering Factors of Migraine Saniya Jose1*, Susan Kumar2, Thomas Mathew3 1

Lourdes College of Nursing, Ernakulam, Kerala, India 2 St. Johns College of Nursing, Bangalore, India 3 St. Johns Medical College, Bangalore, India

ABSTRACT The most common primary headaches are tension-type headache and migraine. Migraine headaches may take place due to various triggering factors. One or more triggering factors can be identified in a migraine patient. The important triggers are stress, weather changes, fatigue, food and lack of sleep. The objective of the study was to identify the triggering factors of migraine among patients. Descriptive design was selected for this study. A sample of 200 patients with migraine attending the Neurology outpatient department of St. Johns medical college Bangalore was taken using purposive sampling technique. In order to identify the triggering factors of migraine, a structured questionnaire was used. The result shows that the commonest triggering factors of migraine were stress (81%), disturbed sleep (71.5%), loud noise (69.5%) and sunlight (64.5%). The 74.7% of women reported of passive smoking as a major triggering factor for their migraine. Keywords: migraine, passive smoking, triggering factors

INTRODUCTION Migraine is a type of primary headache which can cause lots of disabilities. The world Health Organisation (WHO) has identified migraine among the world’s top 20 leading cause of disability.[1,2] Based on the large epidemiological studies from around the world, the prevalence of migraine was about 18% in women and 6% in men and the incidence is about 5– 25 out of 100 people.[3–6] Migraine has no respect for age. It may affect young children as well as elderly people. However as general rule, it occurs in early adult life and subsides after the age of 45. Those who are suffering with migraine report excessive sensitivity to bright light (sunlight), loud noise, stress and lack of sleep. The factors which precipitate or aggravate migraine are called as the triggering factors. The

triggering factors may be of different types such as; Behavioural (e.g., fasting, stress), environmental (e.g., bright light, odour, smoke), dietary (e.g., alcohol, chocolate, cheese), hormonal (e.g., menstruation). The frequency and severity of migraine though varies from person to person. Although there is no permanent cure, one can reduce the attacks and reduce the severity of pain, by making certain changes in the life style. The triggering factors of migraine may differ from individual to individual. The recognition the triggering factors of migraine is very important because avoidance from these factors may lessen the frequency and the severity of the attacks. Understanding the link between

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Effectiveness of Helfer Skin Tap Technique on Pain During IM Injection A. Kripa*, M. Anbhu, K. Renuka

Medical and Surgical Nursing Dept, Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India

ABSTRACT Materials and Methods: Quantitative approach was used by the investigator to evaluate the objectives of the study. True Experimental research design with two group Pre-test and Posttest only design was selected to achieve the objectives and to fulfill the need for the study. The study was conducted in the general ward of MGMC&RI. The sample selected for the study were 80 patients, 40 in each group (control & experimental). With the help of modified numerical scale is to assess the pain experience by patient during administering the IM injection. Result: In pretest out of 40 subjects in experimental group 12(30%) had mild pain and 25(62.5%) had moderate pain and 03 (7.5%) had severe pain. In control group 02(05%) had mild level of pain and 32(80%) had moderate level of pain and 06 (15%) had severe pain. In posttest out of 40 subjects in experimental group 14(35%) had no pain and 24(60%) had mild pain and 2(5%) had moderate pain and. In control group 01(25%) had mild level of pain and 35(87.5%) had moderate level of pain and 04 (10%) had severe pain. The mean, standard deviation of experimental group during pre-test, were 4.4 and 1.48 respectively. In Post-test, the values were Mean 1.48 and Standard deviation 1.32.which reveals that there was a significant reduction in the level of pain by using during IM injection. Conclusion: Subjects in the experimental group expressed more satisfaction about the Helfer skin tap technique in relieving pain. This study proves that Helfer skin tap technique was effective in reduction of the level of pain during IM injection. Keywords: effectiveness, Helfer skin tap technique, IM injection

INTRODUCTION Comfort is an important need and ensuring a patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s comfort is a major nursing responsibility. Health interventions can be undertaken in the basis of customs and habits that practitioner no longer critically question. The term custom and practice is commonly used to describe this phenomenon of practicing health care interventions based on customs and habits. In the Nursing and Medical Practice. IM injection is one of the most frequently procedures done almost every day. It is fact that any IM injection will cause pain

at the site of injection (i.e). Pain is evident when administering IM injection. [1] In India a survey found that 96% of all injection given by private doctors was antibiotics, vitamins, analgesics. The conservative estimation of the average no of injections range from 0.9-8.5 per person.[2] Helfer skin tap technique offers a painless injection experience. In this technique rhythmic tapping before and after injection keeps the muscle relaxed and simulated large diameter fibers. It provides a

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