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International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing intends to publish research, review and short articles related to women and child care. The goal of the Journal is to enhance the knowledge and practice in closely related fields of obstetrics, gynecology and neonatal care. Subject areas suitable for publication include, but are not limited to the following fields.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Obstetrics and gynecology ! Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia ! Prenatal diagnosis and screening ! Prenatal nutrition ! Pregnancy and preventive care ! Prenatal nutrition ! Reproductive health ! Fertility ! Prematurity and preterm births ! Birth defects ! Basic neonatal care ! Special care newborn nursery ! Intensive neonatal care ! Neonatal nursing

International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College; Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore

Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Kizhanaikarai, Tiruvannamalai

Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of nursing

Dr. Ramesh Kumari College of nursing, Opp. Income tax office, Amritsar, India

Dr. H. Juliet Sylvia Sacred Heart Nursing College, Ultra trust, Madurai, India

Mrs. Urmila D Bhardwaj Department of Nursing, Hamdard University

Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola

Dr. A. Judie SRM College of Nursing, SRM University, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Tamil Nadu

Dr. Usha Ukande Choithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore (M.P.), India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha college of Nursing, Vaanpuram, manamadurai, sivagangai Dt, Tamilnadu

Dr. H C L Rawat University College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Punjab, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department & Research Coordinator Lourdes College of Nursing

Mr. Shivarajkumar Rajkumar Dandagi Department of Community Health Nursing, KLE University Institute of Nursing Sciences, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum (Karnataka), India

Gita Razdan College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)

Dharitri Swain All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, Sijua (Odisha), India

Dr. C. Susila Billroth College of Nursing, Chennai, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Obstetrics and gynecology, Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, Prenatal nutrition, Basic neonatal care, Special care newborn nursery, Intensive neonatal care and Neonatal nursing. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Foot Reflexology and Hot Foot Bath as Remedies for Premenstrual Syndrome Cinu Abdeesso

2. Effectiveness of Nursing Care on Postnatal Mothers Immediately After the Delivery S. Lavanya, R. Danasu

3. How to Attain Normalcy in Childbirth? Usha Ukande

4. A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Importance of Breastfeeding Among Mothers at Bebe Nanki Mother and Child Care Center, SGTB Hospital Amritsar (Punjab) Sandeep Kaur, Shipa Kaur, Kulwinderjit Kaur 14 5. Assessment of Knowledge and Expressed Practice Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among the Adolescent Girls of Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School, Lakkar Bazar, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Krishna Chauhan, Usha Mehta, Veena Ranaut

International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing ISSN: 2455-6424 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Foot Reflexology and Hot Foot Bath as Remedies for Premenstrual Syndrome Cinu Abdeesso* M.G.M.M.M.C College of Nursing, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India

Abstract Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is defined as the occurrence of physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. PMS symptoms start 5 to 11 days before menstruation and disappear once menstruation begins. PMS is most common in women between 20 years old and 40 years old, but can occur in any woman of childbearing age.3 out of every 4 women are affected with one or other premenstrual syndrome symptoms and 3–8% women are associated with impairment in interpersonal or workplace functioning and substantial negative impact in personal, social and occupational domains. The suicide rate for patients with depression is much higher in the second half of the menstrual cycle (14 days before the period begins). According to NWHIC 30–40% women suffer some impairment of daily activity, 75% women have some or other PMS symptoms; 3–8% women have severe PMS. Since premenstrual syndrome symptoms are distressing and disabling for majority of women during a significant portion of their reproductive years, it is essential to conduct awareness programs regarding pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management strategies to the public. Repeated use of Chemical drugs may cause so many side effects to the body. So it is better to train the women to practice alternative and complementary therapies like reflexology, hot foot bath and yoga programs which are simple and safe and not causing any harm to the human body. Keywords: acupressure, foot reflexology, hot foot bath therapy, luteal phase, premenstrual syndrome *Corresponding Author

E-mail: cinusony@yahoo.com INTRODUCTION PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME Premenstrual syndrome is the physical and emotional symptoms that occur in the luteal phase of the menstruation that is usually one to two weeks before a woman’s period and subsides around the start of bleeding. Premenstrual syndrome symptoms are seen in around of 95% of women and may experience physical and mental symptoms. Often symptoms are present for around six days. It is estimated that as many as 3 of every 4 menstruating women have experienced some form of premenstrual syndrome.[1,2]

Causes The exact cause of Premenstrual syndrome is unknown. The factors contributing to PMS are Hormonal fluctuations taking place in the body during premenstrual period. Chemical changes in the brain such as neurotransmitter changes the mood states of the women which in turn trigger premenstrual syndrome Decreased serotonin level causes premenstrual depression, fatigue, increased hunger and sleep problems during premenstrual period

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International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing ISSN: 2455-6424 (online) International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing 2: Issue Vol.Vol. 2: Issue 1 1

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Effectiveness of Nursing Care on Postnatal Mothers Immediately After the Delivery S. Lavanya1*, R. Danasu2 Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, MGMC&RI, Puducherry, India Sri Manakula Vinayakar College of Nursing, Puducherry, India

Abstract Postnatal mothers are at risk as most of the deaths occur in this period, when compared to during pregnancy and childbirth. Postnatal care should be a continuation of care the women has received through her pregnancy and labour. It aims to provide consistency of advice and support for recovery from pregnancy and childbirth. The objectives of the study were to assess health condition of the postnatal mothers immediately after the delivery, to provide nursing care for postnatal mothers immediately after the delivery, to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care for postnatal mothers immediately after the delivery, to find out the association between demographic variables and health status of postnatal mothers. Preexperimental research design was used. The study was conducted in postnatal ward at headquarters hospital, Kancheepuram. Thirty postnatal mothers were selected immediately after the delivery based on convenient sampling technique. The data were collected from the postnatal mothers for a period of 6 weeks by using the structured assessment tool. Assessment of postnatal mothers was done immediately after the delivery till 24 hours. Nursing care was given after each assessment. The result shows that during assessment phase, 25(83.3%) had severe health deterioration, 5(16.6%) had mild health deterioration, 26(86.6%) had normal health status and 4(13.3%) had mild health deterioration. The improvement score mean and SD was 17 and 2.258, respectively. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; value was 41.26, less than the table value at p<0.05, so it was concluded that the nursing care is effective for postnatal mothers immediately after the delivery. There was statistically no association between nursing care of postnatal mothers and demographic variables. Keywords: health status, nursing care, postnatal care

INTRODUCTION Every women feels that being a mother is the most gifted position in her life. Child birth is a moment of joy, at the same time it is a time of pain and stress. Labour as a life event, is characterized by tremendous psychological changes that requires major behavioural adjustment in a short period of time. The postnatal period starts about an hour after the delivery of the placenta and includes the following six weeks. The postpartum care (PPC) is an important opportunity to assess the physical and

psychosocial health of the mother. The first hours, days and weeks after childbirth are a dangerous time for both mother and newborn infant. Among them more than 500,000 women who die each year due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth, most deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth. The postnatal period marks a time of social and emotional change for mothers. At the same time they are with the demands of caring for their

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International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing ISSN: 2455-6424 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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How to Attain Normalcy in Childbirth? Usha Ukande Choithram College of Nursing, Indore, India

Abstract Procreation is nature’s most basic way of creating and sustaining the biosphere. Childbirth, as in animals, is a normal process in human beings too. Too much medicalization of this normal process has forced social and health professionals to rethink as to where things have gone beyond a reasonable limit and what can be done to bring normalcy to the nature’s beautiful event called childbirth. Cannot we help a pregnant woman to enjoy her pregnancy and childbirth? The answer is, yes, we can do this by using “Midwifery model of care.” Nurses and midwives can encourage and allow women to experience the un-medicated, blissful life experience of pregnancy, and childbirth. Through this model, pregnant women are prepared physically, psychologically, emotionally, socially as well as spiritually for motherhood. Using holistic process, midwife empowers the mother to take decision about her health promotional activities during pregnancy. Use of non-pharmaceutical methods of pain relief such as acupressure through SP6 point, massage, sitting on birthing ball, further help the woman to go through the first stage of labor smoothly with lot of ease. WHO recommends delivering low risk women by skilled midwives that is cost effective and desirable. This is possible by identifying low-risk pregnancies and, creating alongside normal birthing units adjoining obstetrical units in hospitals run by midwives. Keywords: low risk pregnancy, midwifery model of care, normal childbirth, WHO

INTRODUCTION Pregnancy and childbirth are supposed to normal processes. However, over the decades especially in cities, these processes are considered to be requiring care in the hospitals, which are meant for patients. Medicalization of natural process of child bearing has changed the attitude of most women toward this blissful life event into a dreadful happening needing visitation and treatment by physicians. As soon as the woman is pregnant she needs to get registered with the obstetrician either in the private clinic or in a hospital OPD. There, instead of advising her to welcome and experience the events associated with hormonal changes that normally happen in pregnancy such as morning sickness, and other minor

problems with positive attitude toward pregnancy and dealing with them by using age old tested home remedies, they are given medicines to stop or to deal with them.[1] “Pop a Pill” for every minor illness has become the routine even with pregnancy related minor discomforts. Throughout the period of pregnancy the medical model of care has become the trend. There is a rapid increase in the development and use of a number of practices designed to start, augment, accelerate, and regulate the physiological process of labor. Pregnant women are addressed as patients and treated as like other ill patients “as if they are suffering

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International Journal of Obstetrics, Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing ISSN: 2455-6424 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Importance of Breastfeeding Among Mothers at Bebe Nanki Mother and Child Care Center, SGTB Hospital Amritsar (Punjab) Sandeep Kaur, Shipa Kaur, Kulwinderjit Kaur* Government Nursing College, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Abstract The study was to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding importance of breastfeeding among mothers at Bebe Nanki Mother and Child Care Center, SGTB Hospital Amritsar, Punjab. The research methodology adopted for this study was descriptive in nature. Forty mothers were selected for this by using convenient sampling method. Data was collected by using structured interview schedule. Major findings of the study included overall mean awareness score being 4.84 and practice score was 8.46. These findings showed that mothers have inadequate knowledge regarding breastfeeding but there was proper practice of breastfeeding. Keywords: breastfeeding, knowledge, newborn, nursing

INTRODUCTION A newborn baby has only three demands. They are warmth in the arms of its mother, food from her breasts and security in the knowledge of her presence. Breastfeeding satisfy all three. Grandly Dick

adults in future, and for that, their health should be taken care of, from the beginning itself. The health of a newborn is in every aspect related to the health of its mother during her pregnancy, as a healthy mother can give birth to a healthy child.

Having a child results in a life full of happiness and provides meaning to life. Children are a gift from God. We are their protectors and gardeners and understand their needs. We can fulfill their needs by providing them with proper nourishment, love, attention, care and good health. Children’s are needed to keep away from disease/illness, as today’s children are the citizens of tomorrow. Mahler, the Director General of WHO, in 1984, stated that children are a priceless resource and a nation that neglects them does so at its peril. Healthy children are a great resource and pride of a nation, and their health is beneficial in order to become productive

Also after the birth of the baby, its health depends upon the nurturing routine adopted by the family.[1] Breastfeeding allows you and your baby to emotionally bond in a special way that cannot be matched, since breastfeeding meets both the nutritional and nurturing needs. Nursing is learned skill for both mother and baby that require time and patience.

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Assessment of Knowledge and Expressed Practice Regarding Menstrual Hygiene Among the Adolescent Girls of Govt. Girls Senior Secondary School, Lakkar Bazar, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh Krishna Chauhan*, Usha Mehta, Veena Ranaut Sister Nivedita Govt. Nursing College, IGMC, Shimla, HP, India

Abstract Background: Menstruation is a unique physiological phenomenon in females. The onset of menstruation is considered as one of the most remarkable changes in adolescent girls. It involves bleeding for 3-5 days from the uterus once a month which occurs throughout the lifetime till menopause. In India about 24% of total population belongs to adolescent period. Objectives: The main objectives of the study were: 1. To assess the existing knowledge & expressed practices regarding menstrual hygiene. 2. To determine the co-relation between knowledge and practice score. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on adolescent girls in a selected government school of Himachal Pradesh. The research approach adopted for the study was descriptive approach. Purposive sampling technique was used and the sample consisted of 100 adolescent girls. The researcher collected the data by establishing a rapport with the subject and maintaining confidentiality of their response. The collected data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of mean, percentage. Result: out of total, 86% of samples were prior knowledge about menstrual hygiene and 14 % of samples were having no prior information regarding menstrual hygiene. 29% adolescent girls had inadequate knowledge about menstrual hygiene, 71% samples had knowledge about menstrual hygiene. It is indicated that there is a need to give education regarding menstrual hygiene to adolescent girls. Conclusion: These findings indicated that there was dire need for continue education and more regular basis regarding menstrual hygiene to increase adequate knowledge and develop more favourable practices towards menstrual hygiene. Keywords: adolescent, assessment, practice, menstrual hygiene

INTRODUCTION Approximately 24% of the Indian population belongs to the adolescent stage. The adolescent phase is considered as a vital stage, as the next stage that they would encounter would be adulthood and parenthood, hence they are the threshold between childhood and adulthood. They encounter several physiological, psychological and developmental changes during this phase. Menstruation is the first indication of puberty. During puberty, the physical changes occur which transform the body of child into that of an adult,

changes in body size, and changes in body proportions.[1] The onset of menstruation can occur between the ages of 9 to 16 years. A menstruation cycle occurs approximately every 28 days and the bleeding lasts for approximately 5 days. Menstrual flow consists of blood, mucus, and tissue particles. The average blood lost during each cycle is approximately three ounces. There are various factors that can modify

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