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International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Water Resources Engineering is a peer-reviewed journal that emphasize on hydropower engineering, hydrodynamics, water conservation, river restoration and other major water resource engineering disciplines. Journal publishes both original research articles and high impact comprehensive review articles of the field.

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Hydrology and hydraulic engineering

 Hydropower engineering  Hydrodynamics and hydrometeorology  Water conservation  River restoration  Storm water management and flood protection  Groundwater protection and utilization  Rural water management  Geographical information systems  Water quality and conservation

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. A. F. M. Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering And Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Rahisuddin Ahmed Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sohail Ayub Department Of Civil Engineering, Z. H. College, Aligarh (Uttar Pradesh), India

Dr. Mujahid Faiyaz Hussain Shram Sadhna Trust's College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon, India

Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Department of Applied Geology National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India

Dr. Siby John Department of Civil Engineering, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Department of Civil Engineering, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. M. V. Molykutty Department of Civil Engineering, B. S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India

Dr. Sohail Ayub Civil Engineering Department, Z. H. College, Faculty of Engg. & Technology, India

Sonal Jain Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, India

Dr Akshey Bhargava Professor, Global Institute Of Engineering and Technology, A.P, India,

Prerna Sharma Assistant Professor, Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering, G D Goenka University, India

Amandip Singh Assistant Professor, Dept. of Research and Planning, Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi, India

Manjeet Singh Research Engineer, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

Gobinath Ravindran Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur (Tamil Nadu), India

Amarsinh Babanrao Landage Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering Department,Govt. College of Engineering, Karad Tal. Karad, Dist. Satara, Mahrashtra, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Water Resources Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Water Resources Engineering from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Water Resources Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Water Resources Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Concrete Technology in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Water Resources Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Hydrology and hydraulic engineering, Hydropower engineering, Hydrodynamics and hydrometeorology, Water conservation, River restoration, Storm water management and flood protection, Groundwater protection and utilization, Rural water management, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Water Resources Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Water Resources Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Water Resources Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Water Resources Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and Paper Industryâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon Akshey Bhargava, Prachi Bhajipale

2. Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Waste Water Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave

3. Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR: A Review Rohit Rathi

4. Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural Coagulant Sonal Jain

5. Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava, Pratiksha Dave

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering

eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Treatment of Wastewater From Pulp and Paper Industry—Special Reference to Aerated Lagoon 1

Akshey Bhargava1, Prachi Bhajipale2,3

Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Sciences, Human Health & Ecosystems, UK 3 Pollution Control Technology, Bharati Vidyapeeth, India

ABSTRACT Pulp and Paper industry in India has made tremendous strides during the last 60 years and is one of the largest industry in India. Most of the industries, with a few exceptions, are integrated Pulp and Paper mills using Kraft or Sulphate process of pulping. The water consumption and consequently waste water discharge is enormous in Pulp and Paper industry and accordingly pose serious problems on the receptor environment. This warrants adequate treatment of wastewater including recycling of treated wastewater to reduce overall pollution load on the environment. Though there are various treatment technologies available to treat the wastewater from Pulp and Paper industry but the authors in the present paper have adopted and designed Aerated Lagoon along with pre and post treatment systems. Keywords: aerated lagoon, pulp and paper industry, wastewater,

INTRODUCTION Paper is basic commodity in our daily life – our means of packaging, recording and communication. Water is one of the raw material used in large quantities in the manufacture of Pulp and Paper. The entire process, right from washing of raw material to the drying of sheets of paper, water is required in one form or the other. As the end product paper is free from water, all most all water, which is used during manufacturing process, reappears as waste water.[1–3] Manufacturing of pulp requires large quantity of water which is used in chipper house, pulp processing and screening, washing and thickening of pulp, bleaching and in paper machine. Water is also used to generate power and steam. Thus without reuse of water, the amount of waste water is enormous. Therefore, the maximum reuse of water

becomes one of the basic approach in the effective reduction of waste water quantities and pollution load. In large units, for each ton production of paper, water used is to the tune of 300 K.L and waste water generation of about 250 K.L with BOD of the order of 200 mg/l. However, small units with fibre recovery system and recirculation arrangement of water but without chemical recover system, the combined wastewater effluent is around 200 K.L/ ton of paper produced with an average BOD of 700 mg/l.

Thus about 50 kg of BOD per ton of paper produced is contributed by large integrated pulp and paper industries whereas small industries with no chemical recovery system contribute 140 kg of BOD per ton of paper produced.

Page 1

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering

eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Technological Options for the Treatment of Pulp and Paper Waste Water 1

Akshey Bhargava1, Pratiksha Dave2

Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India

Abstract Waste-water treatment is becoming even more important in the light of diminishing water resources, increasing industrial, domestic and agriculture water usage and consequently waste-water disposal and its costs along with stricter discharge regulations that have lowered permissible contaminant levels in waste streams. The treatment of waste-water for reuse and disposal is particularly important for water scarce states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, and other states in India where water availability is highly critical. Pulp and Paper industry requires enormous water in different processes and consequently generate significant waste water effluents. Such a significant quantity of effluent needs to be treated adequately to avoid damage to receptor environment. Various methods have been tried to treat the waste water from pulp and paper industries on laboratory scale, pilot plant and on field. The authors of the present paper have elaborated physical and chemical treatment methods along with biological, irrigation and land treatment and advanced waste water treatment methods to treat the pulp and paper industry effluents. Keywords: paper, pulp, waste water

INTRODUCTION The pulp and paper industry uses large amounts of water in pulp preparation, bleaching water, boiler feed water and cooling system water and subsequently has to treat significant volumes of wastewater and sludge. Therefore, effective water management including streamlined consumption and recycling can have a direct effect on the plantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s production, performance and environmental impact. Pulp and paper industries generate varieties of complex organic and inorganic pollutants depending upon the type of the pulping process. A state-of-art of treatment processes and efficiencies of various wastewater treatment is presented and critically reviewed in this paper.[1] Main emphasis is given to physico-chemical,

aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment. In pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment aerobic treatment includes activated sludge process, aerated lagoons and aerobic biological reactors. UASB, fluidized bed, anaerobic lagoon and anaerobic contact reactors are the main technologies for anaerobic wastewater treatment. It is found that the combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes is much efficient in the removal of soluble biodegradable organic pollutants. Color can be removed effectively by fungal treatment, coagulation, chemical oxidation, and ozonation.

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International Journal of Water Resources Engineering

eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Yamuna River Degradation Due to Heavy Metals in Delhi-NCR: A Review Rohit Rathi*

Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT Allahabad, India

ABSTRACT Yamuna river, which is a heart river for Delhi-NCR, is the most-polluted river in the country. Highly populated Delhi-NCR pollute the river Yamuna in all aspects weather we talk about domestic or industrial waste; which I turn affect in increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, and environmental reasons. Mythologically Yamuna River is associated with the Hindus but apart it fulfills the need of people in other way as well. The water quality is degraded day by day due to various unwanted activities of human beings. Contaminated water contains various hazardous toxic substances which are non-degradable; various heavy metals like lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, zinc, etc. were accumulated in the river and leads to disturb flora-fauna [BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO)] with human life as well. Keywords: bioaccumulate, BOD, DO

INTRODUCTION The other name of Yamuna River is Jamuna, and it is the major tributary of the Ganges River. Yamuna is 1376 km long which flows solely through India, crossing three states: Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. The Yamuna contributes most of its part to the border between the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand and later on its course between the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 80% people dependent on the water of the Yamuna along with rapid population growth, the Yumuna has developed into one of the most polluted rivers in the world. There are many interesting cities on Yamuna’s way too like Delhi or the city of Taj called Agra, where the worldrenowned Taj Mahal is located.[1]

IMPORTANCE OF YAMUNA WATER AND DEGRADATION OF YAMUNA RIVER River Yamuna is one of the biggest rivers to flows through the world's largest river basin- the Ganges river basin. A population of millions people depends on this river, which is spread over nearly huge square kilometers. The most ancient known civilizations is the river basin. But according to the studies done by government and international studies are now suggesting that this river system which has had religious, political and ecological importance is now going to be dead. The government of India claims on its website that the river Yamuna does not have a single drop of natural water after it flows through Delhi. The United Nations website in one of its report declares it as a dead river.[2–4]

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eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Waste Water Treatment by Using Garlic Extract as a Natural Coagulant Sonal Jain*

Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Coagulation is the process of removal of very fine particles by forming bigger flocs in the water. But this process is not much efficient in waste water treatment as in the treatment of drinking water. This is because of adding chemical coagulant for the treatment of waste water. Use of chemicals in treatment of dyeing waste water causes formation of nonbiodegradable sludge. To avoid this we made an attempt in the treatment of water by using plant based natural coagulant. Here we tried garlic, as natural coagulant for the treatment. The extract of garlic was obtained and it was used in this process. The result was found in a greater efficiency in the removal of hazardous chemical composition present in the dyeing waste water. From the result, it was obtained that 96% of COD and 93% of BOD has been achieved. Also the iron and chromium have been removed 100%. Keywords: coagulation, Garlic extract, natural coagulant, water treatment

INTRODUCTION Dyeing industry is one of the highly developing industries in India. Many districts like Tirupur have dyeing industries as the backbone of their city development. In this scenario, the waste water releasing from these industries forms a major environmental problem. As this industry consumes a large volume of water for the coloring and bleaching of clothes, the water consumed in this industry became waste at the end of the process. This water contains highly hazardous chemicals which are discharged directly into the river or sewer lines that are hazardous to the environment. So in order to prevent this, treatment of this waste water is essential. For this purpose, some treatment plants are established in the city itself. In these plants, processes such as aeration, sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, reverse osmosis, etc., are followed. Among these processes coagulation is the most important because

it can remove very finely suspended particles also. For the removal of suspended particles, some chemical coagulants are added to the waste water in this process. The addition of chemical coagulants results in the formation of nonbiodegradable sludge. The plant based coagulant mechanisms are used for treatment of wastewater which can be easily processed.[1] The distillery waste water is treated with bean extract in the coagulation process. The distillery waste water is highly polluted it is most crucial environmental issue.[2] The performances of strychnos potato ram seed extract as primary coagulant are comparable with the performance of alum.[3] The evaluation of cactus and hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants have also been used to treat the industrial wastewater like textile mill wastewater.[4]

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International Journal of Water Resources Engineering

eISSN: 2456-1606 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Global Water Resources With Special Reference to India 1

Akshey Bhargava1, Pratiksha Dave2

Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Environmental Engineer Green Solutions, India

ABSTRACT The global water resources are facing and are likely face serious challenges in the time to come on account of rapid increase in population, urbanization, industrialization and supporting agriculture. More than a billion people currently live in water-scarce regions, and as many as 3.5 billion might experience water scarcity by 2025.Moreover, Increasing pollution contaminate freshwater along with coastal aquatic ecosystems. Further to this, climate change is responsible to shift precipitation patterns and enhance glacial melt, altering water supplies and intensifying floods and drought. It would be evident that 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh water out of which slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps whereas the remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. The world population was 6.2 billion in the year 2000 whereas by 2050 there is likely to be an additional 3.5 billion people as per U.N. estimates and most of this growth is expected to be in developing countries which already suffer water stress It thus tends to indicate that water demand will increase unless there are corresponding increases in water conservation coupled with recycling and reuse of this vital resource. The authors of the present paper focuss on status of global resources of water with special reference to India partly to provide a base and partly to evolve well thought strategy for managing the water resources. Keywords: management, planning, water resource

INTRODUCTION Water is an important and challenging resource which requires special attention in terms of its conservation, resource planning and management along with recycling, reuse and sustainability. It is essential for human civilization, living organisms, and natural habitat and is being used for drinking, cleaning, agriculture, transportation, industry, recreation, and animal husbandry, producing electricity for domestic, industrial and commercial use. However, due to lack of integrated water resource management and ignorance, its adverse impact has started in many

countries and if proper attention is not paid, it is going to assume alarming situation in times to come. The hydrologic cycle moves enormous quantity of water around the globe but in fact much of the world’s water has little potential for human use because 97.5% of all water on earth is saline water whereas majority of remaining 2.5% freshwater lies deep and frozen in Antarctica and Greenland and hardly about 0.26% fresh water available in rivers, lakes, soils and shallow aquifers which are readily usable for human need.[1–4]

Page 32

7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

eISSN: 2456-1606 Applied Mechanics

Mechanical Engineering

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Chemical Engineering

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Civil Engineering

Architecture

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International Journal of

Water Resources Engineering

Jul–Dec 2016 5 more...

Nursing « « « « «

IJWRE

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

5 more...

Biotechnology

Chemistry

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Nanotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences