International Journal of Solid State Materials vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

and Design Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits « « « «

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

« « « «

International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

« « « «

International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJSSM

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

5 more...

Signals

Solid State Materials

¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

« « « « «

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

www.journalspub.com

International Journal of Solid State Materials International Journals Publisher

JournalsPub is a multi-disciplinary international journal boosting innovative & eminence research work by Division of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. Launched in 2014 under the support and guidance by our Honorable Editorial Board Members from renowned institutes.

Objectives of JournalsPub  JournalsPub is international scholarly journal that publishes peer reviewed journal in the frontier areas of

Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering.  JournalsPub publishes Original Research Papers, Review Papers, Popular Articles, Short

Communications & Case Study. 

Publishing special issues on Proceedings of Conferences, Seminars and Symposia.

 JournalsPub Publishes issues twice a year (bi-annually) in English-language which is available online

(open access) and in printed version with a goal to promote an extensive academic awareness.  JournalsPub desires to set a good benchmark in the publishing industry by launching more than 100+

new International Journals to help the scientific community to enhance communication within the research communities and maintain a balance between the existing and emerging interdisciplinary technologies.  JournalsPub aims to provide quality research articles for Academic Researchers, Industrial

Professionals, Engineers, Scientists, Professors, etc. working in the areas of Applied Sciences, Medical and Engineering to contribute and communicate innovative work.

Salient Features  An umbrella of 100+ journals that covers Applied Sciences, Medial and Engineering Arena.  The first and one of the rapidly emerging publication website in Country as well as overseas for its

excellence and exposure.  Universal transmission and reflectivity.  A Rigorous, Fast and Constructive Peer Review Process  Speedy Publication of Manuscripts  Eminent Editorial Board Members from renowned organizations.  Free Registration, Online Submission, Processing, Publication & Online Access of Manuscripts.  The journal publishes novel research articles with emphasis on theoretical and experimental work.

JournalsPub (Division of Dhruv Infosystems Private Ltd.) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journals. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the Author(s) and are not the opinion of JournalsPub unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order Cost of Journal National Subscription Rs. 3000/- per Journal (includes 2 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1800/copy

International Subscription Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 2 print issues)

Online + Print-$199 (includes 2 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@journalspub.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India include speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, JournalsPub also have Open Access Policy; Authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows: India, SARC and African Countries: INR 1500 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. The access will be blocked: If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking due to technical issue. Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy. Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: JournalsPub with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the next issue as per the frequency. Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to JournalsPub at least 2 months prior to the dispatch schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber ID and the subscription ID. Refund requests will not be entertained. Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@journalspub.com; Tel: +91 0120-4347644.

International Journal of Solid State Materials

International Journal of Solid State Materials is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of solid state and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to solid state material. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Amorphous oxide semiconductors

 Photovoltaics  Advanced materials for CMOS  Novel devices  Thin films  Crystal structure  Quasicrystals  Spin glasses  High-temperature superconductivity

International Journal of Solid State Materials is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandh Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Bhavana Singh Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr Saikat Kumar Seth Department of Physics, Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur West Bengal, India

Tanmaya Badapanda Department of Physics, C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

Dr. Pravanjan Mallick North Orissa University, Orissa, India

P D Sahare Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Joydeep Chowdhury Department of Physics, Sammilani Mahavidyalaya, E.M. Bypass, Baghajatin, Kolkata, India

Mohammad Mirzazadeh Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Islamic

Dr. Malay Kanti Sikdar The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India

Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi Neijing Normal University, Department of Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China

Dr Ramachandran Esakki Department of Physics, Thruvalluvar College Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India

Hong Van Nguyen Department of Computational Physics, School of Engineering Physics, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam

Dr. Binay Prakash Akhouri Ranchi University, Ranchi, India

Mustafa OkumuĹ&#x; Batman University, Turkey

Dr. Nabachandra Singh Asem Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India

Dr. P Murali Krishna National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India

Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Ajay D. Thakur Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences & Center for Energy and Environment, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna Patliputra, India

Dr. M. Jayasimhadri Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ajaykumar P Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Kinhavali, Tal. Shahapur, Dist. Thane, India

Dr. Narendra Kumar Department of Physics (CASH), Mody University of Science & Technology, India

Dr. M Wasi Khan Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Prof. Rupayan Bhattacharya University of Calcutta, India

Hemen ch. Medhi Lecturer , Department of Electronics St. Edmund's College, Shillong 793003,Meghalaya,, India

Dr. Santanu K. Maiti Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit Indian Statistical Institute 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata, India

Dr. Kushal Kalita Physics Department, Gauhati University, Shillong, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Solid State Materials. This journal is part of the physics, and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Solid State Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Solid State Materials community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Solid State Materials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Solid State Materials in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Solid State Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics, Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films, Crystal structure, Quasicrystals, Spin glasses, High-temperature superconductivity. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Solid State Materials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Solid State Materials community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Solid State Materials. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Solid State Materials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of solid state materials. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator S. Mahavar, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora

2. Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells Amit Mishra, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar

3. Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Different Areas Sonali Mangal, Diksha Joshi

4. Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction Inorganic Solar Cell Nidhi Sinha, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi

5. Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors Arvind Mahla, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni

International Journal of Solid State Materials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Fabrication and Testing of a Light Weight Solar Concentrator S. Mahavar*, A. Bhardwaj, P. Dashora

Department of Physics, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Solar energy is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most favoured nations, blessed with 5,000 trillion kWh/year insolation. Thus, investment in solar energy is a natural choice for India. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat through solar thermal systems. Different solar thermal appliances uses different solar collectors. Among those, concentrators are the most efficient way to collect solar radiation. A low price, light weight material with good reflectivity is desirable to decrease the cost and weight of solar concentrators and to reduce tracking complications. Considering this aspect present research work is focused on fabrication and testing of a light weight parabolic dish solar concentrator. This light weight solar concentrator (LWSC) (having 1.2 m diameter, 0.2 m height and focal length 0.45 m) is fabricated of iron supporting structure and six polymeric reflector sheets. Study of thermal performance of the system is done using two metallic disks coated with thin matt black paint. During experimental studies, azimuth-elevation tracking of this small system is done manually. Experimental studies done over a number of days show that with manual tracking of LWSC the highest temperature about 177 °C is achieved for steel receiver (0.057 m2) within 15 min under an average solar insolation of 850 W/m2. This study shows that polymeric reflector can be a suitable material to be used in large size solar concentrator to reduce weight of the system as well as tracking complications. Keywords: parabolic solar concentrator, polymeric reflector, receiver, tracking system

INTRODUCTION The Sun, source of energy for our earth, is an averaged sized star of Milkyway [Akashganga] galaxy having mass around 1.987x1030 kg, diameter about 1.39x109 m and temperature around 6000˚K. At its centre fusion process of hydrogen to form helium is continuously occurring which causes release of a great amount of energy at the rate of 3.83×1026 W. The intensity (solar radiation leaving the sun) is constant and it is called solar constant (at mean distance of 1 AU) denoted by, Isc = 1367 W/m2. The solar energy that hits the earth every second is equivalent to 4 trillion hundred-watt light bulbs. Furthermore, the solar energy received at one square mile in

a year is equivalent to the energy produced by 4 million barrels of oil. Thus, the potential of solar energy is immense [1–4]. Due to continuously increasing demand of electricity, our country needs to shift to non-polluting renewable sources of energy to meet future demand for electricity. Solar is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all. India is one of the sun’s most favoured nations, blessed with about 5,000 trillion kWh/year of solar insolation every year with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per meter square per day. Thus, investment in solar energy is a natural choice for India [3]. Solar energy can be collected and utilized to generate electricity through photovoltaic system or to generate heat

Page 1

International Journal of Solid State Materials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Parametric Comparison of Organic Solar Cells, Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Quantum Dot Solar Cells and Perovskite Solar Cells Amit Mishra*, Abhinav Shekhar, Vivek Kumar, Mohit Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Organic solar cells have great potential due to their advantages such as low cost, easy manufacturing techniques, made of abundant earth materials, ability to overcome Shockley Queisser efficiency limit etc., but as of current technology status, the widespread commercialization of organic solar cells are limited due to low lifetime. Two modeling approaches are studied, equivalent circuit model and optical model. Two studies conducted in this section, two diode model studies on degradation of organic solar cell under continuous illumination and comparison of two diode model parameters for various emerging photovoltaic technologies including organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, perovskite solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells. Keywords: equivalent circuit, organic solar cell, perovskite solar cell, quantum dot solar cell, Queisser efficiency

INTRODUCTION Energy is the backbone of any economy. All economic activities including production of goods and services, development of basic amenities, eradication of poverty and development of standard of living, all requires a continuous reliable supply of energy. Solar energy is an important source of renewable energy and as of the current status it contributes 0.24% of the total energy demand [3]. Along with wind energy it constitutes two high potential and growing energy markets. Solar energy technologies can be broadly classified as active solar and passive solar. Solar cells are classified into three categories namely â&#x20AC;&#x201C; first, second and third generation solar cells. The first generation solar cells are also called conventional or wafer based solar cells. They are made of mono and poly crystalline silicon and are the commercially predominant solar cell technology. Second generation of solar

cells includes thin film solar cells, which include amorphous silicon, CdTe and CIGS solar cells. Third generation of solar cells is often seen as emerging photovoltaic technologies. They are predicted to have high efficiencies and performances but most technologies are in research or developmental phase. They include organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, dye sensitized solar cells, etc. Organic Solar Cell: Principle and Mechanism The major difference of organic semiconductors and atomic semiconductors is the presence of molecules instead of atoms. This results in optical properties like absorption and luminescence and the electrical properties including transport gaps, charge carrier localization, separation, and transport. The

Page 10

International Journal of Solid State Materials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Applications of Paraffin as Thermal Energy Storage (TES) in Different Areas Sonali Mangal*, Diksha Joshi Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Plants of renewable sources of energy are situating across many places as they are never ending resources. But their cost is very high, their efficiency is less. Their day time utility is present but it is hard to utilize solar energy in night. Hence solution to these problems coming is Thermal Energy Storage systems. PCM i.e. phase change materials are used as storage material in these TES system. Paraffin wax is commercially available and in use as PCM. This paper investigates and reviews on the paper presented previously on the applications of Paraffin wax in TES in different areas like water distillation, storage and how their efficiency can be increased. It is found that now-a-days paraffin wax is better than other because of its high thermal conductivity and using composite with paraffin makes it more productive. But at some areas Paraffin fails in front of hydrated PCM salts. Moreover overall system is reliable. Keywords: composite, distillation, hydrated PCM salt, thermal energy storage, paraffin wax

INTRODUCTION Human sustainability requires energy in any form that can be from renewable source or non-renewable sources of energy. Since human activity demand is increasing day by day and the store of nonrenewable source of energy is decreasing with a greater rate, hence there is a great demand of non-renewable source of energy. There are many non-renewable energy resources in which solar energy is one, which provides thermal energy. But the prime drawbacks of this are efficiency of this is very less, they are dependent on time and their storage [1–6]. Hence, there is a great requirement to upgrade its efficiency through other ways like using a product which can trap and store its energy and can provide whenever needed. PCM i.e. Phase Change Material as Thermal Energy storage material is one of those product which increases its

efficiency, its utility, decreases wastage and effects the overall gain.

the

THEORY Thermal Energy Storage Thermal energy storage method is used in order to cool or heat buildings or tanks when the temperature inside is above or below the internal energy in the stored substance. It is used so that energy could not be wasted and can be utilized with its maximum efficiency whenever required. This method is a solution to the drawbacks of solar energy: (1) Storing and delivering power according to the time requirement for e.g. storing in daytime and delivering in night time. (2) Security of energy supply.

Page 19

International Journal of Solid State Materials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Analysis of Different Output Parameters of Multi-junction Inorganic Solar Cell Nidhi Sinha*, Varun Chandra, Diksha Joshi Poornima University, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT One of the partial solutions to the urgent crisis of global warming and energy shortage is the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable sources. The solar cell is one of the most attractive sources of renewable energy. To increase the efficiency of Solar cell various multi-junction solar cell designs were proposed and analyzed. In general, By and large, the productivity of the multi-junction solar cell relies on different outline parameters, for example, material sort, thickness of the layers, doping concentration, type of texturing and thickness of anti-reflective coating. Multi-junction solar cells comprising of series stacked p-n junction layers offer a huge change in efficiency over ordinary solar cells by generating power over a bigger range of daylight. The plan of multi-junction solar cells is confused by both the longing to have maximally effective intersection layers and the need to coordinate the current delivered in every junction layer under ideal load conditions. Maximum reported efficiency was >50% with the four junction InGaP/GaAs/MQW/Ge solar cell. Keywords: multijunction inorganic solar cell, photovoltaic cell, solar cell

INTRODUCTION Solar Power (otherwise called Solar radiation or insolation) is energy from the Sun. This energy, as warmth and light, bolsters all life on earth, drives the Earth's atmosphere and climate and is predominately in charge of class of resources all things considered known as renewable energy. Every hour the sun beam onto the Earth more than lots of energy to satisfy global energy needs for an entire year. Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun’s energy and make it usable. A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is physical and chemical phenomenon. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device

whose electrical characteristics, such as current, voltage, or resistance, change when exposed to light. The operation of a photovoltaic (PV) cell requires 3 basic attributes:  The assimilation of light, creating either electron-hole pair or excitons  The partition of charge carriers of opposite types.  The different extraction of those carriers to an outside circuit. Cells, Modules, Panels and Systems Different solar based cells in a coordinated gathering all situated in one plane, constitute a solar photovoltaic board or solar photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic modules regularly have a sheet of glass on the sun-confronting side, permitting light to pass while ensuring the semiconductor

Page 26

International Journal of Solid State Materials Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Revolution and Expansion of Nanofluids in Different Sectors Arvind Mahla*, Ashok Rinwa, Sourabh Soni

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sobhasaria Engineering College, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Generally, heat transfer has become critical issue in many sectors due to compact designs as one cannot manipulate with design much more. But in this technical era, there has been a huge demand of an alternative source which can enhance the heat transfer rate with less power consumption and maximum efficiency. Traditional fluids + nanoparticles could only enhance the thermal conductivity by 25% (approx.) with the application in limited sectors. For the enhancement of thermal conductivity, liquid-metal fluid with the addition of recent predicted nanoparticles such as CNTs, Cerium-oxide, Al2O3, graphite increased the applications in many sectors. This paper discusses applications in electronic, electrical, automotive, aerospace, aeronautics, optics, heating and air conditioning systems. Heat removal and control are the demanding challenges in some high heat flux systems such as nuclear fission, fusion, micro/nanoelectronics mechanical systems, solar collectors and micro chemical reactions. Keywords: heat flux, thermal conductivity, stability of nanofluids

INTRODUCTION New focus is on the world’s oil production and concern of greenhouse gas emissions which led to increased propellant performance and environment sustainability. Current propellant use Hydrazine which have many negative health and environmental effects to living being. According to U.S. environmental protection agency [EPA] [1], short term exposure to hydrazine can result in permanent damage to the central nervous system, kidneys, livers. Thus wide use of diesel engines leads to harmful threat of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions. Improvement in the performance of diesel engines is a very important challenge to be addressed, in the recent era due to the fast depletion of fossil fuel resources as well as due to the harmful hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Efforts are also made for the reformulation of diesel fuel to decrease these harmful emissions without

affecting the physicochemical properties of fuel such as viscosity, flash and fire point. Improvements in heat transfer systems can be achieved by increasing the surface area or the heat transfer coefficient. Fins or extended surfaces are employed to augment the heat dissipation area. The heat transfer coefficient for forced convection depends on multiple parameters such as geometry, fluid velocity and thermophysical properties, flow regime, etc. but with increase in fins, the geometry has to be changed, which causes increase in the size. A nanofluid is a fluid consisting of uniformly dispersed and suspended nanometer-sized particles in fluids with the purpose of improving their properties, such as the thermal conductivity and the viscosity. The innovative idea of

Page 32

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

and Design Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJSSM

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

5 more...

Signals

Solid State Materials

¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences