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International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology aims at providing a comprehensive yet concise platform to the researchers for dissemination of research that can have an impact on the ongoing research Journal publishes research and review article that are of good quality and original in nature.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Cell transformation

! Gene cloning systems ! Next generation sequencing ! Molecular and cell biology automation ! Protein purification and analysis ! Transgenic species ! Therapeutic proteins ! Cells genetic and metabolic capacity ! Molecular markers

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A. P), India

Dr. Promila Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Brijesh Pandey Amity University, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER] /University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Arvind Diwan (Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director (Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Rajat Banerjee Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. N. Manikanda Boopathi Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Avinash Cheekoth Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs, UAE

Dr. Aumreetam Dinabandhu ICAR - NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India

Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr Indraneel Ghosh Systems Biology Department, Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Department of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering & Technology, Tangori-Mohali, India

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Insititute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials, Bangalore, India

Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Tha. Thayumanavan School of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran College of Science, Coimbatore, India.

Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Rekha Khandia Department of Science and Technology, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. Kumaresan Mohan Udaya School of Engineering Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Subha Parameshwaran Department of Microbiology, KJ Somaiya Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India

Dr. Guru Prasad Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Shashwat Sharad Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India

Dr. S. Thangminlal Vaiphei Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Meghalaya, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

Dr. J. John Peter Paul St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Tamil Nadu, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Molecular Biotechnology issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Molecular Biotechnology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Molecular Biotechnology, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Molecular Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Molecular Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Cell transformation, Gene cloning systems, Next generation sequencing, Molecular and cell biology automation, Protein purification and analysis, Transgenic species, Therapeutic proteins, Cells genetic and metabolic capacity, Molecular markers etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Molecular Biotechnology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Molecular Biotechnology. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Molecular Biotechnology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Molecular Biotechnology readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Molecular Biotechnology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers Smriti Gupta, Ajit Kumar, Vishwajeet Rohil

2. Cell Cycle Sahil Thakkar

3. Cell Death Anshul Gupta

4. Transformation Srishti Kathuria

5. Transgenesis Manmeet Wadia

International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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COPD: Role and Challenges of Biomarkers Smriti Gupta1*, Ajit Kumar1, Vishwajeet Rohil2 1

Department of Biochemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR Sonipat, Haryana, India Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Abstract The term chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) became a worldwide matter of concern due to its increasing rate of mortality and prevalence to global scenario and its increasing burden on economic society. COPD is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response of the airways to inhaled particles and fumes leading towards airway obstruction and destruction of lung tissue by progressive airflow limitation driven. The most common factor for COPD was found cigarette smoking for a consecutive time period. The various factors affecting the pathogenesis of the disease are inflammation, proteasesantiproteases imbalance, oxidative stress, tissue damage and tissue repair, apoptosis and several genes. Various cellular and molecular events and their effects are being discussed in this review paper in terms of potential and recognizable biomarkers candidates for the better diagnosis and proper treatment for the ailment. In this review report, we have mainly focused the insight of the detection of molecular biomarkers in the form of single nucleotide polymorphism for the further better understanding of COPD and the discovery of new effective treatment. Keywords: bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, inflammation, single nucleotide polymorphism

INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complex genetic disease which has resulted in extensive morbidity and mortality worldwide. COPD is characterised by airway obstruction and destruction of lung tissue by progressive airflow limitation driven by an abnormal inflammatory response of the airways to inhaled particles and fumes.[1] COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lower airways which becomes worse and worse during exacerbations and patients with COPD have three typical pathological conditions (chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, emphysema and mucus plugging).[2]

Chronic Bronchitis It is defined as chronic or recurrent coughing of sputum for at least three months on regular and successive interval of time period for consecutive two years. Further the chronic bronchitis can be further divided on the basis of the stages the patient has attained. The first stage of chronic bronchitis turns up with mucoid hyper secretions and if not further diagnosed and treated can leads to mucopurulent sputum and development of chronic obstructive bronchitis, when there is air flow limitation.[3] Emphysema It is defined as an ‘anatomic alteration’ of the lung described by an abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to the

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International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Cell Cycle Sahil Thakkar* Department of Biotechnology, SRM University, Chennai, India

Abstract The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the sequence of events that happen in a cell prompting its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to create two little daughter cells. In prokaryotic organisms, which do not have a cell nucleus, the cell cycle is separated into the B, C, and D periods. The B time frame stretches out from the end of cell division to the start of DNA replication. DNA replication happens amid the C time frame. The D time frame alludes to the phase between the end of DNA replication and the division of the bacterial cell into two little daughter cells. In cells with a nucleus, as in eukaryotes, the cell cycle is likewise isolated into three periods: interphase, the mitotic (M) stage, and cytokinesis. In eukaryotes, in any case, the cell cycle is a more complex process and comprises of four discrete stages. Keywords: cell cycle, eukaryotes, interphase, mitotic phase

INTRODUCTION A eukaryotic cell cycle is delineated by human cells in culture, which divide into their respective daughter cells approximately every 24 hours. As observed a cell cycle is separated into two essential parts: mitosis and interphase.[1] The cell-division cycle is an imperative procedure by which a single celled fertilized egg transforms into a full grown living being, and the procedure by which hair, skin, platelets, and some inner organs are recharged. After cell division, each of the daughter cells start the interphase of another cycle. In spite of the fact that the different phases of interphase are not as a rule morphologically recognizable, every period of the cell cycle has a particular arrangement of specific biochemical procedures that set up the cell for start of cell division.[2] The division cycle of most cells comprises of four unique processes: cell development, DNA replication, distribution of the replicated chromosomes

to daughter cells, and cell division. In microbes, cell development and DNA replication happen all through the vast majority of the cell cycle, and copied chromosomes are dispersed to daughter cells along with the plasma membrane.[3] Amid interphase, the cell develops, collecting supplements required for mitosis, setting it up for cell division and replication of its DNA. Amid the mitotic stage, the cell parts itself into two different daughter cells. Amid the last stage, cytokinesis, the new cell is totally separated. To guarantee the best possible division of the cell, there are control systems known as cell cycle checkpoints.[4] In spite of the fact that cell development is generally a nonstop procedure, DNA is synthesized amid one and only period of the cell cycle, and the repeated

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International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Cell Death Anshul Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Gujarat, India

Abstract Cell death is referred to the process of biological cell stopping to do its functions. This might be the after effect of the characteristic procedure of old cells dyeing and being supplanted by new ones, or may come about because of such components as infection, restricted damage, or the death of the living being of which the cells are part. There are various sorts of cell death. Keywords: apoptosis, cell death, programmed cell death

INTRODUCTION Cell death is the event wherein the biological cells of any living organism begin to lose their functions and ultimately die. Cell death can be divided into various types. Programmed cell death (or PCD) is cell death interceded by an intracellular program.[1-2] PCD is done in a controlled procedure, which ordinarily presents advantage amid a living being's life-cycle. For instance, the separation of fingers and toes in a creating human developing life happens in light of the fact that cells between the fingers apoptose; the outcome is that the digits are particular. PCD serves key capacities amid both plant and metazoa (multicellular creatures) tissue advancement. Apoptosis or Type I cell-death, and Autophagy or Type II cell-death are both types of customized cell death, while necrosis is a non-physiological procedure that happens as a consequence of contamination or injury.[3] Necrosis is cell death created by outer variables, for example, injury or disease, and happens in a few distinct structures. As of late a type of customized putrefaction, called necroptosis, has been perceived as a

substitute type of modified cell death. It is conjectured that necroptosis can serve as a cell passing reinforcement to apoptosis when the apoptosis flagging is obstructed by endogenous or exogenous components, for example, infections or [3] transformations. Autophagy is cytoplasmic, described by the arrangement of extensive vacuoles that consume organelles in a particular succession before the pulverization of the nucleus. Apoptosis is the procedure of programmed cell death (PCD) that may happen in multicellular organisms. Biochemical occasions lead to trademark cell changes (morphology) and death. These progressions incorporate blebbing, cell shrinkage, atomic discontinuity, chromatin buildup, and chromosomal DNA fracture. It is currently suspected that – in a formative connection – cells are prompted to emphatically confer suicide whilst in a homeostatic setting; the nonappearance of certain survival elements may give the force to suicide.[4]

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Transformation Srishti Kathuria* Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract Transformation happens when bacteria take up DNA from the environment and afterward change over the genes encoded by the DNA into a protein that can be seen. Transformation was initially shown by Frederick Griffith. The process of transformation has various applications. Keywords: DNA exchange, transformation

INTRODUCTION Transformation is the genetic modification of a cell that occurs due to immediate uptake and consolidation of exogenous hereditary material (exogenous DNA) from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s). Transformation happens actually in a few types of bacteria, however it can likewise be affected by artificial means in different cells. For transformation to happen, bacteria must be in a condition of competence, which may happen as a period restricted reaction to natural conditions, for example, starvation and cell thickness.[1] Transformation is one of three procedures by which exogenous hereditary material might be brought into a bacterial cell, the other two being conjugation (exchange of hereditary material between two bacterial cells in direct contact) and transduction (infusion of outside DNA by a bacteriophage infection into the host bacterium). "Transformation" may likewise be used to portray the insertion of new hereditary material into nonbacterial cells, including animal and plant cells; in any case, since

"transformation" has an uncommon significance in connection to animal cells, showing progression to a canceous state, the term ought to be evaded for animal cells while depicting introduction of exogenous hereditary material. Introduction of outside DNA into eukaryotic cells is regularly called “transfection”.[2] Transformation in microorganisms was initially discovered in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith found that a strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent in the wake of being exposed to heat killed viulent strains. Griffith conjectured that some "transforming factor" from the heat killed strain was in charge of making the innocuous strain harmful. In 1944 this "transforming factor" was recognized as being hereditary by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.[2,3] Bacterial transformation might be alluded to as a stable genetic change achieved by the uptake of stripped (DNA without related cells or proteins) to increase DNA quantity; competence alludes to the condition of having the capacity to take up

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International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Transgenesis Manmeet Wadia* Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India Abstract Transgenesis is the process by which cloned genetic material is transferred from one species to another. The genetic material of the organism is modified using various genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic species, such as plants, animals have various applications. Keywords: transgenesis, transgenic plants, transgenic animals

INTRODUCTION Transgenesis is the procedure in which an exogenous gene—called a transgene—is introduced into a living life form so that the living being will display a different trait and transmit that trait to its future generations. Transgenesis can be encouraged by liposomes, chemicals, plasmid vectors, viral vectors, pronuclear infusion, protoplast combination, and ballistic DNA infusion.[1] Transgenic organisms can express foreign genes as the genetic code is comparable for all life forms. This implies a particular DNA succession will code for the same protein in all life forms. Because of this similitude in protein arrangement, researchers can cut DNA at these regular protein focuses and include different qualities. A case of this is the "super mice" of the 1980s. These mice could deliver the human protein tPA to treat blood clumps.[2] The most widely recognized kind of transgenesis research is done with bacteria and viruses which can imitate remote DNA. The plasmid DNA is cut utilizing restriction enzymes, while the DNA to be duplicated is additionally cut with the same restriction enzyme, creating complementary sticky- ends. This permits

the outside DNA to hybridize with the plasmid DNA and be fixed by DNA ligase enzyme, making a genetic code not regularly found in nature. Changed DNA is embedded into plasmids for [3] replication. METHODS: 1. DNA Microinjection: The desired quality gene construct is infused in the pronucleus of a regenerative cell utilizing a glass needle around 0.5 to 5 micrometers in distance across. The controlled cell is refined in vitro to create to a particular embryonic stage, is then transferred to a female. DNA microinjection does not have a high achievement rate (around 2% of all infused subjects), regardless of the fact that the new DNA is fused in the genome, in the event that it is not acknowledged by the germ-line the new attributes won't show up in their offspring. In the event that DNA is infused in multiple destinations the odds of over-expression increases.[2,3] 2. Retrovirus – Mediated Transfer: A retrovirus is a virus that carries its

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

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Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

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Electrical Engineering

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IJMB

Material Sciences and Engineering

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Molecular Biotechnology

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences