International Journal of Photochemistry vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

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Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

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Signals

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Photochemistry welcomes research papers and review articles concerning the development in the field of Photochemistry. Photoelectrochemical cell, Photochemical and photobiological sciences, Photochemistry and photobiology, Etiolated and de-etiolated growth pattern of plants, etc. are a few topics that are included in the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Photoelectrochemical cell

 Photochemical and photobiological sciences  Photochemistry and photobiology  Photochemical logic gate  Photoreceptor systems in plants  Blue light systems  Etiolated and de-etiolated growth pattern of plants  Blue light photoreceptors  Phytochromobilin  Photomorphogenetic mutants  Chloroplast development

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Yee-Wen Yen Professor/Vice Dean of College of Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Dr. Lakhwinder Singh Associate Professor and Head Department of Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering Punjab, India

Dr.Rajesh Kumar Sahu Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur Chattisgarh, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha All India Institute of medical Sciences, India

Dr. Tanveer Alam M.Sc., Ph.D. Techno commercial Director UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products University of Nizwa, Nizwa Sultanate of Oman, Oman

Dr Yogesh Kumar Sharma Swami Shraddhanand College, Dept. of Chemistry University of Delhi, Alipur, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sharad M Sontakke Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Pradipta Kumar Behera Sambhalpur University, India

Dr. Shubha Jain School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

Ramakrishna Rao Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi Department of Chemistry, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Satyabrata Mohapatra Emami Ltd., India

Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti Navale Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand Education Society's College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Purav M. Badani Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. J John Peter Paul Department of Botany, St.Xavier's College Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Rajib Ghosh Chaudhuri Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Photochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Photochemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Photochemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Photochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Photochemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Photochemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Photochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Atmospheric thermodynamics, Biological thermodynamics, Chemical thermodynamics, Equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Reaction's mechanism, Gas phase kinetics, Solution kinetics etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Photochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Photochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Photochemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Photochemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Photochemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Development of Continuous Photocatalytic Reactor: Effect of Various Parameters Sharad M. Sontakke, Priyanka H. Kamble

2. Light Sensing Photoreceptors Zeanut Akoijam

3. Plant Responses to Light Stress Amit Agnihotri

4. Gibberellin and Seed Germination Vishal Jain

5. Light Dependent Processes in Plants Amit Agnihotri

International Journal of Photochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Development of Continuous Photocatalytic Reactor: Effect of Various Parameters Sharad M. Sontakke*, Priyanka H. Kamble

Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India

ABSTRACT Water purification by heterogeneous photocatalysis is one of the rapidly growing areas of interest amongst the researchers. For mass application of the technology, efficient and economic reactor design is necessary which should address two important parameters, namely, light distribution inside the reactor and high surface area of irradiated catalyst per unit volume of reactor. The present study reports design of a continuous photocatalytic reactor using an easy-to-apply and economic TiO2 paste. TiO2 obtained by four different sources were studied and based on photoactivity as well as economy a suitable material was shortlisted. A paste of TiO2 was synthesized using the shortlisted material and coated on two different substrates, namely, glass and acrylic. Effect of various parameters such as choice of substrate, number of layers and number of coated slides on the photocatalytic degradation of Methylene blue was investigated in a batch photocatalytic reactor. The optimum conditions from the batch studies were used to design a continuous photocatalytic reactor. Degradation of Methylene blue was investigated in the continuous mode and it was observed that the reactor displayed same degradation efficiency for at least three cycles. Keywords: continuous reactor, Methylene blue, photocatalysis, titanium dioxide

INTRODUCTION Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as photocatalysis, have shown a great promise as an alternative to the conventional water treatment technologies. TiO2, due to its superior properties, is a preferred material in the photocatalytic degradation studies.[1] The catalyst can be used in two ways namely, suspended and immobilized. The advantage of suspended catalyst is the availability of large surface area for the reaction, however, the separation and reuse of the catalyst are the serious disadvantages associated with it.[1] On the other hand, the available surface area for the reaction in case of immobilized catalyst is less compared to the equivalent amount of slurry catalyst. Suspended catalyst (or in slurry form) is extensively studied in the literature however, a very

limited attention is given to immobilized (or supported) catalyst.

the

Several substrates have been used for immobilization of catalyst which includes glass beads, glass tubes, glass fiber, semipermeable membranes, ceramic membranes, porous filter pipes, stainless steel, etc.[1–3] The immobilization of the catalyst is reported by various techniques such as spray coating, dip coating, chemical vapor deposition, sol–gel and electrophoretic deposition.[3] However, most of the immobilization techniques reported in literature are costly and require use of a sophisticated instrument.

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International Journal of Photochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Light Sensing Photoreceptors Zeanut Akoijam*

Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Manipur, India

ABSTRACT Light is a vital factor for plant growth and development. Plant responds to light in different ways. Plants consist of special receptors that perform various mechanisms in multi-steps to regulate different aspects of plant growth and development. Here, in this short article, an overview of these light harvesting photoreceptors is given. Keywords: COP1, phytochrome, photoreceptors, phototropin

BACKGROUND Light is undoubtedly a vital abiotic factor regulating plant growth and development throughout their life-cycle. Several light sensing mechanisms have been developed in plants for regulating their responses towards light quality, intensity, duration of exposure or periodicity, direction or movement, etc.[1] Plants contain several photoreceptors that play important role in mediating different developmental processes in response to light. These photoreceptors consist of multiple steps of transduction chains that regulate different aspects such as gene expression, interaction among the plant hormones, developmental changes in plant cell membrane etc. Some of the plant photoreceptors involved in regulation of these activities is briefed here. Phytochrome It is a protein molecule consisting of covalently attached chromophore. Phytochrome may exist in two different based on absorption spectra from light. The active form is the Pfr that absorbs red light of the spectra. The other form, Pr absorbs red light. These two forms are interconvertible, i.e., absorbtion of red light converts Pr to Pfr while absorbtion of

far red converts Pfr to Pr.[2] Since, these forms of the phytochrome are interconvertible; the plant response is largely regulated by this red/far red reversibility. A typical example is the phenomenon of germination in lettuce. Germination is induced when the lettuce seeds are exposed to red light. However, if the red light is followed by even a short pulse of far red light, germination is inhibited. Since, phytochrome can exist in two forms depending on red or far-red light; this photoreceptor is often used as an indicator of light quality.[2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4] Besides germination, phytochrome also mediates other photomorphogenic phenomena such as leaf expansion and inhibition of stem elongation. Phytochrome also undergoes autophosphorylation, owing to the presence of protein kinase receptors.

Phototropin Phototropin is the blue light receptor of plants. Phototropism is controlled mainly by blue/UVA light. It brings directional growth of the stem. In other words, it causes shoots to grow towards light, referred as positively phototropic. Roots on the other show negative phototropism

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International Journal of Photochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Plant Responses to Light Stress Amit Agnihotri*

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Light is crucial for several physiological processes that control growth and development in plants. However, though crucial, excessive light can be harmful and detrimental for the plant causing photo-damage. Plants have adapted several mechanisms in order to respond against the light stress. Such protective response adapted by the plant depends upon the intensity and duration of the light stress. Keywords: light stress, photo-inhibition, photosynthetic quantum conversion

Light is considered to be an essential ingredient for good plant growth. Inspite of being crucial for growth, exposure to excess levels of light can cause detrimental effects on plant function and development. Light is primarily required by plants to carry out photosynthesis, a process whereby plants turn the energy of light into their own building materials i.e., sugars. More the light is available, more energy is absorbed and consequently more sugars are formed. This enhances the overall plant growth including flowers growing bigger, fruits becoming sweeter, crops flourishing rapidly, etc. If plants are exposed to light intensities beyond their photosynthetic capacity, there is potential for photo-damage.[1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;4] Light stress has been the least characterized and studied among the various types of abiotic stresses encountered by the plants. Plants being immobile cannot escape and have to face the light stress. In order to overcome the detrimental consequences of such hostile circumstances, plants have developed certain protective and adaptive stress responses such as[5]:

(1) Lowering the cross-sectional area of plant surface exposed to light, thereby reducing the amount of light absorbed. (2) Increasing the rate of photosynthetic quantum conversion in chloroplasts. (3) Increasing heat emission such as by de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin. (4) Rise of non-photochemical deexcitation of absorbed light quantum. (5) Photo-inhibition of the photosynthetic pigment apparatus. During stress exposure, plants undergo through different phases which have been categorized into 4 parts viz. (1) Response phase (alarm reaction) (2) Resistance phase (3) Exhaustion stage (4) Regeneration phase, in which the physiological function is gradually restored once the source of stress is removed The length (hours, days) of the regeneration phase to take the plant back to a normal physiological function depends on the strength and duration of the stress. The light stress either directly or

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International Journal of Photochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Gibberellin and Seed Germination Vishal Jain

MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Plants undergo several developmental processes throughout their life-cycle. Several plant hormones participate in these growth and developmental processes. Plant hormones are chemical signals that are produced by cells in one area such as leaves, stems or root, and transported to a different area of the plant, where it generates a specific response. In this way, hormones co-ordinate different parts of the plant and regulate various physiological activities. Five major plant hormones are known: auxin, ethylene, cytokinin, abscisic acid and gibberellin. Though required in very small quantities, all of these play countless important functions in plants. This review describes the importance of gibberellin hormone in plants with main emphasis on its role in seed germination. Gibberellin was first isolated in 1938 from the metabolite product of rice pathogenic fungus Gibberella fujikuroi; the causal agent of the ‘foolish-seedling’ disease of rice.[1,2] Gibberellins are synthesized from geranyldiphosphate by a specific pathway including several enzymes. Gibberellins regulate diverse developmental processes throughout the plant life cycle such as stem elongation, leaf expansion, influence transition from juvenile to mature stage, pollen maturation, induction of flowering, fruit ripening, trichome development, sex determination and various aspects of seed germination such as breaking dormancy, mobilization of endosperm reserves.[3–5] Seed germination, an important step in the plant life cycle, is a complex mechanism wherein physiological and morphological alterations take place resulting in activation of the embryo. The pathways

leading to seed germination is initiated with the release of coat dormancy, ‘weakening of endosperm’, and ‘expansion of embryo cell’. Many researchers have evaluated the processes involved in seed germination, and how they are affected by plant hormones in different plant families like Brassicaceae.[6,7] It has been indicated that there is an intimate interaction between gibberellins metabolism and gibberellins response pathways. This kind of interaction, along with other pathways in the plant, results in the regulation of plant growth and development. Some reports suggest that gibberellins stimulate the synthesis and production of hydrolases particularly αamylase that leads to the germination of seeds. While there are some others that though confirms the role of gibberellin in seed germination, rule out the opinion that gibberellin promotes seed germination via amylase production.[8] Using proteomic analysis, Gallardo et al. (2002) indicated the way via which the germination of Arabidopsis seeds is regulated by gibberellins.[9] In a view to identify the proteins whose abundance depends on the action of gibberellin during different stages of seed germination, Gallardo et al. pointed out that the gibberellin do not directly participates in the processes leading to seed germination. Instead, the hormone is involved in controlling the accumulation level of proteins associated with radicle protrusion and postgermination processes. An example of such protein being the cytoskeleton component, α-2,4 tubulin.[9]

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International Journal of Photochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Light Dependent Processes in Plants Amit Agnihotri

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM Institute of Technology and Management, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Light is vital for the survival of all living organisms on Earth. It is hard to imagine life without light. The source of light, the Sun, is the universal source of energy for all life on Earth. It helps the human beings to carry out daily routine work very easily. It is also required for growth and development of plants; bacteria such as cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria. In plants, the solar energy or light is absorbed and converted into another useful form, i.e., chemical energy. This review gives a brief insight into the various growth and developmental processes in plant that are controlled or regulated by light. Plants show different responses in presence to light. This phenomenon is called phototropism. A classic example is the bending of a plant stem towards light. Anyone who has grown a plant near a window would have observed that the plant usually bends toward the window where the light is stronger than inside the room. Another commonly experienced example of tropic response is gravitropism, where the plant grows in such a way so as to stay oriented relative to the source of gravity (the earth). Thus, in case a plant is knocked down, the shoot will grow faster on the lower side until the shoot is more-or-less standing up again. Such phototropic responses are regulated by specific blue-light photoreceptors called phototropins. Gravitropism is dependent on the presence of starch-filled plastids called amyloplasts in specialized cells. When the orientation of cells change, the mass of amyloplasts causes them to sink and tumble towards lower end of the

cell. As a result, differential growth occurs causing curvature in the plant. Several reports are available in literature that have described in detail how light effects the movement and/or functioning of different plant parts/cellular organelles. Light-dependent changes in the leaflet movement rhythm of Desmodium gyrans, the Indian telegraph plant was studied in detail by Sharma et al.[1] The movements and oscillations of the lateral leaflets of this plant were analyzed in response to different chemicals, DC currents, and static magnetic fields. It showed that the frequency of oscillations was more and rapid in presence of bright light, while low light intensity slowed down the oscillations. short period oscillations of the lateral leaflets actually was an adaptive response of the plant in order to optimize the amount of light falling on the leaflets thereby facilitating transpiration of water through stomata. Mimosa pudica is a highly sensitive and unique plant that shows rapid leaf movement. In response to any physical disturbance, this species folds its leaves in a fraction of seconds. Under conditions of high light, the plant immediately closes its leaves. This action is opposite of what is expected from the principle of energetics, according to which, the plant in high light, having abundant energy available to them should more rapidly open its leaves to allow capturing of more and more solar energy.

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJP Jul–Dec 2016

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Photochemistry

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences