International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJREC

Chemical Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

International Journal of Renewable Energy & Its Commercialization

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes recent advancement in renewable energy and its utilization. The main focus of the journal is to create a more sustainable world and spread knowledge of the same journal considers article that are of high standard and good quality and which have never been published anywhere.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Solar energy, solar power and solar thermal energy

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Hydroelectricity and hydropower

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Biofuel and sustainable biofuel



Geothermal energy



Biomass conversion



Wind energy technology



Ocean thermal energies



Socio-economic and energy management



Climate change and global warming

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Renewable energy industry

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Nuclear power

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Mechanical and thermal energy

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. C. M. Narayanan National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Gengan Saravanan Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam Banerjee Atlantic LNG Chair in Environmental Engrg, Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

Dr. Kanu Murmu Department of Agronomy, F/Ag, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

Dr. Krushna Prasad Shadangi Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D.S.B. Campus,Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Prof. Pushpa Jha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

Dr. QingSong Wang University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, Anhui, China

Dr. Rajesh Das Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan R & D (Battery), Su â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kam Power Systems Ltd., Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Srinivasan Anandan Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Suranani Srinath Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama Sastry MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Prof. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Venugopal Akula CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India

Dr. Wenming Yang National University of Singapore, Singapore

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present renewable energy issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of renewable energy and its commercialization as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Renewable Energy and its Commercialization Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Renewable Energy in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Solar energy, solar power and solar thermal energy, Hydroelectricity and hydropower, Biofuel and sustainable biofuel, Geothermal energy, Biomass conversion, Wind energy technology, Ocean thermal energies, Socio-economic and energy management, Climate change and global warming, Renewable energy industry, Nuclear power, Mechanical and thermal energy Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of renewable energy. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings Sandeep Rai, Jinkal Mistry

2. Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas M.S. Ahmed, D.K. Naik, B. Satyavathi, R. Parthasarathy

3. A Vision of Energy Scenario in India Aruna Singh

4. Biomass Conversion-Technologies and Benefits Amit Kumar

5. Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility Amit Agnihotri

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Energy Conservation with the Use of Cool Roof Coatings 1

Sandeep Rai1,2*, Jinkal Mistry

GRP Limited, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT Regions with hot and dry climate often experience very high levels of solar radiation, high ambient temperatures and relatively low specific humidity. The roofs of buildings in such areas are always exposed to Sun for long duration during the daytime. Solar radiation is responsible for heat transfer through the building roof. Actually, Solar radiation heat the roof which in turn reradiates the heat onto the ceiling and finally on to the room occupants. Traditionally, most of the roofs in the world are made with dark color materials. In summer, the temperature of surface of a black roof can increase as much as 65–90°C. At such a high roof temperatures the deterioration of roofing materials can start and this in turn leads to increased roof maintenance costs, and generation of high levels of roofing waste. To effectively overcome this problem the best solution to reduce this is with the use of radiant barriers, i.e., light colored metallic or non-metallic surfaces which have high solar reflectance and a high emittance to redirect the radiations back to the environment. A cool roof is one that reflects more sunlight and absorbs less heat than a standard roof. In general, cool roofs are made with a highly reflective type of paint or highly reflective tiles or shingles and a covering sheet. Practically, any type of building can be benefited from a cool roof, however, consideration of the climate and other factors are of utmost important before deciding to install one. The present article gives an insight into global roofing market, elastomeric roofing and cool roof coating technology; different cool roof coating materials, relative benefits of cool roof versus conventional roof in terms of energy and cost savings has been discussed at length. Keywords: cool roofs, energy conservation, radiation, roof surface solar energy, surface coating

INTRODUCTION Cool Roofs have provided an efficient energy roofing system. Cool Roof technology lowers electricity costs in buildings by reflecting the Sun’s energy away from the roof surface, thereby reducing summer time air conditioning expense. A Cool Roof must have a surface reflectivity of 70% or more and an

emissivity of at least 75% to qualify for Title 24 energy credits (emissivity is the measure of a material to emit heat energy). This indicates that at least 70% of the solar energy on a Cool Roof must be reflected, and that a minimum of 75% of the solar energy must be radiated away from the roof surface before it is absorbed (Figure 1).

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modeling of Sunflower Husk Gasifier to Produce Synthesis Gas 1

M. Shuaib Ahmed1, D. Kotaiah Naik1,2, B. Satyavathi1*, R. Parthasarathy2

Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India Department of Civil Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria, Australia

ABSTRACT Energy from biomass offers the great attraction in producing useful gaseous component resulting in low emissions and providing energy security. In the present study, a gasifier model was developed using commercial Aspen Plus simulator. The model developed was based on the minimization of Gibb’s free energy and is validated with the experimental data of sunflower husk gasification using air as a gasifying agent. The results predicted are in good agreement with the experimental values. The effect of the operating parameters such as excess air ratio, oxygen to biomass ratio, steam to biomass ratio, moisture content in fuel and temperature on the gas composition and heating value were studied. The oxygen/biomass ratio and steam/biomass ratio were varied from 0.1 to 1 with temperature ranging between 700 and 900°C. The higher heating value for oxygen and steam was observed in a range of 12–15 and 11.5–14.5 MJ/m3, respectively, as the moisture content in the sunflower husk was varied from 5 to 20%. An increase in operating temperature results in decrease of gasifying agent and increase in heating value of the product gas. The present study is useful in operation of a gasifier and predicts the adverse effect on heating values using different gasifying agents. Keywords: Aspen plus, gasifying agents, LHV, moisture content, syngas

INTRODUCTION As the global demand for energy and the price of fossil fuels is increasing day by day, the sustainable process to use domestic resources for energy will be of more interest, which not only stabilize the prices but also provide the security for energy supply. The climate change and CO2 emissions increases the demand for a cleaner technology in converting these energy resources. Biomass gasification is cleaner technology which not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but also increases the overall conversion efficiency. Biomass consists of carbon based materials that produce energy in the form of synthesis gas at the same time reducing

the environmental hazards of various raw biomasses. Gasification is a thermochemical process in which a carbonaceous fuel is converted to a combustible gas. This combustible gas is known as syngas (from synthetic or synthesis gas) consisting of hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2). Thermo-chemical gasification of biomass is a well-known technology that can be classified depending on the gasifying agent: air, steam, steam–oxygen, air–steam, and O2 enriched air.[1] Several researchers have studied the effect on the quality of the produced gas by varying the different parameters such as oxygen to biomass

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Vision of Energy Scenario in India Aruna Singh*

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT India is a developing country with its population increasing at an alarming rate. It has 29 different states and 7 union territories. Owing to its huge population size, fulfilling the energy requirements of its people is a challenging task for India. Several energy sources are available that helps our country in achieving this task. Here is a brief overview of the energy scenario in last 10–15 years. Keywords: coal, energy, nuclear energy, renewable energy

BACKGROUND India is a developing country with 1.3 billion people accounting nearly one-fifth of the world population. According to the current statistics, India has an annual growth rate of nearly 7.1%. Having 29 states and 7 union territories, India faces a challenge in providing adequate energy supply to large population size. Energy is also required for commercial and industrial uses. With the alarming increase in population size, providing sufficient energy to all is of fundamental importance. In 2008, India ranked fifth highest in terms of energy consumption in the world. Since then, the availability of power has both

increased and improved, but the demand for energy outstripped the supply such that peak shortages existed during 2009–2010. Electricity shortage has been a serious issue in India. Besides, there is increasing concern regarding the power generation benefits relating to social, environmental and technological benefits. India is trying its best in making progress in conventional and renewable power generation. The trajectory of growth of installed capacity since 2002 (start of the 10th five year Plan), 2007 (start of 11th Plan), and as of 30 November, 2010 is provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Trajectory of growth of installed power capacity in India.[1] Time period 1.4.2002 1.4.2007 31.9.2010

Thermal (%) (MW) 70.85% 74,429 64.06% 87,015 63.95% 106,518

Hydro (>25MW) (%) in MW 25% 26,269 25.51% 34,654 22.41% 37,328

Nuclear (%) (MW) 2.59% 2720 2.87% 3900 2.7% 4560

Renewable power (%) (MW) 1.55% 1628 7.55% 10,258 10.90% 18,155

Source: Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India. From Table 1, it is clear that from 2002 till 2010, there has been an increase in the

renewable grid capacity of more than 5 times. Many different sources have

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Biomass Conversion-Technologies and Benefits Amit Kumar*

Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT Biomass refers to an organic matter that can be used as fuel. It comprises crop residues, manure (both human and animal), industrial wastes, domestic wastes etc. Biomass has been in use for energy generation from last several years. Several technologies have been developed for obtaining energy from biomass fuel. Some of these techniques have been summarized in this review. Using biomass for energy generation has several benefits. It is safe and environment-friendly. It does not create pollution and can be used as a renewable source of energy generation. Keywords: biomass, combustion, crop residues, energy conversion, pyrolysis

BACKGROUND Biomass fuel is derived from organic materials and represents an ideal source of renewable and sustainable energy. Biomass is produced from renewable organic waste materials such as wastes from agricultural, forest and industrial sectors, crop residues, domestic wastes etc., that otherwise are dumped in landfills or left as fodder for forest fires. Examples of biomass fuels include manure, forest debris, certain crops, scrap lumber, and domestic wastes containing left-over vegetables or their parts. It represents an attractive renewable energy source and is easily available almost everywhere.[1] Biomass has been in use for energy generation over several years, especially for heating and cooking purposes. It can also be used for generating heat and electricity. Biomass energy comprises of solids, liquids and gaseous fuels. While the solid and gaseous fuels are used for electric power generation, the liquid fuels are often used directly in running motor vehicles, railroad as well as in engine turbine electric power generators.[1,2]

Basically, there are 3 types of biomass fuels- primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary biomass is produced directly by photosynthesis. This type of biomass includes woody and herbaceous crops, oil producing seeds, crop residues and forest residues such as wheat straw, tree-tops the tops, limbs, and bark from trees). Resources obtained after they have undergone primary biomass processing are further processed and referred as secondary biomass. These involve physical, biological and chemical methods for carrying out the processing. Tertiary biomass resources are post-consumer residue streams such as vegetable oil, animal fat, grease, demolition debris, etc.[3] Biomass conversion is a complicated process. Biomass consisting of plants is organic in nature and so requires certain enzymes and molecules for conversion. It is a lengthy and expensive process. As an example, plant woods are made of cellulose; breaking them into smaller and simpler substances is quite difficult. However, several conversion technologies are known that convert different types of

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Sustainable Energy: Types and Utility Amit Agnihotri

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, MP, India

Sustainable energy comprises of all the energy sources that meets the human demands without being worried about the future prospects. In other words, sustainable energy can be used in plenty over and over again without worrying about it to get depleted. All kind of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, ocean and biomass energy are examples of sustainable energy.[1,2] These energy sources have the advantage that they are stable, available in plenty, environmentfriendly and free of cost. Sustainable energy does not involve sources deriving from fossil fuels. The energy from fossil fuels is not replenishable, gets consumed at a steady rate and also has harmful outcomes for the environment.[1,2] Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas are limited and cause immense pollution by producing harmful gases. Sustainable energy and renewable energy sources are not always the same. Sustainable energy also includes the energy that is used to power homes and industries without any negative sideeffects. Sunlight or the solar energy is used directly for lightning homes, providing electricity, for heating purposes, solar cooling, and for many other commercial and industrial activities. The Sun’s energy also drives the wind, which is further captured by wind turbines. Wind energy is used to generate hydroelectric power plants.

Hydrogen is the most abundant element on Earth. It is often found in many organic compounds and also when combined with oxygen it exists as water molecules.[2] Once separated from these compounds or elements with which it exists, hydrogen can be used as fuel to generate electricity. Geothermal energy taps the Earth’s internal heat to produce electric power and induce heating and cooling of buildings. Ocean energy is generated in various ways. Both the tides and winds give rise to ocean waves. All these types of energy can be used to produce electricity.[2] Biomass energy is another good source of clean energy. It is produced by burning of wood, timber, agricultural wastes, municipal wastes and landfills. This energy source is ideal as it does not produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide that is responsible for increasing global warming and is thus environment-friendly. Although, during burning of wood etc., carbon dioxide is produced, but it is easily compensated by plants that take up this gas and in return generate oxygen for humans. Harnessing energy from natural sources such as Sun and wind to fulfill human needs has been long in use. However, attention was diverted from renewable sources as the industrial revolution progressed on account of concentrated energy locked up in fossil fuels. This was compounded by the increasing use of reticulated electricity based on fossil fuels and the importance of portable highdensity energy sources for transport – the

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJREC

Chemical Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

International Journal of Renewable Energy & Its Commercialization

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences