International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis provide a rapid forum for publication of research article and comprehensive reviews that focuses on the structural engineering and recent technological advancement that can be of great importance to the scientific community.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Analytical and design methods ! Dams, bridges, buildings and special structures ! Retaining structures and walls ! Innovations in design and new technologies ! Performance of structures ! Repairs, strengthening, and maintenance ! Structural fracture mechanics ! Stability engineering ! Soil-structure interaction ! Mechanical structures ! Standards and codes of practice ! Structural and solid mechanics ! Experimental studies and testing technologies

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Hasan Dilbas Yildiz Technical University, Turkey

Dr. Govardhan Bhatt National Institute of Technology Raipur, India

Dr. Ramani Bai Varadharajan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India., Malaysia

Dr. Saleem Muhammad Saleem Department of Basic Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia

Tim Tse Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Dr. P. Ratish Kumar Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, N.I.T Warangal, India

Anil Kumar Sachan Civil Engineering Department, MNNIT Allahabad, India

Dr. J. Karthikeyan Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Samer Al Martini Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science Abu Dhabi University, United Arab Emirates

AFM Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shalem Ernest National Institute of Technology Raipur, India

Hitesh Sharma N.I.T Raipur, India

Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Professor & Head, Civil Engineering, Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. G. Nandini Devi Professor, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil-Nadu, India

Batool Abd Al-elah Aziz College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. Turgut Kocaturk Yýldýz Technical University,Civil Engineering,Istanbul

Saurabh Prakashrao Nirkhe P.E.S. College of Engineering, Aurangabad. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Auranagabad, India

Ali M. Gharavimajdi Professor, Civil Engineering; Amirkabir university of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Sagar Mandya Shankar Visvesvaraya Technological University, mandya, India

Assoc. Prof. Mesut Simsek Yýldýz Technical University Civil Engineering Department Davutpasa Campus Esenler – Istanbul

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Structural Engineering and Analysis issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Structural Engineering and Analysis as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Civil Engineers community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Structural Engineering and Analysis in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Analytical and design methods, Dams, bridges, buildings and special structures, Retaining structures and walls, Innovations in design and new technologies, Performance of structures, Repairs, strengthening, and maintenance. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Structural Engineering and Analysis and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Structural Engineering and Analysis community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Structural Engineering and Analysis. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Structural Engineering and Analysis readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Structural Engineering and Analysis. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Study: The Impact on Productivity by Using an MS-Excel Program for Design of Axially Loaded Column With Biaxial Bending for Concrete Structures Adarsh Bhaskar

2. Static and Dynamic Analysis on a Steel Module in a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Ship J. Kevin Jones, M. Helen Santhi

3. Analysis and Design of Rectangular and L-Shaped Columns Subjected to Axial Load and Biaxial Bending N. Dahiya, V.K. Sehgal, B. Saini

4. Flexure of Thick Fixed Beams Subjected to Varying Load Using Shear Deformation Theory Rajmahendra M. Sawant, Satish S. Manal

5. Assessment of Project Cost Control Strategies in the Nigerian Construction Industry â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Case Study of South West Nigeria K. Oyegoke Ismail, O. Farayibi Olatunde, A. Arinka Henry

International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Study: The Impact on Productivity by Using an MS-Excel Program for Design of Axially Loaded Column With Biaxial Bending for Concrete Structures Adarsh Bhaskar* Department of Civil Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Abstract The design of columns is a day to day affair for professionals in the civil engineering field. Of the axially loaded columns, the ones with biaxial bending are of great significance as they are the columns in common use in residential buildings. The design of the columns consumes time and hence is a factor that affects the productivity of civil professionals working on the design of these columns. This paper deals with the development and use of a simple program on MS-Excel to enable use of the same for quick design of axially loaded column with a biaxial bending. The program works with basic inputs (dimensions, grade of concrete, cover adopted, and diameter of rod used, bending moment and load on the column, length of column, SP16 and IS456 data). The outcome of the program with the above mentioned inputs yields the design parameters like quantity of steel to be used, pitch of literalities to be provided and dimensions that is, the most economical and safe section of the columns, the time consumed to design a column reduces by 83% when compared to doing manually. Keywords: axially loaded columns, biaxial bending, SP16 and IS456 data

INTRODUCTION As professionals working in the design field of civil engineering are bound to use some standard procedures of design. These procedures include design of columns also, which is time consuming if done manually. Even a simple structure involves designing a number of columns which is time consuming and requires enormous effort for attaining the design outcomes. In today’s demanding situations, productivity plays a vital role in business. If the design activity is made productive, it has a far reaching effect on many aspects of civil engineering profession as a whole. Hence, developing simple tools with common user friendly aids like MS-Excel plays a vital part in improving productivity.

LITERATURE SURVEY In a review article by Kizinski and Winnicki,[1] it has been found that the experimental research and a comparative analysis of load bearing capacity and deformability of HSC columns in biaxial bending was conducted on basis of approaches commonly used on EC2 (2004) and ACI (2008) standards. The result of the experiment was closest to the ACI (2008) guidelines. In a paper by Tan and Nguyen,[2] an experimental investigation was made to analyze the effects of equal biaxial bending, restrain ratio, and concrete strength on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete columns at elevated temperatures. The result showed that the plane strain assumption is reasonably

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Static and Dynamic Analysis on a Steel Module in a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Ship J. Kevin Jones*, M. Helen Santhi School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT Chennai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract A Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) is a floating production system that receives fluids (crude oil, hydrocarbons etc.) from a subsea reservoir and processes into oil and gas. Most FPSOs are ship-shaped, remodelled from existing cargo ships. FPSOs have been serving the offshore oil and gas industry for nearly 30 years. They have been proved to be safe and economical. A steel structure (module) in a FPSO will provide facility for the equipment to process the hydrocarbons into oil and gas. This steel structure though subjected to dynamic forces arising from the accelerations of the ship, it is analysed statically by most of the designers considering the maximum acceleration of the ship. This paper compares the analysis and design of such a module subjected to ship motions in both statically and dynamically. The dynamic analysis was carried out by time history approach using the time varying acceleration data of the ship (FPSO). It is evident from the results that it is suggested to perform a dynamic analysis on such structures to ensure its safety within its design life. Keywords: FPSO, dynamic analysis, maximum acceleration, static analysis, stress comparison

INTRODUCTION A Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) is a floating production system that receives fluids (crude oil, water and a host of other things) from a subsea reservoir. Most FPSOs are shipshaped and are ‘anchored’ (moored) by a turret. Once an existing field has been depleted FPSO can then be moved to other locations.[1] FPSOs is being constructed successfully and operated in most of the places world-wide for production of oil and gas. Although it has several environmental risks such as oil spills, etc., FPSOs have a great advantage when compared to fixed platforms. The important advantage is huge storage capacity and it requires no pipeline. FPSOs have been serving the offshore oil and gas industry for nearly 30 years. They have been proved to be safe and economical. Demand for FPSOs continues to rise at a

healthy rate of approximately compound annually.

The main advantage of an FPSO over a fixed platform is that once an existing field has been depleted FPSO can then be moved to other locations. This makes them suitable for smaller fields which will be depleted quickly and avoids the need for installing permanent expensive pipelines. Hence more study on these developing topics is much necessary in the development and sustainment of oil and gas industry. This paper focuses on the analysis and design of a steel structure (module) in FPSO vessel. It is generally followed 1. 131–74p.

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Analysis and Design of Rectangular and L-Shaped Columns Subjected to Axial Load and Biaxial Bending N. Dahiya*, V.K. Sehgal, B. Saini Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India

Abstract Next to rectangular and circular columns, L-shaped columns may be the most frequently encountered reinforced concrete columns, since they can be used as a corner column in framed structures. The behaviour of irregular shaped reinforced concrete columns has been a constant concern for a structural engineer, to design a safe and economic structure in modern buildings and bridge piers. L-shaped reinforced concrete column subjected to biaxial bending and axial compression is a common design problem. Axial load capacity and Moment capacity of rectangular and L-shaped reinforced concrete columns have been done in this work. A computer program has been developed to obtain the axial load capacity and moment capacity of reinforced concrete columns of rectangular and L-shaped.

INTRODUCTION Columns are important structural elements which support floors and roofs. They are the compression members and their failure may endanger the whole structure. Columns are members used primarily to support axial compression and have a ratio of height to the least lateral dimension of 3 or greater. In reinforced concrete buildings, vertical member are subjected to combine axial loads and bending moments. These forces develop due to external loads, such as dead load, live load, and wind load.[1] The strength of column depends on the strength of the material, shape, size of the cross section, length and the degree of positional and directional restraints at its ends. Column may be defined as an element used to support axial load and moments. Columns are usually subjected to bending moments about two perpendicular axes (X and Y) as well as an axial force in the vertical (Z) direction. A column located in the building corner, encounters biaxial bending. In recent past, the designers have started using irregular shaped columns at the

corners of the buildings and at enclosure of elevator shafts. The research work done by many researchers has made it possible to develop different design criteria for biaxially loaded columns using working stress and limit state design methods. The present IS code (IS 456-2000) and design aid (SP-16) follows the strength criteria as a basis for designing reinforced concrete columns in which the failure is defined in terms of a limiting strain and stress in concrete and the reinforcement.[2,3] The methods available for design of biaxially loaded columns are based on (1) the equilibrium equations, which lead to iterative method and (2) Ultimate load capacity, which lead to determining failure surfaces in columns. The concept of using failure surfaces has been presented by Boris Bresler in 1960. Bresler proposed two methods. The reciprocal method (first method) uses

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Flexure of Thick Fixed Beams Subjected to Varying Load Using Shear Deformation Theory Rajmahendra M. Sawant, Satish S. Manal* Department of Civil Engineering, People’s Education Society’s College of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract A refined shear deformation theory for flexural analysis of thick beams, considering transverse shear deformation effects, is developed. The number of variables as in the first order shear deformation theory is kept in present theory. The important feature of present theory is that the transverse shear stresses can directly be obtained using constitutive relations. The theory does not demand shear correction factors. The principle of virtual work is used to obtain the governing differential equations and boundary conditions. To obtain the response of thick fixed beam subjected to varying loading the present theory applied and a general solution technique is developed to solve governing differential equations. The behavior of transverse shear stresses at the fixed ends is studied precisely by using equilibrium equation of theory of elasticity and in accordance with the refined shear deformation theories. The results of displacement and stresses are compared with those of elementary theory of beam bending, first order shear deformation theory, trigonometric shear deformation theory and hyperbolic shear deformation theory. Keywords: displacement based theory, equilibrium equations, refined shear deformation theory, thick beam

INTRODUCTION The well-known elementary theory of bending of beam given by Euler-Bernoulli, disregards the effects of the shear deformation and stress concentration. The theory is suitable for slender beams and is not suitable for thick or deep beams since it is based on the assumption that the plane sections perpendicular to neutral axis before bending remain plane during bending and even after bending, implying that the transverse shear strain is zero. Since theory neglects the transverse shear deformation, it underestimates deflections in case of thick beams where shear deformation effects are significant.

Levinson,[12] Bickford,[4] Rehfield and Murty,[14] Krishna Murty,[11] Baluch et al.,[2] Bhimaraddi and Chandrashekhara[3] presented parabolic shear deformation theories assuming a higher variation of axial displacement in terms of thickness coordinate. These theories satisfy shear stress free boundary conditions on top and bottom surfaces of beam and thus obviate the need of shear correction factor. Irretier[9] studied the refined dynamical effects in linear, homogenous beam according to theories, which exceed the limits of the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. These effects are rotary inertia, shear deformation, axial pre-stress, twist and coupling between bending and torsion.

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International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Assessment of Project Cost Control Strategies in the Nigerian Construction Industry â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Case Study of South West Nigeria K. Oyegoke Ismail*, O. Farayibi Olatunde, A. Arinka Henry Department of Building Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo. Ondo State, Nigeria

Abstract The construction industry is a major consumer of capital resources by virtue of the magnitude, complexity and nature of works it executes. Yet improving cost performance still remains a chronic challenge facing the construction industry worldwide. Apart from advance made by contractors to devise mechanism to manage project cost, studies across the world reveal that construction projects are hardly completed within budget. However this background is considered unhealthy for an industry whose capital consumption is heavy and concomitant cost overrun spells disastrous financial consequences to the investor. The study was aimed at appraising the various cost control strategies used in Nigeria construction industry with specific objective to assess the impacts of effective cost control strategies on cost and timely completion of a project. Related journals and books were reviewed and also structured questionnaire was employed to collect data from selected Quantity Surveyors, Architects, Civil engineers and Builders. It was deduced from the analysis that cost estimating and budgeting was the most used among cost control strategies. It was rated highest with mean score of 4.6 while Variance analysis and cost value reconciliation was agreed to be the least used among identified cost control strategies. Also the research revealed that an effective use of cost control strategies has impact on cost, time, quality and risk performance of construction projects. The study therefore recommended that adequate construction budget, complete documentation of the project, proper management strategies, effective cost planning, monitoring and control and effective communication on site should be the main focus of the parties for effective project delivery in the construction industry. Keywords: construction industry, cost, impact and performance, strategies

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Contribution of the construction industry to national economic growth necessitated improved efficiency in the industry by means of cost effectiveness and timeliness, and would certainly contribute to cost savings for the country as a whole. It is also common knowledge that the implementation of the construction projects in the industry is usually accompanied with time delay and cost

increases as dissatisfaction.[1]

well

has

owner

Construction projects experience time delays and cost overruns during their implementation phase. Numerous researchers, both in the developed and developing nations have also examined and identified the effect of cost control strategies in the construction industry.[2]

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« « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Structural Engineering & Analysis Jan - June 2016

IJSEA

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences