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International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering

The International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering publishes an original research article that comprehensively deals with the fundamentals of Polymer Science & Engineering, it also focuses on the editorial reviews covering recent trends in polymer engineering. Both theoretical and experimental papers are welcome all, these papers are peer-reviewed by experts and only high impact papers are published. Journal also publishes proceedings that are influential to the scientific community.

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Biopolymer

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Alexander Russell Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Germany.

Dr. Animes K Golder Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.

Dr. Asif Mahmood Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.

Dr. Bharat Modhera Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

Prof. C. M. Narayanan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.

Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Imphal, India.

Prof. Chang-Yu Sun, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.

Dr. Dharam Pal, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.

Dr. Mohamed Abashar, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao Kanidarapu Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.

Dr. P. A. Pawar Department of Chemical Technology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India.

Prof. Radha Das Department of Chemical Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, India.

Dr. Rajendrasinh Jadeja Department of Chemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.

Saeed Soltanali Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Iran.

Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat, Pravara Rural Engineering College, Maharashtra, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shi-Peng Sun, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan R & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri, Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India.

Dr. Srinivasan Anandan, Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Stoyan Novakov Nedeltchev Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany.

Dr. Suryya K Rana Dungarpur College of Engineering & Technology, India.

Dr. Suyogkumar V. Taralkar Chemical Engineering Department, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India.

Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.

Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao Faculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator, University College of Technology (A), Osmania University Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Vangalapati Meena, Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.

Dr. Vijaya Kumar Bulasara Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, India.

Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India.

Dr Wenming Yang, National University of Singapore, Singapore.

Dr. Zhi Shang Louisiana State University, United States.

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Polymer Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Polymer Science & Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Polymer Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Polymer Science & Engineering in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Polymer Science & Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial science, Molecular dynamics & Chemical kinetics, and many more. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Polymer Science & Engineering. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Polymer Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Polymer Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Polymer Science & Engineering.

Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12) Hitkam Pandya, Jinkal Mistry, Lokesh Jain, Kathan Patel, Sandeep Rai

2. Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior Mahaveer Jain

3. Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung Oil Rishabh Singh Kuperkar

4. Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab Tree John Jacob

5. Plastics Product Design and Analysis Mujahid A. Ansari, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde

International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effect of Heat Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6(Nylon 6) and Polyamide 12(Nylon 12) Hitkam Pandya1, Jinkal Mistry1, Lokesh Jain2, Kathan Patel3, Sandeep Rai1,3* 1

GRP Limited, Panoli Industrial Estate, GIDC, Bharuch, Gujarat, India Narmada Valley Rubber Pvt Ltd, GIDC, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India 3 Shorff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Ankleshwar, Bharuch, Gujarat, India 2

ABSTRACT Polyamide 6 or nylon 6(PA 6) and polyamide 12 or Nylon 12 (PA 12) are well known engineering semi-crystalline polar polymers characterized by the presence of amide linkage (-CONH-) in the repeating units of their chains. The glass transition temperature (T g) of PA 6 and PA 12 is ~50 and ~37°C, respectively. PA 6 is widely used for gears and bearings, fittings in automobile industry for under hood parts and also as a material for power tools housings. PA 12 is mainly used for special applications in automobile industry like, to prepare fuel tank and oil-gasoline resistant pipes/tubes. When any polymer is used for a long period of time, it becomes aged. Heat aging process affects not only the material property but also decide the service life of polymer. Therefore study of heat aging properties of polymers is a fundamental topic both from academic and industrial view-point. In the present study, Injection molded specimens of PA 6 and PA 12 were heat-aged in an oven at a temperature ranging from below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PA and above the Tg for a specific period ranging. The heat aging effects on PA 6 and PA 12 in terms of mechanical properties such as tensile modulus (E), tensile yield strength (σy), elongation at break (εb) and Izod impact strength were investigated under various conditions. Extensive literature survey revealed that, no such systematic aging studies for Nylon 6 and Nylon 12 are reported so far. Keywords: polyamide, heat ageing effect, mechanical properties, morphology

INTRODUCTION Now a day’s polyamides are useful in different types of applications like Electric and Electronics applications, under hood parts of automobiles, to make safety air bags to make ropes which are used by rock and ice climbers, brush filaments, wire coating, coil forms, and gears, etc. As Polyamides have tough, possessing high tensile strength, elasticity, luster and also have good chemical resistance, so if we want to apply such applications

according to its properties, then we need to study how polyamides behave after a long age in atmosphere. Polyamides have high heat distortion temperature (HDT) and good mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and tensile modulus. Polyamide can also be used in high temperature environments. However, when polyamides is exposed to a high temperature for a prolonged period, such as, in case with objects that serve in automotive under-the-hood applications and in electric and electronic applications, the polymer generally starts to show

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International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Sal Wood Flour and Its Mechanical Behavior Mahaveer Jain* Department of Chemistry, IFTM University, Lodhipur Rajput, Delhi Road, Moradabad, U.P., India

ABSTRACT In this paper mechanical parameters of polypropylene (PP) to a limit of 15 wt% of copolymer are investigated. The PP/SEBS blend with 15 wt% of copolymer is then changed to 14, 16, 31 and 55 wt% of sal wood. The tensile properties like modulus, strength, and impact strength are observed. The effect of salt spray on these properties is also the part of study. The results were found to be very mesmerizing. Keywords: polypropylene, sal wood, salt spray, SEBS, wood flour

INTRODUCTION Due to a growing environmental awareness throughout the world by the environmentalists, it has triggered a paradigm shift towards selecting materials compatible with the environment. Owing to their excellent mechanical properties, composite materials have been widely used throughout the last four decades. The use of natural fibers, as reinforcing fibers in both thermoplastics and thermosets matrix composites provides positive environmental benefits with respect to ultimate disposability and raw material utilization.[1] Polypropylene (PP) is a polymer with a very simple chemical structure which is probably the most used mineral filled thermoplastic polymer for injection molding applications.[2,3] Fillers into polymer, find applications in the polymer industry almost exclusively, e.g. to improve mechanical, thermal, electrical properties and dimensional-stability.[4–6] Over the past two decades, natural fibers have been replacing synthetic fiber reinforcement such as glass fiber in polymer.[7,8] The advantages of these fibers are low density, low cost, acceptable specific strength, good thermal insulation

properties, reduced dermal and respiratory irritation, reduced tool wear, renewable resource and recycling possible without affecting the environmental damage, and together with biodegradable ability.[9–13] Polymer with fillers based composites has received considerable interest in the materials field because of their potential for large gains in mechanical properties. The understanding of mechanical properties of the fillers, mainly wood flour and PP based composites is very important in order to use in different applications, such as, the automotive and building industries in which they are used in structural applications as fencing, decking, outdoor furniture, window parts, roofline products, door panels, etc.[14,15] Although there are several reports in the literature which discuss the of wood/polymer composites;[16–19] however, very limited work has been done on effect of addition of wood flour into polypropylene on its mechanical behavior. Generally these composites are also used corrosive environment. In this paper, a study of effect of addition of Sal wood

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International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Article on Polyurethanes That Are Based on Tung Oil Rishabh Singh Kuperkar* Department of Applied Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Ichchhanath, Surat, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT Polyurethane (PU) formulated from natural polyols obtained from Tung oil (TO) have improved hydroxylation of the double bonds in the fatty acid chains of the unsaturated oil followed by the alcoholysis of the hydroxylated oil. The comparative chemical analysis between unmodified and modified TO suggested that the hydroxyl content increased significantly after the hydroxylation and alcoholysis reactions. Incorporated wood flour (WF), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) or rice husk ash (RHA) as fillers in modified TO imparts between formulation in physical, thermal and mechanical properties of reinforced rigid PUs. Keywords: composites, foams, polyurethanes, thermosetting polymers, tung oil

INTRODUCTION Use of renewable natural products as an alternative source for nonrenewable material has gained enormous importance in the research and industries since decade. Vegetable oils are relatively low cost materials and offer prior quality of biodegradation. Chemically, they are composed of triglyceride molecules obtained from esters of glycerol and fatty acid chains with 16–22 carbon atoms with 0–3 double bonds per chain. It is the unsaturated fatty acid which offers many reactive sites to obtain the desire polymeric product according to industrial applications [1]. Tung oil obtained from the seeds or nuts of the tung tree belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae [2, 3]. This oil is interesting because of its major constituent α-eleostearic acid (77–82%) with three conjugated double bonds, oleic acid (3.5– 12.7%) with one double bond and linoleic acid (8–10%) with two non-conjugated double bonds structural formula is presented in Figure 1 [4, 5]. The exothermi c reaction between isocyanates and

alcohols is the most important reaction in PU synthesis leading to the production of urethane [-NH-COO-] linkages. There is no -OH (hydroxyl) group and free acids in the unmodified TO. The carboncarbon double bonds can be used to introduce new reactive groups through a hydroxylation reaction. Additionally, the triglyceride molecules can be cut through transesterification reaction with molecules such as glycerol or triethanolamine, which also allows in increasing the concentration of hydroxyls per molecule. The resulting oil-based polyols can be used as a replacement of synthetic polyol to produce PUs which is used in paints and varnish industries [1, 2, 6–8]. Structurally, these long pendant chains and modified fatty acids with the hydroxyl groups imparts effective thermosetting nature, flexibility, high strength elasticity and hydrolytic resistance to the network,

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International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Natural Rubber and the Resin Exuded from Ailan malab Tree John Jacob* Department of Physics, Vemana Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Elastomeric blends of natural rubber and exuded resin of Ailanthus malabaricum tree have been prepared from solution casting technique. Benzene was used as the common solvent for both the constituent polymers. Compared to the elasticity of natural rubber, the resin exhibits excellent elasticity. The combination of both the elastomers with different composition showed a considerable enhancement in elasticity of rubber. Universal testing machine was employed to study the tensile properties of the resulting blend system. Tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus at various elongations were determined from this experiment. Tensile strength of natural rubber reduced and elongation at break increased by the addition of exuded resin. Modulus of the samples was also reduced with the addition of exuded resin. Surface hardness of the blend was measured from Shore A durometer and it shows a reduction in hardness with the incorporation of resin into natural rubber. From the overall tensile and hardness studies, it can be concluded that the resin collected from Ailanthus malabaricum tree has been used to enhance the elastic performance of natural rubber. Keywords: Ailanthus malabaricum tree, elastomer, natural rubber, tensile strength

INTRODUCTION Blending of two or more polymers has been one of the major areas of research and development in the field of polymer science. The technology of polymer blends is a best solution to achieve desired material with suitable properties for the end use application. It reduces the research and development expense compared to the development of new polymers or monomers [1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3]. The phase structure of the resulting material can be either miscible or immiscible when two or more polymers are mixed. Most of the blends are immiscible and its physical properties are poor compared to their constituent polymers. This problem can be solved by the addition of compatibilizers into the blend by enhancing the favorable

interaction between the blend phases [4, 5]. Formation of interpenetrating polymer network is the other way to obtain the blend with better stability. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are unique type of polymer alloys consisting of two or more cross-linked polymers with no covalent bonds or grafts between them [6]. When one of the phases is cross-linked, pseudo- or semi-IPNs will be formed. When both phases are cross-linked fullIPNs are developed [7].

These intimate mixtures of cross-linked polymers are held together by permanent entanglements lead to forced miscibility compared with usual blends and the resulting materials exhibit good dimensional stability. IPN materials offer great promise for the future in view of the increasing number of applications of these

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International Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering eISSN: 2455-8745 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Plastics Product Design and Analysis Mujahid A. Ansari*, Srushti Wadekar, Priyanka Gaikwad, Sujata Shinde Department of Plastics & Polymer Engineering, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, India

ABSTRACT Product design of commonly used articles like key-chains is to make it more attractive, user friendly, cost effective yet durable and providing longevity. Therefore, this work deals with the designing of optimized 3D model of key-chain if suitable shape and size and doing its analysis in Moldflow analysis software to study the material flow behaviour, impact of processing parameters on the product and possible defects after one complete cycle of processing. Lastly by trial and error method we could minimize the defects and could optimize the product design for better and smooth production. Keywords: moldflow, optimize, product design

INTRODUCTION Why design a product specifically made of plastics material? Usually, the reason to design products made of plastics is either to create new products, never made before, or to create something similar to existing old products but which is better, more appealing to the user, or more economical to produce. "The design is the problem of anticipating or trying to do what will be required in future and improving what is being already produced”. Plastic products† are a dominant part of the manufacturing world. It is very likely that you the reader could, at this moment, reach out and touch a plastic product from where you sit. Successful product design requires knowledge, intelligence, and flair. The knowledge requirement may in turn be subdivided into[1–3]: (1) Knowledge of the requirements of the product. (2) Knowledge of the behaviour of plastics materials. (3) Knowledge of plastics processes.

(4) Knowledge of all relevant economic and psychological factors. Intelligence is required to relate this knowledge, and flair to bring the design to a successful reality FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE DESIGNING A PRODUCT While designing a product, several factors are considered, some of them are: Materials: Materials should be cheap and should be able to withstand design requirements. During production wastage, should be minimized. Manufacturing facility: Product design should commensurate with the facilities available in the factory about to equipment, labour, and layout. Aesthetic: The product should be good in appearance and should have attractive colours. Tolerance: It should have desired tolerances, as tight tolerances will result in increased rejection and thereby adding to the cost of product.

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eISSN: 2455-8745 Applied Mechanics

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