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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 2 mi icle b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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Computer Science and Engineering International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Renewable Energy & Its Commercialization

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes recent advancement in renewable energy and its utilization. The main focus of the journal is to create a more sustainable world and spread knowledge of the same journal considers article that are of high standard and good quality and which have never been published anywhere.

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Solar energy, solar power and solar thermal energy

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Socio-economic and energy management

Climate change and global warming

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Mechanical and thermal energy

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. C. M. Narayanan National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India

Dr. Didik Prasetyoko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

Dr. Gengan Saravanan Department of Chemistry, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Goutam Banerjee Atlantic LNG Chair in Environmental Engrg, Department of Civil & Env. Engrg, The University of The West Indies St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

Dr. Kanu Murmu Department of Agronomy, F/Ag, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India

Dr. Krushna Prasad Shadangi Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

Dr. Linthoingambi Ningombam Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, BIT, Patna, Bihar, India

Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India

Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D.S.B. Campus,Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India

Prof. Pushpa Jha Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India

Dr. QingSong Wang University of Science and Technology of China, State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, Anhui, China

Dr. Rajesh Das Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, West Bengal, India

Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan R & D (Battery), Su â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Kam Power Systems Ltd., Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Baddi, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Srinivasan Anandan Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Suranani Srinath Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama Sastry MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Prof. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Venugopal Akula CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Gurdaspur, Punjab, India

Dr. Wenming Yang National University of Singapore, Singapore

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present renewable energy issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of renewable energy and its commercialization as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Renewable Energy and its Commercialization Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Renewable Energy in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Solar energy, solar power and solar thermal energy, Hydroelectricity and hydropower, Biofuel and sustainable biofuel, Geothermal energy, Biomass conversion, Wind energy technology, Ocean thermal energies, Socio-economic and energy management, Climate change and global warming, Renewable energy industry, Nuclear power, Mechanical and thermal energy Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of renewable energy. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for chemical engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Renewable Energy and its Commercialization. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Stability Analysis of Mahua Seed and Waste Polystyrene Co-pyrolytic Oil Krushna Prasad Shadangi, Kaustubha Mohanty

2. Sustainable Development: The Current Indian Scenario S.V.A.R. Sastry, Ch.V.R. Murthy

3. Investigation on Stability Analysis of Polanga oil Methyl Ester Gyana Ranjan Behera, B. Prasanth, Biswajeet Nayak, Swarup Kumar Nayak, Purna Chandra Mishra

4. Sustainable Biofuels: Current Scenario Amit Agnihotri

5. Solar Energy: Current Indian Scenario Chhavi Jain

International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Stability Analysis of Mahua Seed and Waste Polystyrene Copyrolytic Oil Krushna Prasad Shadangi1*, Kaustubha Mohanty2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, V. S. S. University of Technology, Burla, Odisha, India Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India

Abstract Biomass pyrolytic oil is a complex mixture of organic compounds and obtained in a nonequilibrium state. Hence, the physical properties of bio-oil such as calorific value, viscosity, pH, density, flow ability and chemical compositions vary during storage. In this study, copyrolysis of Mahua seed was performed with waste polystyrene and studied the fuel properties and composition. The co-pyrolytic oil was produced at 2:1 ratio of seed to waste polystyrene using a semi batch reactor. Since, the previous study confirmed that 2:1 ratio was the optimum ratio of seed to waste polystyrene resulted in high calorific value pyrolytic oil, the stability of the co-pyrolytic oil is performed in the present study. The stability study of the co-pyrolytic oil was observed for 40 days at 40 °C. It was confirmed that Mahua seed and waste polystyrene co-pyrolytic oil was not stable after 10 days of aging. The fuel properties and composition varied with the aging time. The reduction in the calorific value was observed beyond 20 days of aging whereas viscosity started reducing with aging. Keywords: co-pyrolytic oil; DSC analysis; FTIR analysis; fuel properties; stability analysis

INTRODUCTION The complexity of biomass pyrolytic oil is because of the composition. Biomass pyrolytic oil is a composition of alkane, alkene, alcohol, aromatic, aldehyde, ester, acid and nitriles along with some water soluble and insoluble chemicals. The water soluble chemicals consist of various anhydrous sugars and levoglucosan. The existence of oxygen and oxygenated compounds are the major cause of its low calorific value as well as stability. The presence of oxygen in the biomass pyrolytic oil arises also in the form of water. This creates problems during storage and affects the physiochemical properties of pyrolytic oil. During ageing, the properties of biomass pyrolytic oil such as viscosity, density, calorific value, pH and water content vary and latterly the pyrolytic oil quality reduces. It was reported that the viscosity of biomass

pyrolytic oil increased after three months of aging at 35–37 °C.[1] The effect of aging on viscosity also observed at low and high temperature by Diebold and Czernik (1997) and conveyed that the viscosity increased twice at high temperature compared to low temperature.[2] The change in the viscosity was quite fewer when the biomass pyrolytic oil stored at less than 20 °C.[1] Hence, the pyrolytic should be stored at low temperature. The increase in the viscosity may be due to the loss of volatiles. Czernik et al. (1994) studied the storage stability of pyrolytic oil and reported that proper cracking of pyrolytic oil was less viscous due to low molecular weight.[3] The premature entrance of partially pyrolyzed particles,

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Sustainable Development: The Current Indian Scenario S.V.A.R. Sastry1*, Ch.V.R. Murthy2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract India has emerged as one of the most promising countries for the development of a biotechnology business pole because it is a mega biodiverse country containing more than two million different species of animals, plants and microorganisms. One of the biggest drawbacks of this country is the laws that govern innovation: intellectual property law and provisional measures of access to genetic resources do not encourage innovation in this sector. The evaluation system of universities is also a factor that delays innovation because the number of scientific articles is more important than the development of new services, products and processes. Moreover, the country features a wide variety of skilled PhD researchers. These researchers are highly capable of adapting, researching and innovating in an environment with limited financial resources. The national biotechnology strategy has emerged in an atmosphere of contradictions, with several financial and governmental incentives and limitations on the dual education - business environment and laws. The Indian biotechnology scenario is discussed in this article by aggregating national realities and difficulties for the strengthening of one of the globally emerging technologies. Keywords: biotechnology, genetic resources access, intellectual property, sustainable development

INTRODUCTION In 1972, the United Nations Organization created the World Commission on Environment and Development, at which time it adopted the term sustainable development. This term was consecrated during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (“Rio-92”) in 1992 in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This meeting marked a new era of world development with the creation of two important documents: Agenda 21 and the Earth Charter. Agenda 21 established priorities and commitment among the countries to reflect and distribute new values for future planning. The Earth Charter was published in 2000 by a commission and addresses the ethical rights to the construction of a more just, sustainable and peaceful XXI century society. New goals were set, and

awareness campaigns around the world.

were

launched

Sustainable development searches for alternatives to the excesses caused by classical capitalism, such as overconsumption, the need for excessive profits, creation of tons of waste, depletion of natural oil and water resources and exaggerated pollution. New models of monetary and business thinking have arisen based on this new attitude. The environment, which had been of insignificant interest to companies and industries, became their focus to create a perspective that it is no longer a concern of few, but of the entire society.

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Investigation on Stability Analysis of Polanga oil Methyl Ester Gyana Ranjan Behera1, B. Prasanth1, Biswajeet Nayak2, Swarup Kumar Nayak1,*, Purna Chandra Mishra1 1

School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India Department of Mechanical Engineering, Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel and consists of mono-alkyl esters of the fatty acids. One of the major technical problems associated with the biodiesel is its storage stability and susceptibility to oxidation because of its chemical nature. This nature of the biodiesel is due to unsaturated fatty acid chains in its molecular structure. Also, the presence of the double bond in the molecule of the biodiesel produces a high level of reactivity with the oxygen. The products of the oxidation cause the biodiesel to become acidic and to form insoluble gums and sediments that can plug fuel filters. Hence, the storage of biodiesel over extended periods may lead to degradation of fuel properties that may affect the fuel quality. In this work, biodiesel was derived from Polanga oil and the biodiesel samples were stored at room temperature and conducted the oxidation stability test utilizing various antioxidants like (BHT, TBP and OBPA) using Biodiesel Ranchimat instrument and storage stability study over a period of 6 weeks. At regular intervals, biodiesel samples were analyzed to measure the acid value, viscosity, calorific value, density, flash point and fire point. From the results, it is found that BHT was the most effective antioxidant used among all others on PoME (Polanga oil methyl ester). With respect to storage stability, there is a slight difference in the properties of the polanga biodiesel, but within the limits of the biodiesel specifications upto the storage period of 5 weeks. Keywords: anti-oxidants, biodiesel, oxidation stability, storage stability, transesterification, Ranchimat

INTRODUCTION A slow revision of the world vitality implements highlights that a significant small amount of the gross vitality devoured is gotten from the blazing of old hand powers. Among the old dog fills, sinuous coal, oil based powers contributes a most excessive in the tumble of the circumstance that of their affiliated physicochemical and ardent properties. Biodiesel composes of fatty acid monoalkyl esters with higher concentrations of long-chain mono-and polyunsaturated compounds to develop better cold flow properties.[1–3] The presence of such type of mono-and polyunsaturated compounds

make methyl ester highly effective to oxidative degradation.[4] Storage stability is the ability of liquid fuel to resist change in its physical and chemical characteristics brought about by its interaction with its environment. The key factors for introducing biodiesel is customer acceptance, standardization and quality assurance and storage stability is one such criteria. The stability of biodiesel during storage is more severe than that for conventional diesel fuel. The resistance of biodiesel to oxidative degradation during storage is an important issue for viability and sustainability of such alternative fuels.

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Sustainable Biofuels: Current Scenario Amit Agnihotri* Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract In context to the concerns related to attenuation of crude oil reserves, rise in demand and price of petroleum, global climate change and energy security; bioenergy is increasingly becoming relevant as a potential alternative to fossil fuels. Biofuels are derived from renewable bio-mass resources and therefore provide a strategic advantage to promote sustainable development associated with high economic growth. Here, in this short review, an overview of current scenario of biofuel production is discussed. Keywords: biofuel, ethanol, feedstock

INTRODUCTION Fuels are inevitable for industrial growth and development, and progress of any country. The life span of fossil fuel resources has always been frightening. Biodiesel, a renewable source of energy seems to be an ideal solution for global energy demands in many countries including India. Bio-fuels are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass resources such as plant materials. Biofuels are derived from renewable bio-mass resources and provide a strategic advantage in promoting sustainable development by supplementing the conventional energy sources. Biofuels help to replace diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for use in transportation, stationary, portable and other applications. Being sustainable, the biofuels are beneficial in meeting the rapidly increasing requirements for fuels associated with high economic growth, as well as in meeting the energy needs of India’s vast rural population.

Biofuels have been grouped into first-, second- and third-generational categories, viz. First Generation Biofuels These are largely made from feedstock that is conventionally being used as food. This includes sugars, starch, vegetable oils, and biodegradable output wastes from agriculture, industry, forestry and households. The first generation biofuels meets 30% of national requirement, however there are certain limitations associated with it. Today, first-generation biofuels (ethanol from corn and biodiesel from vegetable oil and animal fats) have taken a lot of heat in the media as being the culprit behind rising food prices.[1] These cannot be produced beyond a threshold level without threatening the nation’s food security. They are also not cost-competitive compared to the existing fossil fuels. Since, there are limited numbers of low-cost options for feedstock; the first-generation biofuels have nearly reached their maximum market share in the fuels market.

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International Journal of Renewable Energy and Its Commercialization Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Solar Energy: Current Indian Scenario Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

India with a rapidly growing economy stands 5th in the world in terms of production and consumption of electricity. The country has tremendous scope of generating solar energy largely because of its geographical location which enables to receive solar radiation almost throughout the year. Almost every part of India receives 4–7 kWh of solar radiation/m2 which is equivalent to 2300–3200 of sunshine h/yr. Several states including Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh have the potential to trap solar energy due to their location. Solar energy is the best form of renewable energy source that enables to fulfill energy needs of the country and also allows bridging the gap between the energy demand and supply. Solar energy is the best replacement to any other non-renewable energy sources in India. It is inexhaustible and environmentfriendly. It does not release any harmful gas like CO2 that could harm the ecosystem. Solar energy is used for various purposes such as heating, drying, cooking and electricity. In a developing country like India, where energy is scarce, solar power is the best alternative for power generation. Not only this, solar energy system is costeffective and can be easily installed anywhere including houses. However, there are certain limitations associated with the use of solar energy. Large land spaces are required to install a solar power plant. Only those areas that receive good amount of sunlight are used for solar power generation. The solar power panels

require high maintenance and can be easily damaged, hence require great care and huge maintenance expenses. Furthermore, it is quite not feasible to generate energy during night time with solar energy. The Indian solar market is growing in size. Thar Desert is known to have some of India’s best solar power projects that are estimated to generate 700–2100 GW. In 2014, the then Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, inaugurated the country’s biggest solar power plant at Diken in Neemuch district of Madhya Pradesh. India is now gaining prominence in the field of solar power generation due to several undergoing solar policies and projects. In a latest report by indiatimes.com, India is supposed to have an additional solar power generation capacity of nearly 5 GW in 2016. This is much more than what was observed in the previous year 2015. It is the Mercom Capital Group, a global clean energy communications and research group that is expected to have the solar installations in India to a total of 5 GW this year. A total of 7.5 GW solar installations were set by May 2016 and nearly 2.2 GW new capacities have been installed so far this year. According to the solar project pipeline, 22 GW have been surpassed of which 13 GW are still under construction and the other 9 GW are in the request for proposal process. The Indian government has shown strong interest towards the use of renewables with solar power in particular. By the end of FY2015-16, the

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« « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJREC

Chemical Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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JAN -JUNE 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

International Journal of Renewable Energy & Its Commercialization

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences