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International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Digital Communication and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to Digital Communication and Analog Signals. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)  Time division multiplexing  Pulse code modulation  Quantization  Delta modulation  Voice and data integration  Baseband transmission  Analogue processing circuits  Digital signal processing  Analog-to-digital converter  Magnetic tape and magnetic recording

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Dr. Vandana Vikas Thakare Electronics Department Madhav Intitute Technology Science Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh,I ndia

Dr. Ajay Somkuwar Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, MANIT Bhopal, India

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Dr. Ram Mohan Mehra School of Engineering & Technology Sharda University Greater Noida, India

Dr. Sanjay Pachauri Tula's Institute, Dehradun, India

Sandeep Kumar Kautish Engineering North West Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dhudike (MOGA) Punjab, India

K.M. Mehata Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Anna University,Chennai, India

Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt

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Dr. Seyed Feraydune Kashefi Khavaran Higher-education Institute, Iran

V. Koushick Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mookambigai College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu

Tanupriya Choudhury Amity University, Noida, India

V. Sharmila Deve Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Saurabh Rai Dhirendra Prasad Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, DKTE Society's Textile and Engineering Institute, Ichalkaranji, India

Dr. Saeid Zoghi Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood Azad University, Shahrood, Iran

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals. This journal is part of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Digital Communication and Analog Signals issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog Signals focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Frequency division multiplexing (FDM), Time division multiplexing, Pulse code modulation, Quantization, Delta modulation, Voice and data integration, Baseband transmission, Analogue processing circuits, Digital signal processing etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Review Paper on OFDM: Basic Concept and Application Nidhi, R.S. Singh, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal

2. Review â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Approach to Steganography Technique Neha, Himanshu Monga

3. Particle Swarm Optimization to Enhance Low Resolution Images M. R. Bichwe, D. Bichwe, S.R. Bichwe, S. Satija

4. A Brief Introduction to Holographic Memory Rahul Sharma

5. Research and Implementation of QAM Signal Using Texas Instruments (TMS320C6713) Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi, Chatla Veeraiah

International Journal of Digital Communication & Analog Signals

eISSN: 2455-0329 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Review Paper on OFDM: Basic Concept and Application Nidhi, R.S. Singh*, R. Kumar, V.K. Agrawal

Department of Electronics and Communication, I M S Engineering College Ghaziabad, UP, India

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper, is to review the work already done associated with channel estimation technique in Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) effectively mitigates the problem of inter symbol interference (ISI) caused by the delay unfold of wireless channels. Therefore, it has been utilized in many wireless systems and adopted by numerous standards. Throughout this paper, we have presented a comprehensive survey on OFDM for wireless communications and their modulations techniques to boost the performance of OFDM for communications, as well as channel estimation and detection, time and frequency-offset estimation and correction, peak-toaverage power magnitude quantitative relation reduction, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques and applications of OFDM. Keywords: CDMA, FDD, inter symbol interference, OFDM, TDD

INTRODUCTION In a basic communication system, the data is modulated onto one carrier frequency. The available bandwidth is then totally occupied by each symbol. This type of system will cause intersymbol-interference (ISI) just in case of frequency selective channel. The fundamental plan of OFDM is to divide the available spectrum into many orthogonal subchannels so that every narrowband sub channel experiences nearly flat fading. The “flatness’ perceived by a narrowband channel overcomes the frequency selective fading.[1] On the opposite hand, modulating symbols at a really low rate makes the symbols for much longer than channel impulse response and thence reduces the Directorate for ISI. Use of appropriate error correcting codes provides a lot of strength against frequency selective fading. The insertion of an additional guard interval between consecutive OFDM symbols will cut

back the consequences of Directorate for ISI even a lot of. The employment of FFT technique to implement modulation and demodulation functions makes it computationally a lot of economical. OFDM systems have gained associate degree multiplied interest throughout the last years. It is employed in the European digital broadcast radio system, similarly as in wired setting such as asymmetric digital subscriber lines (ADSL). This system is employed in digital subscriber lines (DSL) to provide high bit rate over a twisted-pair. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is turning into the chosen modulation technique for wireless communications. OFDM can provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. Many analysis centers within the world have specialized groups operating within the improvement of OFDM systems. In associate degree OFDM theme, an oversized variety of orthogonal,

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International Journal Digital Communication and Analog Signals

eISSN: 2455-0329 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Review – An Approach to Steganography Technique Neha, Himanshu Monga*

Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Vidyapeeth, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT Steganography is the technique that provides the base for secure communication. It is the art of hiding information in some other means of false medium for making a possible secure communication. The information to be hidden can be of any form such as text, image and video etc. and so the cover medium. Unlike cryptography, in steganography after the data is successfully hidden it is not even visible to the eavesdropper or the intruder which makes this technique safer and secure to follow. This review includes all about the major steganography techniques in spatial and transformational domain keeping the main focus on image steganography. Keywords: cover image, frequency domain, LSB, spatial domain, stego-image

INTRODUCTION Steganography is the art of hiding information in any other cover medium. The word steganography is derived from the Greek words “steganos” and “graphie” meaning “concealed writing”. This technique isn’t a modern one, it was used from the ancient times. The cover medium can be any such as text, image or video. In ancient times people used wax tablets as a cover medium, used invisible inks, or encrypt the information with some codes and many more ancient techniques were used those days. In this digitalized era techniques have changed but the purpose always remained the same. So the cover mediums were also changed to digital mediums like image, video etc. In general any digital means can be used to hide the information, but at the same time the digital means with high degree of redundancy is more suitable. Here redundancy is with respect to the redundant bits that can be altered without being noticed.

This need is served by a digital image which has high redundancy. An image can be a color image or grayscale image. A color image consists of three planes, red, green, and blue and each plane is composed of M x N pixels and with pixel values of 0–255, whereas a grayscale image consists of only one plane with pixel values ranging from 0 to 128. Video is another digital medium that supports steganography. Videos are considered more than images for hiding due to their high degree of spatial and temporal redundancy. Generally a video can be visualized a sequence of images running per second. A normal video consists of 25 frames per second. When compared with image steganography the probability of detection of hidden data in a video is less, but however there are also different attacks that can be applied on each single frame of a video like changing frame rates, lossy compression, interchanging the formats and addition or deletion of the frames during video processing. In case of video the hiding

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International Journal Digital Communication and Analog Signals

eISSN: 2455-0329 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Particle Swarm Optimization to Enhance Low Resolution Images 1

M.R. Bichwe1*, D. Bichwe2, S.R. Bichwe1, S. Satija1

Kavikulguru Institute of Technology and Science, Ramtek, India Guru Nanak Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nagpur, India

ABSTRACT In digital image processing enhancement of low resolution images is always a priority field. Construction of high resolution image from low resolution images by using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the input low resolution image into several sub band images. The resolution of surveillance video frames can be improved by interpolation between pixels to generate a moderate enhancement. A hybrid novel method is used to enhance low resolution images of different categories. It basically merges the frequency domain and nature inspired optimization algorithm to produce optimum results Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to generate a better high resolution image. Keywords: DWT, interpolated, particle swarm optimization, visual, resolution images

INTRODUCTION In the field of digital image processing, low resolution images are common found problem. Construction of high resolution image from low resolution images by using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to decompose the input low resolution image into several subband images. The high frequency sub band are passed through a Non local means filter to cater for the artifacts generated by DT-CWT. The resolution of surveillance video frames can be improved by interpolation between pixels to generate a moderate enhancement. Introduces a hybrid novel method to enhance low resolution images of different categories.[1] It basically merges the frequency domain and nature inspired optimization algorithm

to produce optimum results. The algorithm used here is particle swarm optimization (PSO), which is combined with DWT and IDWT in subsequent stages to result in desired output. TECHNIQUE/ALGORITHM Enhancement of low resolution images is always a priority field of DSP (digital image processing). DWT is used to decompose the input low resolution image into different sub bands. In order to gain the high resolution image, the estimated high frequency sub bands (LH, HL, HH) is then summed up with interpolated output image of the frequency domain.[2] Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to generate a better high resolution image (Figure 1).

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eISSN: 2455-0329 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Brief Introduction to Holographic Memory Rahul Sharma*

Maharana Pratap Group of Institutions, Institute of Technology and Sciences, Lucknow, India

ABSTRACT Since the leap of civilization from stone age to now that being the industrial and pro digital age mankind has made leaps and bounds of progress in various domains of science and technology. Light has been the backbone for various devices enabling data reading and storage for more than two and a half decades. It all started with the introduction of C.D which could store about 700 MB of data and operated at moderate speeds and with technological upgradation came the DVD which could store about 17 GB of data and could operate at higher speeds around 10 Mbps and in the same category came Blu-ray Discs in 2006 with enhanced storage and speeds around 54 GB and 36 Mbps respectively But with the future requirements of greater speed and storage capacities a greater and easier look ahead is required. The plausible technology in this frame which utilizes 3d layers instead of the conventional 2d technology is Holographic Data Storage. Keywords: data, hologram, holographic, holographic memory, SLM

INTRODUCTION Addressing the subject we hence proceed towards the discussion of holography. HOLOGRAPHY A hologram is an agglomerate of photosensitive material which records the interference of two light sources. For creating a hologram, laser light is first split into two beams, a source beam and a reference beam. The source beam is then favorably impacted upon the photosensitive material. The source beam henceforth, interferes with the reference beam in the interior of the material and the resultant of this interference of laser light is captured and recorded on the photosensitive material, forming a hologram. Once recorded, a hologram can only be viewed by the reference beam. The reference beam is projected into the hologram at the exact angle as it was projected during recording. When this light strikes the recorded pattern, the source beam is regenerated out of the refracted light. Data of the source beam is

sent out of the hologram and can be decoded suitably by optical sensors. CREATING HOLOGRAM

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Research and Implementation of QAM Signal Using Texas Instruments (TMS320C6713) Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi*, Chatla Veeraiah

Assistant Professor, EEE Department, Sphoorthy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT During the last two decades the growth of digital communication and modulation techniques are widely considered in real time application in order to transfer reliable information with high data rate. Since digital modulation is resistible to noise people show interest in adopting it. Though there is various modulation techniques QAM is one of the most commonly used modulation. The QAM has higher efficiency power which results its application in mobile communication. QAM is the combination of both amplitude and phase modulation. The original 16-bit of data is modulated and sent through a channel. The noise was included and retrieved the original data through demodulation. As there is increment in mobile and telephone users, the bandwidth requirement for each user is mutually greater. Due to this there is spectral congestion caused and drastic development has been taken in the field of mobile communications. QAM multilevel modulation can offer an interesting solution to current bandwidth restriction in microcellular networks. The conventional method of QAM synthesis is analog. In this paper an attempt has been taken for the experimental synthesis of 16-Bit QAM by using principle of Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) with the help of the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) TMS320C6713. The composite QAM signal has been generated by writing a program in the C language source file of Code Composer Studio (CCStudio) Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Exploratory results for 16-bit QAM modulating sequence are included. Keywords: CCS, DAC and MATLAB, QAM, Texas Instruments (TMS320C6713)

INTRODUCTION Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) is a method of generating an analog waveform, usually a sine wave by producing a time varying signal in digital form and then doing a Digital-to-Analog (DAC) conversion. As the operations within a device are digital it can offer fast switching between frequencies which provides better optimization, resolution, and operation over a broad spectrum of frequencies.[1,2] Code Composer Studio is used to write necessary C- language and Assembly level programs. CCStudio delivers all of the host tools and runtime

software support for TMS320C6713 DSP based real-time embedded applications.[3] ASK, PSK and FSK are popular modulation techniques used for Digital Communication. On the basis of modulating sequence if we vary the amplitude and phase simultaneously, we can have the combination of ASK and PSK which results in Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). DDS based sinusoid generation and ASK implementation on Texas Instruments TMS320C6713 is well discussed in refs.[4,5] In this present work we have experimentally generated a QAM signal on

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