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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Photochemistry welcomes research papers and review articles concerning the development in the field of Photochemistry. Photoelectrochemical cell, Photochemical and photobiological sciences, Photochemistry and photobiology, Etiolated and de-etiolated growth pattern of plants, etc. are a few topics that are included in the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Photoelectrochemical cell

! Photochemical and photobiological sciences ! Photochemistry and photobiology ! Photochemical logic gate ! Photoreceptor systems in plants ! Blue light systems ! Etiolated and de-etiolated growth pattern of plants ! Blue light photoreceptors ! Phytochromobilin ! Photomorphogenetic mutants ! Chloroplast development

International Journal of Photochemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Yee-Wen Yen Professor/Vice Dean of College of Engineering Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Dr. Lakhwinder Singh Associate Professor and Head Department of Applied Science, CGC College of Engineering Punjab, India

Dr.Rajesh Kumar Sahu Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College Lakhanpur Sarguja University Ambikapur Chattisgarh, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha All India Institute of medical Sciences, India

Dr. Tanveer Alam M.Sc., Ph.D. Techno commercial Director UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products University of Nizwa, Nizwa Sultanate of Oman, Oman

Dr Yogesh Kumar Sharma Swami Shraddhanand College, Dept. of Chemistry University of Delhi, Alipur, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sharad M Sontakke Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Pradipta Kumar Behera Sambhalpur University, India

Dr. Shubha Jain School of Studies in Chemistry & Biochemistry, Vikram University, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India

Ramakrishna Rao Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Technology, GITAM University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. G Vijaya Lakshmi Department of Chemistry, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Satyabrata Mohapatra Emami Ltd., India

Dr. Dinesh Nivrutti Navale Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand Education Society's College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Purav M. Badani Department of Chemistry, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Santacruz (East), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. J John Peter Paul Department of Botany, St.Xavier's College Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Rajib Ghosh Chaudhuri Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Photochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Photochemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Photochemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Photochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Photochemistry in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Photochemistry in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Photochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Atmospheric thermodynamics, Biological thermodynamics, Chemical thermodynamics, Equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Maximum entropy thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Reaction's mechanism, Gas phase kinetics, Solution kinetics etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Photochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Photochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Photochemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Photochemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Photochemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the Photocatalytic Application Shrikant S. Maktedar, Shantilal S. Mehetre, Gopal Avashthi, Man Singh, Theerthagiri Jayaraman, Madhavan Jagannathan

2. Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium through Fluorescence Quenching A. Xess, S.N. Panda, P.K. Behera

3. Plant Circadian Rhythms: An Overview Meenakshi Tripathi

4. New Generation Solar Cells: Recent Report Sona Chahal

5. Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A Review Chhavi Jain

International Journal of Photochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Functionalized Graphene Oxide: An Advanced Material for the Photocatalytic Application Shrikant S. Maktedar1, Shantilal S. Mehetre1, Gopal Avashthi1, Man Singh1*, Theerthagiri Jayaraman2, Madhavan Jagannathan2 1 School of Chemical Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India Solar Energy Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, India

Abstract Since an inception of time, carbon-based materials have been explored for the various potential applications. The graphene exists in various forms of carbon in numerous dimensions like 3D in graphite, 2D in graphene, 1D in carbon nanotube (CNT) and 0D in fullerene. The processability of 3D graphite is a challenge due to its higher stability and insolubility in organic solvents. Therefore, to increase its processability, the 3D graphite is converted into 2D graphene using wet chemical methods. We have developed a robust approach for the direct functionalization of graphene oxide without using any hazardous acylating and coupling reagents. The as prepared functionalized graphene oxide with indazole derivatives was found to be suitable for thermal and electrochemical applications. The increase in visible light absorption efficiency and rapid photo induced charge separation suggests the synergistic impact of various functionalities over the surface of graphene oxide. The GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO exhibited the significant photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The photoelectrochemical support for the photocatalytic activity of GrO and f-(6-AIND) GrO was significant in the development of functional photocatalyst.

INTRODUCTION The graphene exists in the carbon allotropes in various dimensions.[1–3] The extraordinary structure and properties of graphene attracts the young researcher to probe it’s the newer applications.[4–8] Semiconductor photocatalysis makes use of solar energy and has received considerable attention both in the areas of environmental remediation as well as energy storage.[9] An ideal photocatalyst should be stable, inexpensive, and able to harvest light in the visible region.[10] A major factor responsible for reduced efficiency of a photocatalyst is the recombination rate of photo-generated electron–hole pairs. Therefore, huge effort is being made on the development of

catalytic materials suitable for harvesting solar energy for photocatalytic degradation. Over the past few decades, various semiconductor materials such as metal oxides, sulphides and oxynitrides have been identified as efficient photocatalyst for the degradation of toxic pollutants in water. However, the nitrogen doped graphene has been widely used as metal free visible light active photocatalyst.[11] Therefore, the present studies focus on the photocatalytic application of our previous prepared Ndoped graphene oxide. EXPERIMENTAL The compounds were synthesized as per our previous reported method.[12–13] In

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Localization of 2-Methoxy Naphthalene in Micellar Medium through Fluorescence Quenching A. Xess1, S.N. Panda2, P.K. Behera1* 1

School of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, Odisha, India 2 Vikash Degree College, Bargarh, Odisha, India

Abstract Fluorescence quenching of 2-methoxy naphthalene (2-ROMe) by Cu2+ in anionic, cationic and non-ionic micelles were investigated by steady state fluorescence spectrophotometer. In cationic and non-ionic micelle, the quenching is purely dynamic whereas as in anionic micelle it is dynamic within a limiting concentration of quencher. The extent of quenching depends on localization of probe and quencher in micelle as well as the charge of the micellar interface. Keywords: fluorescence quenching, 2-methoxy naphthalene, micelle, dynamic quenching, Stern–Volmer plot

INTRODUCTION Fluorescence quenching has often been employed as a powerful tool to obtain adequate information about the structure and dynamics of fluorescent molecules in aqueous media as micelles, reversed micelles, and microemulsions.[1–4] Its also being used as a useful method to characterize the immediate environment of specific fluorophores.[5,6] If water contains an appropriate quantity of the surfactant, micelle formation occurs and the fluorophore gets solubilized by inclusion inside them.[4,7] Fluorescence quenching is a process, in which fluorescence intensity of the solute decreases by variety of molecular interactions such as excited state reactions, molecular rearrangements decreases by variety of molecular interactions such as excited state reactions, molecular rearrangements, energy transfer, groundstate complex formation and collisional quenching.[8]

The fluorescence quenching is generally characterized by the well-known Stern– Volmer (SV) equation which describes the linear dependence of the fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore to the concentration of a quencher.[8] However, many photochemical reactions exhibit deviation from the SV equation either positively or negatively. The main reason for the positive deviation (upward) is the formation of a nonfluorescent complex between the fluorophore and quencher in the groundstate (static quenching) or collision between the fluorophore and quencher in the excited state (dynamic quenching). The negative deviation has been observed when a fraction of the total number of fluorophores is not accessible to quenchers.[9,10] But very few reports have been appeared in the literature for downward (negative) deviations in the SV plot.[11]

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Plant Circadian Rhythms: An Overview Meenakshi Tripathi* Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTION All living organisms on Earth have adapted to the daily 24 h of day/night cycle by evolving circadian rhythms or what is often called as circadian clocks. The circadian rhythms regulate almost every aspects of life including metabolism and behavior. They have been observed in physiological, developmental, biochemical and transcriptional activities.[1] In plants, circadian rhythms regulate traits such as the movements of leaves, organs, stomata, and even growth and signaling. The circadian rhythms in plants are controlled by light and temperature signals from the environment. The relative timing of internal and external processes depends upon a complex interplay of interacting rhythmic controls and environmental signals. The mechanisms by which circadian behavior is regulated, the processes that control circadian behavior and the adaptive advantages gained by circadian control are poorly understood. Characteristics of circadian rhythms Circadian rhythms are an integral part of biological rhythms with time period needed to cover one complete cycle.[2] The term ‘circadian’ was coined by Franz Halberg in 1959 from the Latin words ‘circa’ meaning ‘about’ and ‘dies’ meaning ‘day’. Certain features of circadian rhythms that make them special are: 1. As the name suggests, they are rhythmic, in the sense that they have defined period of time. 2. They are generated endogenously and are self-sustaining, and persist under constant environmental conditions such

as controlled conditions of light (and/or dark) and temperature. A third characteristic of all circadian rhythms is temperature compensation; the period remains relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures.[3]

Environmental signals for circadian rhythm Nature gives a complex set of signals over a daily period of day and night cycle that includes varying conditions of light and temperature. Variations in light include both the quality and quantity of light. It is required that the signals in circadian rhythm matches with the variations in the environmental cycle. If the circadian clock were delayed relative to the environment, biological processes would occur later than normal. On the other, a circadian clock that was advanced relative to the environment would trigger rhythmic processes too early. A phase delay in each successive cycle results in a change of period. Temperature The circadian rhythms can be entrained by fluctuations in cold and warm seasonal cycles. Although some research has been made in this field, our understanding of the entrainment mechanism is still in its infancy. Circadian rhythm entrainment to temperature cycles have been well documented in Arabidopsis in which day and night temperatures differ by 4 °C or less. These have been used experimentally to test whether the defects of circadian mutants were specific to light signaling. A detailed phase response curve to 1. .

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New Generation Solar Cells: Recent Report Sona Chahal Department of Electrical and Electronics, Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad

Sun is the source of energy for all the living organisms on Earth. The energy from Sun often called the solar energy or solar power is one of the clean energy sources that is now-a-days in great demand on account of the increasing industrial and economical needs. Solar energy is becoming an ideal alternative source to fossil fuels. On an average, every square meter of Earth's surface receives 164 watts of solar energy. The good thing is that it is in so much quantity-much more than we could ever use. The energy from Sun reaches the planet Earth in the form of a mixture of heat and light. Both of these are incredibly important. The light helps plants to grow, providing us food, while the heat keeps us warm enough to survive. However, neither the light nor the heat generated from this solar energy can be directly utilized for the living being. The solar energy is first converted into other energy forms like the electricity that is more easily utilizable. Solar cells are electronic devices that capture sun’s energy and convert it directly into electricity. Solar cells can be bundled together to make larger units called solar modules. The most commonly known inorganic solar cells are those made of silicon, used over roof tops and in solar farms. These silicon solar cells are quite expensive and require huge amount of energy. Also, the modules made of silicon are heavy and bulky. As an alternative, low-cost thin film solar cells have been developed but that have found to contain toxic elements such as cadmium, lead, indium etc.

In a recent research at ICFO Gerasimos Konstantatos, semi-transparent solar cells have been generated that are devoid of toxic elements. These solar cells are based on AgBiS2 nanocrystals that consist of earth-abundant elements produced in ambient conditions at low temperatures of 100°C, which is much lower as compared to that required for silicon-based solar cells. The AgBiS2 nanocrystals are strong panchromatic absorbers of light and are engineered in such a way as to act as effective charge-transporting medium for solar cells. The team of researchers at ICFO developed these cells through a low temperature hot-injection synthetic procedure. The nanocrystals were first dispersed into organic solvents, where the solutions remained stable over months without any losses in the device performance. The nanocrystals were later deposited onto a thin film of ZnO and ITO, the most commonly used transparent conductive oxide, through a layer-by-layer deposition process until a sufficient thickness (approximately 35nm) was attained. The characteristic feature of AgBiS2based solar cells is that they are made at low temperatures using low-cost solution processing techniques unlike other solar cells that require sophisticated and expensive equipment for fabrication. Also, these cells have shown a power conversion efficiency of 6.3 %, which is comparable with early reported efficiencies of already available high performance thin-film solarcell technologies. These features give

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Photomorphogenesis and Photoreceptors in Plants: A Review Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Plants are essential for the survival of living beings on Earth. But how the growth and development of plants is regulated is something which is important to be understood. Several factors regulate the plant growth and development including hormonal as well as environmental factors. Among the environmental factors, light plays crucial role for the growth of plants. This branch of science that deals with the study of growth and development of plants in response to light is termed as ‘photomorphogenesis’. Here, in this review, we have highlighted the various biological processes in plants that are regulated by light and the photoreceptors that are involved in these activities. Keywords: Cryptochromes, photomorphogenesis, photoreceptors, phytochromes,

INTRODUCTION Several factors participate in influencing the growth and development of plants. These include both the internal factors i.e., hormones as well as external factors such as light, temperature and humidity. These factors together affect the daily life and activities of plants. Among these, light plays a crucial role in affecting the way plants grow. Light is essential not only for photosynthetic activity but also for various processes occurring throughout the plant life-cycle. This includes flowering, seed germination, seedling de-etiolation, stem elongation, leaf expansion, stomatal opening or closing, lateral branching, bud dormancy etc. Photomorphogenesis The term ‘Photomorphogenesis’ (Photo=light, Morphogenesis= development) refers to all the responses or developmental activities occurring in plants in response to light. These photomorphogenic responses are broadly classified into 2 categories viz., phototropic and photoperiodic. The former involves reorientation of plant organs with respect to an asymmetry in the incident

light such as the bending of shoot tips towards the direction of light. Photoperiodic responses involve those aspects of plant development that are regulated in response to changes in daily light/dark cycle and involve a circadian timing mechanism. Examples of such responses include flowering, bud dormancy, leaf senescence. Photomorphogenetic photoreceptors To understand the photomorphogenetic responses, it is important to understand the action spectra and the various photoreceptors involved in such photobiological phenomenon. Initial investigations identified the blue (BL), red (R) and far-red (FR) regions of the spectrum that are involved for regulating plant growth. Later, with the advent of molecular genetics, it became feasible to identify and understand the diverse nature and functions of photoreceptor pigments involved in informational light sensing.

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

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Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

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IJP Jan – Jun 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

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Photochemistry

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences