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International Journal of Oncological Nursing

International Journal of Oncological Nursing is an international peer reviewed Journal which publishes research and review initiatives and innovation related to Oncology Nursing. The Journal is devoted to Nurses and Other Health Professionals involved in the care of patients undergoing various oncological and traumatic conditions. The nature of information expected from contributions should preferably be based on the practical utility of the subject.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Medical oncology



Radiation oncology

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Surgical oncology



Gynecological oncology

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Pediatric oncology

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Ocular oncology



Oncofertility



Chemotherapy and radiotherapy



Palliative care

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Clinical trials



Malignancy, biopsy, endoscopy

International Journal of Oncological Nursing is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ramesh Kumari Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn-Taran, India

Mr. Nitin Nayyar Public Health Services & District Hospitals, National Health Mission, Delhi State Health Mission, New Delhi, India

Dr. Ubahara Sahayaraj Centre for Addiction Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Institute of National Importance), Bangalore, India

Dr. Sutapa Agrawal South Asia Network for Chronic Disease, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon (Haryana), India.

Dr. Sukhpal kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Gowrishankar Potturi Department of Allied Health Sciences, Allianze College of Medical Sciences, Malaysia

Dr. Bimla Rani Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Dr. Kedar G Mehta Department of Community Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Gotri, Vadodara, India

Dr. S. Vijayalakshmi Vignesh Nursing College, Tiruvannamalai, India

Dr Anuja Chauhan Arni University, Kathgarh, Kangra, (Himachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado Psychiatric Nursing and Psychology RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. E. Sinu Department of Psychiatry, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India

Dr. Sukhwinder Kaur National Institute of Nursing Education PGIMER, India Dr. Pragya Pathak College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Dr. Jigar Mukesh Dhuvad Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Government Dental College and Hospital, Ahmadabad, India Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Auckland University of Technology (AUT) Auckland- New Zealand

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. Smriti Arora Rufaida College of Nursing, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sushma Kumari Saini National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Asha P. Shetty Yenepoya Nursing College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte Mangalore, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. A Judie SRM College of Nursing, SRM University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Aman Moda Goenka Research Institute of Dental Science, Gandhinagar, India

Dr. Kawaljit Kaur Department of Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India

Dr. Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth, Deemed University, College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Mala Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospitals, Bangalore, India

Dr. Christos F. Kleisiaris Community Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece

Dr. Ioanna V. Papathanasiou Nursing Department, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece

Dr. Vahitha.S. College of Nursing, Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry, India

Prof. A Arvin Babu Mental health Nursing, Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Stella Sagaya Mary Matha College of Nursing, Nadu, India

Urmila D Bhardwaj Faculty of Nursing, Hamdard University, India

Naveen Herold Simon Shri Venketeshwara University, Gajrola, India

Sibin Joy Vayalil Community Health Nursing Department, Lourdes College of Nursing, kerala, India

Siva Jeya Anand T Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India

Prof. Dhanpal H.N. Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing, India

Achla Dagdu Gaikwad Department of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India

Dr. B. Tamilarasi Madha College of Nursing, Chennai, India

Kripa Angeline A. Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India

Dr. Rajee Reghunath Professor, Amala College of Nursing, Kerala, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly Journal, International Journal of Oncological Nursing. This Journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new Journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Oncological Nursing in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nursing in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Immunological Nursing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Medical oncology, Radiation oncology, Surgical oncology, Gynecological oncology, Pediatric oncology, Ocular oncology, Oncofertility, Chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Palliative care, Clinical trials, Malignancy, biopsy, endoscopy. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Knowledge on Cervical Cancer A. Kripa Angeline, Sandhiya

2. Impact of Parental Education on the Quality of Life of Children with Leukemia Lotus Kikon, Surinder Kapoor, Ram Kumar Marwaha, Sukhwinder Kaur

3. Oncofertility and Fertility Preservation Techniques Ramanpreet Kaur

4. New Imaging Technologies for Cancer Screening and Staging Manish Chaudhary

5. Psychosocial Risks among Iranian Parents of Children with Cancer Ala Shamsi, Sedigheh Iranmanesh, Behjat Kalantari Khandani

International Journal of Oncological Nursing

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Knowledge on Cervical Cancer 1

A. Kripa Angeline1*, Sandhiya2

Medical and Surgical Nursing Department, Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India 2 Mental Health Nursing Department, Kasturba Gandhi Nursing College, Puducherry, India

ABSTRACT Background: India is a high risk country for cervical cancer which accounts a quarter (1, 26, 000 new cases, 71,000 death around 2000) of the world burden. Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of female cancers. The survival rate has increased from 47% to 58% to 57% to 71% due to Screening Programmes for cervical cancer which has been instituted in developed countries for decades and over a period of time has been shown to be effective in reducing the overall mortality from this disease. A better understanding of the history of cervical cancer is also increasing evidence for the putative roll of the human papilloma virus (HPV) in its causation. However despite the increase in survival rate, the mortality rate from advanced cervical cancer is unchanged at 8% to10%. It is estimated that more than 50% of sexually active men and women ages 15 to 49 yrs. are infected with one or more of 38 strains of Human papilloma virus [HPV]. The 2 HPV strains together are currently responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Up to 25% of female populations do not have annual pap smear screening. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Aim: The main aim of the current study was to assess the knowledge on cervical cancer among staff nurses in MGMC & RI, Puducherry. Materials and Methods: Quantitative research approach was used for this study. The non-experimental design was used for this study. Total 60 samples were selected using purposive random sampling technique. The data pertaining to the level of knowledge of staff nurses regarding the cancer. Results: Regarding the knowledge on cervical cancer 51.7% of staff nurses had inadequate knowledge and 40.3% of staff nurses had adequate knowledge. Keywords: Cervical cancer, knowledge.

INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of female cancers until the cancer is in its advanced stages. The survival rate has increased from 47% to 58% to 57% to 71% due to the impact of papanicolaou [pap] smear screening. However despite the increase in survival rate, the mortality rate from advanced cervical cancer is unchanged at 8% to 10%. It is estimated that more than 50% of sexually active men and women ages 15 to 49yrs are infected with one or more of 38 strains of Human papilloma virus [HPV].

The 2 HPV strains together are currently responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers. Up to 25% of female population do not have annual pap smear screening.[1,2] Udigwe Go conducted a study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of cervical cancer screening among female nurses in Nnewi. A self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted for all the female nurses working in Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching hospital in Nnewi. A total of 144 out of 166 questionnaires were correctly completed

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International Journal of Oncological Nursing

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Impact of Parental Education on the Quality of Life of Children with Leukemia Lotus Kikon1, Surinder Kapoor1, Ram Kumar Marwaha2, Sukhwinder Kaur1* 1

Department of Pediatrics, Pgimer, Chandigarh, India Department of Hematology and Oncology APC, Pgimer, Chandigarh, India

ABSTRACT Background: The fear and anxiety of parents after diagnosis of their children with leukemia and a lack of knowledge about the disease, treatment, and care of the child adversely affects the quality of life of the leukemic children. Methods: In this interventional study, 43 parents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia children who met the inclusion criteria were selected using purposive sampling and were assigned to intervention and control group. The study tool included a valid and reliable questionnaire the Peds QoL inventory that was completed through interviews with the children and self-filled by the parents. The Peds QoL inventory included 8 dimensions containing questions related to quality of life specific to children with cancer. The intervention included interaction and classes that were composed of a lecture and question and answer session and accompanied by a booklet. Results: Before intervention, the quality of life score as perceived by the children themselves in the intervention and control group was 49.59 ±15.8 and 50.57±10.56, respectively; after intervention, these values changed to 59.31±15.04 and 50.15 ± 20 respectively. In the quality of life score as perceived by the children themselves the scores were 51.91± 12.77 and 51.55 ±13.80 in the intervention and control group respectively; after the intervention, these changed to 62.51 ±14.61 and 51.58±8.76, respectively. By paired-sample t-test, quality of life score increased significantly at p value <0.05 in the intervention group. Conclusion: Parental education successfully increased the quality of life of leukemic children, therefore parental consultation sessions and educational programmes are recommended. Keywords: education, leukemia, parents, quality of life

INTRODUCTION Leukemia, cancer of the blood forming tissues, is the most common form of childhood cancer,[1] and is the second major cause of death among children aged 5 to 14 years.[2] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for over 75 % of childhood leukemia.[3] It is a complex malignant disease characterized by the malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts that affect the normal process of maturation and differentiation of cells in the bone marrow tissue with cancerous cells.[2] Acute lymphoblastic leukemia affects boys twice as frequently as girls

and the peak prevalence is between 2 and 6 years of age.[1] The improvement in survival rate of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is one of the most dramatic among cancers[1,4,5] which can be attributed to the aggressive treatment protocols involving combination.[3,6] Current long term disease-free survival rates for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia is 80% in major cancer research centers,[1,4] although it is often less than 35% in developing countries. Chemotherapy typically involves a

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International Journal of Oncological Nursing

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Oncofertility and Fertility Preservation Techniques Ramanpreet Kaur*

Capital College of Nursing, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

BACKGROUND “Oncofertility” was coined by Dr. Teresa K. Woodruff to describe a region of scholastic research and practice that worries both oncology and regenerative medication. Oncofertility specialists and professionals think about richness protection choices and are enhancing better approaches to individuals who confront hindered or diminished fruitfulness rates because of disease. Oncofertility alludes to the field that extensions the claims to fame of oncology and conceptive endocrinology with the motivation behind amplifying the regenerative capability of malignancy patients and survivors. Tumor medications, including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery, may debilitate or wreck a man's capacity to have kids sometime down the road. For ladies, these treatments can bring about ovarian harm that can prompt to hereditarily harm oocytes (eggs), ovarian disappointment, early menopause, or other regenerative issues. For men, medications can likewise make harm the testicles that meddle with sperm generation and testosterone discharge. As tumor medicines enhance and survivorship builds, ripeness conservation alternatives in ladies, men, and kids turn into an expanding essential theme.[1] Luckily, different treatment alternatives exist to amplify your future richness potential. Counsel with the regenerative endocrinologists ought to be done as ahead of schedule as could be allowed after the conclusion of growth, and ideally preceding chemotherapy or pelvic radiation.

Fertility Preservation Options  Shielding of the genital and pelvic district with a lead smock amid radiation treatment to minimize the harming impacts of ionizing radiation on the ovaries and testicles.  Ovarian Transposition to physically move the ovaries out of the pelvis through surgical methods in situations where pelvic radiation is required with a specific end goal to minimize the harming impacts of ionizing radiation on the ovaries.  Gonadotropin Agonist infusions will artificially down direct the ovaries or testicles and minimize their movement preceding accepting chemotherapy. The conviction is that ovaries and testicles with insignificant metabolic action will encounter less harming impacts from the chemotherapy. Be that as it may, there is debate about the useful impacts of gonadotropin agonist down regulation on future ripeness.[2]  Egg Banking to cryopreserve (solidify) a lady's eggs for future treatment with sperm when she meets her future life accomplice. Hormonal incitement of the ovaries result in the development of numerous eggs that can be reaped by ultrasound guided desire and solidified for future utilize. This procedure may require 2–6 weeks to finish. Egg Freezing/Oocyte Cryopreservation  Embryo banking to stop developing lives for future implantation. Hormonal incitement of the ovaries result in the development of various eggs that can be reaped and treated quickly with her

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International Journal of Oncological Nursing

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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New Imaging Technologies for Cancer Screening and Staging Manish Chaudhary

Capital College of Nursing, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

BACKGROUND Tumor is a class of sicknesses described by wild cell development. There are more than 100 unique sorts of malignancy, and each is grouped by the kind of cell that is at first influenced. Disease hurts the body when adjusted cells isolate wildly to shape knots or masses of tissue called tumors (with the exception of on account of leukemia where growth disallows ordinary blood work by irregular cell division in the circulation system). Tumors can develop and meddle with the stomach related, anxious, and circulatory frame works, and they can discharge hormones that modify body work. Tumors that stay in one spot and exhibit constrained development are for the most part thought to be amiable. More hazardous, or dangerous, tumors frame when two things happen:  A dangerous cell figures out how to move all through the body utilizing the blood or lymphatic frameworks, devastating solid tissue in a procedure called attack.  That cell figures out how to partition and develop, making fresh recruits vessels to sustain itself in a procedure called angiogenesis. Exactly when a tumor viably spreads to various parts of the body and creates, assaulting and beating other sound tissues, it is said to have metastasized. This method itself is called metastasis, and the result is a bona fide condition that is uncommonly difficult to treat. As per the American Cancer Society, Cancer is the second most basic reason for

death in the US and records for about 1 of each 4 passings.[1] The World Health Organization gauges that, around the world, there were 14 million new tumor cases and 8.2 million malignancy related passings in 2012 (their latest information). Malignancy treatment relies on upon the kind of tumor, the phase of the growth (the amount it has spread), age, wellbeing status, and extra individual attributes. There is no single treatment for tumor, and patients regularly get a blend of treatments and palliative care. Medicines as a rule can be categorized as one of the accompanying classifications: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone treatment, or quality treatment. Surgery is the most seasoned known treatment for growth. In the event that a disease has not metastasized, it is conceivable to totally cure a patient by surgically expelling the tumor from the body. This is frequently found in the expulsion of the prostate or a bosom or gonad. After the sickness has spread, in any case, it is about difficult to evacuate the greater part of the tumor cells.[2–4] Surgery may likewise be instrumental in controlling side effects, for example, gut obstacle or spinal string pressure Radiation treatment, otherwise called radiotherapy, demolishes malignancy by concentrating high-vitality beams on the disease cells. This causes harm to the particles that make up the disease cells and leads them to submit suicide. Chemotherapy uses chemicals that meddle with the cell division prepare - harming proteins or

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International Journal of Oncological Nursing

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Psychosocial Risks among Iranian Parents of Children with Cancer Ala Shamsi1, Sedigheh Iranmanesh1*, Behjat Kalantari Khandani2 1

Nursing Research Centre, Kerman Medical University, Kerman, Iran Department of Medicine, Kerman Medical University, Kerman, Iran

ABSTRACT Objective: Support of parents of children with cancer requires health care personnel to be knowledgeable about the prevalence psychosocial risks among Iranian parents of children with cancer. This study thus was conducted to fulfill this aim in South-East of Iran. Method: Using the Psychosocial Assessment Tool- Revised (PAT-R) for parents of children with cancer, 200 parents of these children in two hospitals supervised by Kerman University of Medical Sciences was assessed. Result: The results indicated that parents who did not plan for future pregnancy, had more sibling problems (mean=0.18, p=0.00, SD=0.13) compared to those who planned for future pregnancy. Also more children parents have, the higher "child problems" (mean=0.42, p=0.04, SD=0.20). The means of categories of “child problems” (mean= 0.33, p=0.01, SD=0.17) and “family problems” (mean=0.25, p=0.001, SD=0.14) were lower among parents who had own car compared to others. The means of categories of "family problems" (mean=0.17, p=0.00, SD=0.11) and "parents' stress reactions" (mean=1.11, p=0.00, SD=0.64) were lower among parents who did not have financial difficulties compared to others. Conclusion: The results of following study revealed that there were association between socio-demographic data such as planning for pregnancy, number on children, financial difficulties and psychosocial risks. More study is needed to elucidate the Iranian parents’ experience of having children with cancer. Keywords: financial difficult, parents of children with cancer, psychosocial assessment toolrevised, psychosocial risk, south-east of Iran

INTRODUCTION The number of children with cancer is rising, caused by increases not only in incidence but also in survival rates.[1] Each year in the United States, approximately 13,500 children and adolescents 18 and under are diagnosed with cancer, that’s more than a classroom of kids a day.[2] About 1,350 children younger than 15 years old are expected to die from cancer in 2014.[3] Childhood cancer is a stressful and potentially traumatic experience for both the patient and his/her family.[4] As pediatric patients and their parents learn of a cancer diagnosis and embark on an often lengthy

and intensive course of treatment, they are at increased risk for new or exacerbated psychosocial difficulties.[5] Assessment of risk factors is critical to the delivery of psychosocial care matched to the needs of children and families across the course of treatment and reduces the likelihood of poorer child and family psychosocial outcomes.[5] According to American cancer society,[6] if our child has been diagnosed with cancer,

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