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International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution provide its readers with a swift yet complete awareness in the field of prevention and control of industrial pollution. The focus of the journal is on recent advancement in technologies like sustainable industrial design, remediation techniques, wastewater quality indicators and other related fields. Journal is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes original research articles both experimental and theoretical, review articles and relevant short communications.

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ajay Singh Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Uttaranchal Institute of Technology, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Prof. C. V. Subrahmanyam Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (Autonomous), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Faiyazalam Mahmadsaiyad Shaikh Navnirman Science College, Surat, Gujarat, India

Dr. Gengan Saravanan Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam Banerjee Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

Dr. Indu Singh Department of Biotechnology, Dravidian University, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas Department of Ecological Engineering & Environmental Management, International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Dr. Kalyan Das GE Power and Water in Industrial Water Treatment Processes, J F Welch Technology Centre, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. M. S. Mating School of Engineering and Technology, WBUT, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Dr. P. K. Khatua Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India

Dr. Parin Shah Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Pramendra Kumar M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Ravindra W Gaikwad Pravara Rural Engineering College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Reena Singhal Plastic Technology, H.B.T.I., Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. S. Priya Department of Biotechnology, S.T.E.T. Women's College, Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. S. R. Shah Department of Textile Chemistry, Technology & Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Samson Maria Louis N Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore-Affiliated to Anna University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat Pravara Rural Engineering College, Loni, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Sharad M Sontakke Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Shikha Suman Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Suhas Natyan Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama Sastry MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao Department of Technology, University College of Technology (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Venkateswara Rao Malapati Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (Autonomous), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial Pollution issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Pollution Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Industrial Pollution in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Biofilters, Dissolved air flotation, Powdered activated carbon treatment, Ultrafiltration, Activated sludge bioreactors, Wastewater quality indicators, Sustainable industrial design, Remediation technologies etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of it. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Analysis of Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3––N) in Water of Chhattisgarh State R.K. Sahu, H.R. Suryawanshi

2. Status of Laxmi Taal: An Urban Wetland in Jhansi City K.D. Singh, C. Gupta

3. Evaluation of Some Physical Properties on the Sorption Capacity of Detarium microcarpum Seed Membrane S.A. Osemeahon, E.A. Agala, A.M. Kolo, A. Akinterinwa

4. Air Pollution in India: Trend and Magnitude Aruna Singh

5. Industrial Chemical Pollution: Types and Effects Shalu Singh

International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Analysis of Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3–N) in Water of Chhattisgarh State 1

R.K. Sahu1*, H.R. Suryawanshi2

Department of Chemistry, V.E.C. Lakhanpur, Sarguja University Ambikapur (C.G.), India Department of Mathematics, V.E.C. Lakhanpur, Sarguja University Ambikapur (C.G.), India

ABSTRACT The methods used for toxic element analysis of coal and its ash have been categorized into two parts. There are certain methods which cannot be easily used for multi-elements analysis on an individual sample. Coal mine water is acidic in nature and dissolves the trace and toxic elements like Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Al water from river pond and other sources have shown to be changing in quality parameters total dissolved solids, suspended solids, pH and conductivity have showed increasing trend. Mine discharged showed increasing concentration of trace and toxic elements in water discharged from mine. Pb and cd concentration in soil and water of Dipika coal are discharge have shown increasing trend. The most affected areas are the junction of river and mine water, caused by pollution due to heavy mining, and toxic elements like Cu, Pb and Cd which are found in high concentrations in soil of Dipika coal area. Cd is primary excreted through kidneys and Pb is known to have multiple hematotoxic effects. Coal dust from Dipika coal fuel is integrated to water resources it affects, the ecosystem of the water and its base. Keywords: coal mine, Dipika coal, pollution, trace elements

INTRODUCTION Water flows through forest land, crop land and density populated rural areas. Mining of coal also causes pollution; coal mine water is acidic in nature and dissolves the trace and toxic elements were Mn, Cu, Cd, Pb, and Al. The map of Dipika coal field area shows that coal mine effluent mixed with water. Dipika coal field mining effluents consist of mixture of mineral traces other wastes of plants and the characteristics of effect discharge depends upon the types of discharging plants so the physical chemical characteristics of industrial effluent and water depends upon a number of factors including time of sampling conc. of pollutants types of pollutant with confluence in the water in the present

investigation many polluting parameters have been taken up to study the physicochemical characteristics of mining effluent in Dipika coal field mining water.[1–8] METHODS FOR WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION The sampling points were already fixed for water collection i.e., industrial wastes which are discharged into the water. The sampling was done once in middle of every month. 2.5 l of water and effluent sample were collected in a clear washed plastic jerry cane for physical chemical test of which 300 ml. water sample of collected in sterilized BOD bottle for biological test. The samples were analysed within 0–24 hour.

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International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Status of Laxmi Taal: An Urban Wetland in Jhansi City 1

Konjengbam Dayananda Singh1*, Chitra Gupta2

Department of Chemistry, Moreh College, Moreh, Manipur, India Department of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, UP, India

ABSTRACT Water is one of the abundantly available substances in nature. Laxmi Taal is one of the oldest fresh water lakes in Jhansi. The water of the lake has been considerably depleted in quality. For the investigation five sampling sites were chosen along the periphery of the lake. Water samples are collecting twice one representing pre monsoon and another representing monsoon. Physico-chemical parameter undertaken during study were color and odor, temperature, pH, electrical conductance, total hardness, total alkalinity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), iron (Fe) and phosphorous (P). The value of water quality parameters were analyses using standard methods (APHA, 1992). The study concluded that oxygen content of the water is gradually low. Laxmi Taal is suffered from Sedimentation, Eutrophication and treat of loss of biodiversity. The study recommends checking discharge of waste in the lake from domestic and municipality is required to improved water quality.

INTRODUCTION Water is one of the most essential constituents of human environment. It is one of the most important compounds that profoundly influence life (Gorde 2013). The quality of water is a vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare. But today, clean water has become a precious commodity and its quality is threatened by numerous sources of pollutants including fertilizers, soil particles, waste chemical and sewage from city and rural area. In the past, though the environment had an infinite capacity to devour, man’s health and welfare are being affected by environmental pollution. The world health organization (WHO) estimates that more than 20% of the world population (around 1.3 billion peoples) has no safe drinking water and that more than 40% of all populations lack adequate sanitation (Oastrige and Trent, 1999).[1–5]

Water can be polluted by substances that dissolve in it or by the solid particles and insoluble liquid droplets that becomes suspended in it (Plant et al 2001). Surface water also contains a lot of organic matter and mineral nutrients which feed algae and large bacteria populations. The quantity of water is a vital concern for mankind since it is directly linked with human welfare. A lake is a low lying part of the earth’s surface in which rain water, surface water runoff, outflow from a river and water from other sources accumulates. India has a large number of lakes spread all over the country. Almost half of the world’s lake are degraded, depleted and contaminated mainly by human activities. The main causes are inflow of domestic sewage, agriculture runoff, discharge of industrial effluents, over fishing, habitat degradation from population growth and expansion of cities. Water of the Laxmi

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Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Evaluation of Some Physical Properties on the Sorption Capacity of Detarium microcarpum Seed Membrane 1

S.A. Osemeahon1, E.A. Agala1, A.M. Kolo2, A. Akinterinwa1*

Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria 2 Department of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The membrane of Detarium microcarpum seeds (DMM) was developed. The bio-sorbent was used for the removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Mn2+ in aqueous solution. Membrane sorption capacities were found to be : 96.80%, 96.63%, 94.04%, 91.45%, 87.82% and 87.29% for Cd2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Fe3+, Pb2+ and Cu2+, respectively. The sorption behavior with respect to pH, contact time, ionic strength and initial metal ion concentration were investigated so as to determine the optimum sorption conditions. The result showed that metal ion sorption by the membrane increased with increasing initial metal ion concentration, pH values and contact time while metal ion sorption decreased with increasing ionic strength. Maximum sorption was found to occur at pH 5 for all the six metal ions studied. The study reveals that the ability of the membrane to remove some heavy metal ions from aqueous solution is encouraging and may be used in bioremediation of wastewater. Keywords: Detarium microcarpum seeds, membrane, sorption, metal ions

INTRODUCTION In recent years, heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems. Presence of heavy metals even in traces can be toxic and detrimental to both flora and fauna. With the rapid development of industries such as mining, surface finishing, energy and fuel, fertilizer, pesticide, electroplating, electrolysis, electroosmosis, leather, photography and electric appliances; many by-products or unwanted waste materials are directly or indirectly being discharged into the environment causing serious environmental pollution and even threatening human life. Contamination of water with substances which have adverse effect on human beings, animals and plants is called water pollution. Water pollution is a global problem and its control has become

increasingly important in recent years. The conventional methods for the removal of these heavy metals from wastewater include chemical precipitation, membrane separation, ion exchange, dialysis, etc.[1] These conventional methods have the following problems: incomplete metal removal, high reagent and energy requirements, generation of toxic sludge or other waste products that require careful disposal has made it imperative for a cost effective treatment method that is capable of removing heavy metals from aqueous effluents. Bio-sorption is a physiochemical process occurring naturally in certain biomass that allows it to passively concentrate and bind contaminants onto its cellular structure.[1] The use of biomass in environmental clean-up has already been in practice for a while; still the scientists and engineers

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Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Air Pollution in India: Trend and Magnitude Aruna Singh

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

Pollution is a serious problem across the world. Pollution is the contamination of the Earth’s environment with substances that interferes with human life in terms of health and natural functioning of the ecosystem. Of all types of pollution, air pollution is a serious health problem in urban cities. It is one of the most aggravating factors responsible for respiratory ailments and cardiovascular diseases. Several diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are commonly occurring diseases because of air pollution. Among the world’s top 20 most polluted cities, 13 have been reported from India. The worst being Delhi, the densely populated capital territory of India.[1] Air pollution in Delhi has increased steadily by 20% since 2000.[2] The Centre for Science and Environment’s (CSE) analysis of government data and the Global Burden of Disease report's data on India has also identified air pollution as the fifth leading cause of death in India after high blood pressure, indoor air pollution, tobacco smoking and poor nutrition.[3] In a Lancet study in 2012, air pollution was ranked as the sixth biggest killer in India with an estimated toll of 66 million.[2] The Ganga and Yamuna are ranked among the world’s 10 most polluted rivers. Experts suggests that the pollutants in Delhi’s air in winter months can reach up to three times the safe limits on some days. Air pollution slashes life expectancy by 3.2 years for the 660 million Indians who live in cities, including nation’s capital Delhi.[1] The major causes have been the fumes coming from diesel vehicles that have

caused the increasingly polluted air in India’s cities. Officials also blame smoke and dust from industrial and building activity. According to the Environment Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority for the National Capital Region (EPCA) report, from 2002 to 2012 particulate matter in Delhi has increased by 75% and numbers of vehicles on the roads have increased 97%, contributing enormously to pollution load and direct exposure to toxic fume. In the winter of 2013–2014 Delhi’s air pollution increased to dangerous levels. PM 2.5 particles have remained 2–3 times the national standard and have reached 8– 10 times the standards in high smog episodes.[4] The WHO estimates show that the Indian cities are death traps on account of severely high air pollution levels. WHO’s urban air quality database covers 1600 cities across 91 countries. It has shown that Indian cities have highest levels of particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 (particles with diameter of 10 and 2.5 microns) when compared to other cities.[5] Analysis of this database indicates that all Indian cities exceed the WHO guideline of 20 µg/cum for PM10, in case of PM2.5 except one city (Pathanamthitta in Kerala is at the WHO guideline limit of 10), all exceed the WHO guideline of 10 µg/cum. The PM2.5 levels are worst in Delhi and Patna, exceeding the WHO guideline by about 15 times, followed by Gwalior, Raipur, Ahmedabad, Lucknow and Ferozabad, all exceeding the safe levels by 9–14 times. Cities such as Kanpur, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Allahabad, Agra,

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Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Industrial Chemical Pollution: Types and Effects Shalu Singh*

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Water pollution is becoming a serious problem all over the world. Water being an essential element is required for survival of life on Earth. Chemical discharge from industries is a major reason for causing water pollution. Herein, some of the main chemical discharge from industries and their harmful effects have been described. Keywords: chemicals, industrial chemical discharge, water pollution

BACKGROUND Water is an essential chemical for life on Earth. Today, the quality of water is getting affected due to pollution caused by foreign bodies and chemicals. The agents that disrupt the water quality making it unfit for usage by living organisms or cause harm in one or the other way are referred as pollutants and this phenomenon is called water pollution.

and petroleum that are released into the water bodies illegally, causing long-run dreadful effects on the living organisms.[1]

Water pollution can be of two types viz., point source or diffuse. In the former type, pollutants enter the water body and pollute it at a particular site such as the discharge pipe. In diffuse pollution, the pollutants enter the water over a wide area such as run-off from agricultural land and urban areas. The source of pollution in the former type can be easily identified and rectified while in the latter, it is difficult to identify and control.

Crude oil or petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, lubricating oil etc., contaminate the water bodies through oil spills. The oil spills usually have an immediate effect causing the death of localized fish, but it can spread for miles. It can also get stick to feathers of seabirds making them to lose the ability to fly.

There is a wide range of sources of water pollution. These include agricultural crops and livestock, forestry, atmospheric acid rain, industrial discharge, sewage, domestic wastes, mines etc. industrial discharge contributes majorly in causing water pollution. The main pollutants from the industries are the metals, chemicals,

Metals and solvents released from industries pollute rivers and lakes. They can be poisonous to several aquatic life forms or can disrupt their normal physiology such as lower down the pace of body development, make them infertile.[1,2]

Many organic solvents used in industries like benzene, xylene, toluene, acetone or the chlorinated solvents used in degreasing processes like PCE, TCE, 1,1,1-TCA, 1,2DCA, 1,1,2-TCA; also cause severe water pollution. Other industrial pollutants include polyaromatic hydrocarbons from coal power plants and manufacturing gas

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7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

International Journal of Applied Mechanics

Prevention & Control of

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