International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

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Signals

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Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

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Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

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Nursing « « « « «

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control intends to provide its readers with swift and concrete information on the advancements in the field of pollution control. Editors recommend high quality papers that are original and comprehensive in nature and those that focus on the application of the work done. Journal also encourages review articles that cover all aspects of pollution control and that can have an immediate impact on the ongoing research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Assessment of risk from air, water and soil pollution

 Feasible remedies for treatment and prevention of pollution  Protection of groundwater from pollutants  Waste disposal techniques and waste water management  Life cycle assessment  Feasibility study of pollutants  Impacts of pollutants on ecology  Assessment of environmental policies and legal aspects  Assessment of water quality

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia (West Bengal), India

Dr. Harishankar Chandra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur, Sarguja University, Ambikapur Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. T. R. Vijayaram School of Mechanical and Building Sciences SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. K J Sreekanth Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum (Kerala), India

Dr. Ajay Bharti Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Sohail Ayub Department of Civil Engineering, Z. H. College, India

Dilip B Kulkarni Institute of Engineers (India), Kolkata, & Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Gobinath Ravindran Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institution, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur (Tamil Nadu), India

Shivaji Bhandarkar Department of Automobile Engineering, Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India

Balaram Kundu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Jahar Sarkar Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Varanasi, India

Dr Ramjee Repaka Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, India

Dr. D. Siva Prasad GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam, India

Poonam Diwan Assistant Professor, Sarguja university, India

Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Pretoria.

Dr Shaharin A. Sulaiman Dr Shaharin A. Sulaiman, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh, Perak Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. R. Suriyaprabha Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S. Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode,Tamil Nadu India

Dr Mohamed Musadag El-Awad Sohar College of Applied Sciences Sohar Oman, Oman

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Pollution and Noise Control issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Pollution and Noise Control as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Pollution and Noise Control in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Protection of groundwater from pollutants, Waste disposal techniques and waste water management, Life cycle assessment, Feasibility study of pollutants, Impacts of pollutants on ecology, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Pollution and Noise Control and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Pollution and Noise Control community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Pollution and Noise Control. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Pollution and Noise Control. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Fabrication of Compressed Air Vehicle C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

2. A Short Account on Merits and Demerits of Compressed Air Engine Applications C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

3. A Review of Renewable Energy Resources: Current Status and Their Enabling Technology Khagendra Kushwaha, Rahul Agrawal, Govind Patel

4. Geothermal Energy and Its Future as Renewable Energy Sauradeep Niyogi

5. Recent Trends of Hybrid Solar Dryer Sourav Kumar, Pardeep Kumar

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Fabrication of Compressed Air Vehicle C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT To meet the increasing demand for the fossil fuel consumption with increasing population and automobiles, various advancements such as hybrid electric vehicles, solar vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles are being attained in automobile sector. Also the increasing level of automobile pollutants and global warming due to increase in the percentage of CO2 demands a cleaner technology like compressed air technology (CAT). Keywords: compressed air technology, effective renewable alternative energy, zero pollution vehicle

INTRODUCTION Many research have been carried out in the field of automotive sector to find a fuel which best suits the requirements.

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Though hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, etc. proved to be good alternatives the environmental degradation also demanded a cleaner fuel.

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This led to the development of air engine in the middle of 19th century by Andraud and Tessie’ Du Motay in Paris.[1–5] The air engine is the one which uses compressed air as a fuel. Here the pressure energy of the compressed air is converted into kinetic energy. Because it is devoid of combustion the exhaust consists nothing but cold air thus making it a zero pollution engine. Objective The main objectives are:  To find an effective alternative fuel for the future.

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To develop a zero pollution vehicle and hence contribute to the act of reducing global warming. To make automobile common for a common man. To formulate economic way of transportation. To minimize the usage of fast depleting non-renewable resources especially gasoline and diesel.

PREVIOUS WORKS Here few researches are outlined as given below related to compressed air engine. Air fueled zero emission road transportation: In a comparative study, Haisheng Chen et al. adopted two technologies typical compressed air and liquid air power systems for co. Figures 1–4 show schematic diagram and working of cycle on temperature – entropy diagram for the both systems. As per author’s knowledge and belief only few works reported on this study.[6–17]

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Short Account on Merits and Demerits of Compressed Air Engine Applications C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University, Namakkal, Chennai, India

BACKGROUND The Compressed air vehicles so far are used in two types of applications typically (1) Two wheeler application (2) Four wheeler applications ADVANTAGES The following are the important merits of compressed air engine:  It serves as an alternate fuel Since compressed air has the potential to move the piston by virtue of its pressure energy, it can be served as an alternate fuel.  Reduced fuel cost compared to gasoline and diesel engines Cost of compressed air per km to run the vehicle is less compared to that of using gasoline or diesel due to their increase in demand and cost in the market.  Reduced emission as compared to present vehicles (eco-friendly) Since the air engine is devoid of combustion there are no harmful gases in their exhaust. The exhaust contains nothing but the expanded cold air.  The fuel used is a renewable one The air engine uses compressed air as fuel. Atmospheric air is a renewable source of energy which can be compressed by means of a compressor which when running on electric current generated by renewable energy source becomes a zero polluting engine.[1–17]  Low exhaust temperature Compressed air on expansion loses its temperature. This reduction in temperature is directly proportional to

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 

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the initial pressure of air stored in the tank. This chilled air can be used for air conditioning of the vehicle. Very less lubrication is required Due to the absence of combustion in the engine its working temperature is reduced considerably. The heat generated in the engine is only due to the friction of moving parts. So very less lubrication is required. Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be powered through the electrical grid. This makes it easier to focus on reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles on the road. Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created during fuel transportation would be eliminated. Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about 20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition Systems or silencers. The engine can be massively reduced in size. The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength light weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction Teflon or a combination.

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A Review of Renewable Energy Resources: Current Status and Their Enabling Technology Khagendra Kushwaha*, Rahul Agrawal*, Govind Patel

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT The increase in rapid industrialization for different development programs have created energy crisis for many developing countries. If this increase in demand will rely upon Coal based thermal power plants, it results in environment pollution and high cost of generation. So the best alternate solution is to develop plants based on renewable sources of energy in the country. The potential for renewable energy resources is enormous because they can, in principle, exponentially exceed the world's energy demand; therefore, these types of resources will have a significant share in the future global energy portfolio. The Renewable sources of energy include Energy from Biomass, Geothermal Energy, Hydro power energy, wind Energy and Solar Energy. Biomass can be explained as all organic material originating from plants, trees and crops, and is essentially the collection and storage of the sun's energy through photosynthesis. Geothermal energy is the energy contained as heat in the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interior and considered as a cost effective, reliable, and environmentally friendly energy source. Hydropower is based on a simple process taking the advantage of the kinetic energy freed by the falling water and a source of clean energy and its generation is not linked to issues concerning fuel supply, especially the price volatility of imported fuels. Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaicsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis. This paper presents current scenario, scientific developments and deployment of Renewable sources of Energy. Keywords: energy, geothermal, hydro, resources, renewable

INTRODUCTION Energy is considered to be a key factor in the generation of wealth, social development and improved quality of life in all developed and developing countries in the world [1]. The global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth. Estimates of the world primary energy consumption are that 80% of the energy supply is provided by fossil fuels [2]. Conventional energy sources based on oil, coal, and natural gas have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress. However, with the rapid depletion of conventional energy sources and increasing energy demand,

worldwide primary energy consumption has grown by 1.8% in 2012 [3]. Renewable energies are energy sources that are continually replenished by nature and derived directly from the sun (such as thermal, photo-chemical, and photoelectric), indirectly from the sun (such as wind, hydropower, and photosynthetic energy stored in biomass), or from other natural movements and mechanisms of the environment (such as geothermal and tidal energy). Renewable energy does not include energy resources derived from

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Geothermal Energy and Its Future as Renewable Energy Sauradeep Niyogi*

School of Engineering and Technology, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the use of geothermal energy in our energy system. The paper stresses with different ways in which geothermal energy can be converted into electrical energy. The paper also shows the different geothermal projects in the world and some potenial regions where Geothermal energy can be extracted in India. The paper then discusses some alternative uses of geothermal energy. The paper at last suggests some technological changes which can be applied in future to make this potential energy much more useful. Keywords: compressed CO2, electricity, graphene, geothermal energy

INTRODUCTION The term Geothermal originates from two Geek words 'GEO' and 'THERM'. The Greek word ‘geo’ means the earth whilst their word for ‘therm’ means heat from the earth.All the renewable energies are provided by natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, and geothermal heat. Through the use of advanced engineering technologies, we are able to collect the energy and to convert it in a more usable form. Geothermal energy is extracted from the heat stored in earth. The earth’s centre is a distance of approximately 4000 miles and is so hot that it is molten. Temperatures are understood to be at least 5000 degrees centigrade.[1] This heat from the center of earth conducts outwards and heat up the rocks. Rain water sometimes seeps down through geological fault lines and cracks becoming super heated by the hot rocks below. Some of this super heated water rises back to the surface of the earth where it emerges as hot springs or even geysers. Sometimes the hot water becomes trapped below the surface as a geothermal reservoir. Pumps are used to extract the heat and use it for different purposes.

BACKGROUND OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Geothermal energy is well esteblished energy sector. Earlier In 2008 Geothermal power production exceeded three times that of solar power. Current growth in geothermal sector is steady, but rather slow. While wind and solar photovoltaic energy are undergoing acclerating growth in its development, geothermal energy has rather sen a linear growth. So far its deployment has relied mainly on hot rocks and water located on special geothermal places.[2–5] USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY There are two main categories of utilization of geothermal energy and they are power generation and direct use. Direct use of geothermal energy means that the thermal energy from underground is used directly as heat, rather than being used to generate electricity. There are significant advantages of geothermal energy over other energy sources. Geothermal energy is available around the clock, independent of the time of day and night, or of the current climatic conditions.

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Recent Trends of Hybrid Solar Dryer Sourav Kumar, Pardeep Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, India

ABSTRACT In most of the countries trends are agricultural product drying under the open sun. This type of drying method degrade the quality of product due external impurities are settle down on product, require lots of land for drying and decrease the drying rate. The efficiency of agricultural dryers could be increased through the use of a combination of solar and biomass heating sources, compared to conventional dryers with only solar or only biomass heating sources. The use of solar energy for, heating, distillation, cooking, drying, refrigeration and air conditioning and power generation is increasing day by day because of a high consumption rate of fossil fuels, round the globe and systems are there which performs on solar energy to fulfill the demand of, cooking, distillation, water heating, etc. Solar energy based drying techniques offer better return on investment to farmers. The drying process in the hybrid forced mode of operation is twice faster than the sun drying. Basically, there are three types of solar dryers; direct solar dryers, indirect solar dryers and mixed-mode dryers. This paper is focused on hybrid solar dryers. Drying proceeded successfully even under unfavorable weather conditions in the hybrid mode of operation these are the most cost effective type of dryers and are easy to fabricate and use. In this paper, we viewed different types of hybrid solar dryers and different design modifications applied to them in order to increase their effectiveness. Keyword: biomass heating source, drying process, indirect solar dryer, investment, mixedmode dryer

INTRODUCTION The use of solar energy is continuously progressive because of an efficient and cost free source on the earth. Globally, solar energy contributes to all the necessary heating and cooling tasks such as, cooking, crop drying, water heating, space heating, timber seasoning, power generation, refrigeration, air conditioning, etc. The qualities of this free fuel from the sun are, pollution free fuel, available in good amount at almost locations on the earth, abandon source of energy, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, recovery of despoiled land, less requirement for transmission lines within the power grid, progress in the quality of water resources, etc.

Most tropical regions high levels of solar radiation throughout the year, much of this radiation are absorbed by frequent rain and persistent cloud cover. Due to inadequate preservation techniques available to farmers in developing countries, large quantities of agricultural output with high moisture contents are lost annually due to decomposition by microorganisms. This results in reduction of the net agricultural output and subsequent reduction in the gross domestic product (GDP) of the developing countries.

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

IJPNC JUL–DEC 2016

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences