International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

it le m tic b Su Ar Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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Dr. Krishna Lok Singh Structural Technologies Division (STTD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Gang Chen School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Nagar, Coimbatore, India

Dr. Basel Alsayyed Department of Mechanical Engineering, UAE University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. R S Jadoun G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India

Dr. N. Bose Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, India

Dr. V Sugumaran School of Mechanical Engineering and Building Sciences, VIT University, India

Dr. Sam Paul Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

Bo-Wun Huang China

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Structural Mechanics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Structural dynamics, Seismic engineering, Geometrical and mathematical finalization, Finite element machine, Isogeometric analysis, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Structural Mechanics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Structural Mechanics. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Ship Collision Analysis of Tanker Using Finite Element Method at High and Low Impact Velocities Yehia A. Abdel-Nasser, Islam A. Al-Mallah, Sherif F. Badran, Khaled Alawadhi

2. Evaluation of Various Numerical Methods in Large Scale FE Simulation Codes for 3D Crack Propagation Ala Tabiei, Wenlong Zhang 12 3. Modification of Compressed Air Technology in Vehicles: A Review C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

4. A Brief Account of In-Flight Airframe Icing Effects on Aircraft Maneuverability Priyanka Garg

5. Tension Membrane Used to Shape Space Structures Reema Jaiswal

International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Ship Collision Analysis of Tanker Using Finite Element Method at High and Low Impact Velocities 1

Yehia A. Abdel-Nasser1*, Islam A. Al-Mallah1, Sherif F. Badran2, Khaled Alawadhi3

Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt 2 Department of Marine Engineering Technology, College of Maritime Transport and Technology, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria, Egypt 3 Automotive and marine engineering department, Public Authority of Applied Education and Training, Kuwait

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper presents a study of ships collision to improve crashworthiness of double side tanker ships and minimize accidental oil spills in the event of collision. Structural design of ships against collision requires prediction of the extent of damage to ship structures subjected to impact. Ship design against conventional loads such as shearing, bending and local buckling and the accidental loads requires applying different stiffening systems for ship structures to sustain. Tankers accidents may cause serious environmental pollution, so it has to be assessed against collision damage in ship structural design. To predict accurately the extent of collision damage, FE modeling of mid-ship region of the double side tanker using ABAQUS software is applied. In order to study the effect of ship collision at 12 knot on oil tanker strength when using additional cross-tie members in the double side, a comparison is made between the original design of the mid-ship region and the suggested stiffening system with cross-tie members with reference to absorbing energy, miss stress and acting forces against the penetration depth. Keywords: ship collision; FEM; structural crashworthiness; cross-tie; stiffened panel INTRODUCTION Ships carry a variety of cargoes or substances which, if released into the sea or the marine environment, cause pollution. Such substances include oil in tankers and chemicals carried in bulk. In addition almost all ships carry oil as fuel or lubricant for engines. This study presents an improved design of ships to minimize accidental oil spills in the event of collision. Collisions and groundings maritime accidents still occur relatively frequently, so technical administrative and nautical measures have to be taken to increase safety. The damages resulting from accidents may be drastically reduced by an appropriate hull structure, which will ensure tightness of the cargo tanks and floatability of the ship in damaged

condition. To mitigate the impact of consequences of ship collisions in terms of health, safety, and the environment, it has been made mandatory that hull structures of all oil tankers have double sides and double bottoms. In recent years, Common Structural Rules (CSR) has been developed by International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) for structural design of double-hull oil tankers on the basis of limit states, along with the traditional approach of pre-CSR using the allowable working stress . The application of CSR may result in some differences in terms of structural performance, among other aspects. Double hull (DH) tankers may be more effective than single hull (SH) tankers in pollution prevention because they have a second barrier, the

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Evaluation of Various Numerical Methods in Large Scale FE Simulation Codes for 3D Crack Propagation Ala Tabiei*, Wenlong Zhang

Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

ABSTRACT In this paper, four different numerical methods implemented in the large scale simulation code LS-DYNA are evaluated to determine their abilities and limitations in fracture problems especially 3-d crack propagation problems. Similar formulations are implemented in the code ABAQUS as well. These methods are: Finite Element Method (FEM), Discrete Element Method (DEM), Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Their methodologies are briefly described and several numerical simulations are carried out and compared with experiment results. In some examples, fracture parameters are evaluated and mesh sensitivity is studied. Their potentials and limitations are discussed. Keywords: crack propagation, discrete element method, element free Galerkin method, finite element method, extended finite element method, LS-DYNA

INTRODUCTION Numerical analysis like finite element analysis has been a very powerful tool for modeling crack initiation and propagation, calculating fracture parameters like stress intensity factor and energy release rate. Improvements are continuously made to finite element method in the past few decades to improve its ability to handle complicated material models and experiment conditions. Meanwhile new techniques and methods have been proposed and quickly developed into hot research areas. Four different numerical methods are considered in this paper to compare their ability to handle fracture analysis. They are as follow:  The Finite Element Method (FEM)  The Discrete Element Method (DEM)  The Element-Free Galerkin method (EFG)

 The Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM) Their methodologies are briefly explained in this paper. Several crack propagation problems are presented to verify these methods. The prediction of these methodologies is compared to both experimental and other analytical results. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FEM has been used for more than 50 years as a powerful numerical technique for solving partial differential equations. It’s also an important tool in the field of fracture mechanics to do stress intensity factor calculation, fracture prediction, crack growth simulation, etc. Currently a considerable amount of effort has been focused on the 3-D crack growth simulations. Three basic methods can be used in finite element code to simulate crack growth, including smeared crack approach, nodal release approach and

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Modification of Compressed Air Technology in Vehicles: A Review C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University, Namakkal, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT Today’s world is concerned of saving the environment, pollution is the major point of harmful environment and it is the global issue. Major amount of air pollution is caused by the vehicles, factories, etc. Hence, today’s engineers focus on building an eco-friendly engine which can reduce the pollution caused by vehicles. Keywords: compressed air technology, effective renewable alternative energy, zero pollution vehicle

INTRODUCTION Compressed air has been used since the 19th century to power mine locomotives and trams in cities such as Paris (via a central, city-level, compressed air energy distribution system), and was previously the basis of naval torpedo propulsion. During the construction of the Gotthardbahn from 1872 to 1882, pneumatic locomotives were used in the construction of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel and other tunnels of the Gotthardbahn. [1–4] In 1903, the Liquid Air Company located in London England manufactured a number of compressed-air and liquefiedair cars. The major problem with these cars and all compressed-air cars is the lack of torque produced by the “engines” and the cost of compressing the air. Recently several companies have started to develop compressed air cars, although none have been released to the public, or have been tested by third parties.[5]

HISTORY STARTS WITH TODAY’S AIR CAR INVENTORS Angelo Di Petro’s Rotary Positive Displacement Air Engine Everything I have heard about this air engine is positive. Many people have written asking me to report on it, but the best I can do till I ride in his air car is to show you a picture and based on what is said about the engine, I think it sounds like a good idea. It seems like a good approach to simplifying the piston engine while lowering friction and wear, quoting from the website. "The space between stator and rotor is divided in 6 expansion chambers by pivoting dividers. These dividers follow the motion of the shaft driver as it rolls around the stator wall. The motor shown in Figure 1 is effectively a 6 cylinder expansion motor. Variation of performance parameters of the motor is easily achieved by varying the time during which the air is allowed to enter the chamber: A longer air inlet period allows

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite elements

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Brief Account of In-Flight Airframe Icing Effects on Aircraft Maneuverability Priyanka Garg*

University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Failure of an aircraft structural component can have catastrophic consequences, with resultant loss of life and of the aircraft. The investigation of defects and failures in aircraft structures is, thus, of vital importance in preventing further incidents. This review discusses the common failure modes observed in aircraft structures, with examples drawn from case histories. The article outlines the investigation of factors involved in aircraft components’ failure while in motion. Keywords: accreted ice, aircraft structure, flight planning, in-flight icing, supercooled

INTRODUCTION This article aims to address the basics of ice formation on aircraft and in their engine air inlets. It does not consider the formation of frost which is created by sublimation, the process by which water vapour freezes directly onto subzero surfaces. With this exception, the formation of ice attached to the external surface of an aircraft or to the surfaces within its engine air intakes, requires that liquid water drops impact the surface involved. Usually, that moisture must be super cooled, that is it must be in liquid form below 0°C. There are a couple of specific variations in this general scenario which will be considered later[1–3]:  Issues relating to the difference between the temperature of the aircraft skin and the temperature of the air through which it is, has been or will be passing, especially during climb and descent and in the temperature range +/-10 degrees Celsius.  Issues arising from the temperature and/or pressure difference between the ambient air and air within engine air

inlets, most often reductions in air pressure or increases in air temperature. In-Flight Airframe Icing In-Flight Airframe Icing occurs when supercooled water freezes on impact with any part of the external structure of an aircraft during flight. Although the nominal freezing point of water is 0°C, water in the atmosphere does not always freeze at that temperature and often exists as a “supercooled” liquid. If the surface temperature of an aircraft structure is below zero, then moisture within the atmosphere may turn to ice as an immediate or secondary consequence of contact.

Considerable quantities of atmospheric water continue to exist in liquid form well below 0°C. The proportion of such supercooled water decreases as the static air temperature drops until by about 40°C (except in Cumulonimbus Cloud where SLD may exist at even lower temperatures), almost all of it is in solid

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite elements

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Tension Membrane Used to Shape Space Structures Reema Jaiswal*

Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,Kanpur, India

ABSTRACT The idea of tension membrane is now an acceptable approach to implement colonization in space. Past efforts confirmed that rigid structures can be fabricated from bubbles or foams that are inflated at very low pressures (~ 10-4 atmospheres) before being made rigid by solar UV curing. The bubbles and foam with individual cell sizes are measured to have values up to 100 meters, while their structural spans could exceed 10,000 kilometers in micro-g environments. Its magnificent nature has come up with the acceptable fact that a bubble like membrane can be used as self-sustaining space habitats for extended duration uses as well as for interstellar voyages. In the article, a brief description is presented about the nature of tension structure and the possible use of bubble like membrane to shape space structures. Keywords: bubble, tension structure, zero gravity, space colonization, surface tension

INTRODUCTION The number one technical problem the prehistoric human race had to solve, when it left the forgiving climate of the tropics and colonized the more hostile temperate and arctic zones, was the use of indigenous material to provide warmth and shelter. The mastery of the skin tent or the ice igloo made survival possible in the new land. In gravity free space, where things stay put unless given a nudge, it is easy to picture an air bubble resting contentedly anywhere inside the liquid sphere. After all, the pressure surrounding the air bubble is the same at all points inside the liquid sphere. Although a vapor bubble of a fixed size might reside anywhere inside a liquid sphere, a growing vapor bubble would quickly seek and find the liquid sphere's center. The vapor bubble must expand against the liquid's viscosity as well as its surface tension. Like the viscous glass blowers bubble, the expanding ball of vapor will find the weak spot in the surrounding liquid wall and begin to bulge. This will be at the thinnest spot in the

liquid wall. No support problems exist in zero gravity space. We may produce surface tension bubbles in materials with the viscosity of water.[1–4] Inside The Bubble The pressure difference between the inside and outside of a bubble depends upon the surface tension and the radius of the bubble. The relationship can be obtained by visualizing the bubble as two hemispheres and noting that the internal pressure which tends to push the hemispheres apart is counteracted by the surface tension acting around the circumference of the circle. The bubble will not expand forever, even though the surface tension bubble continues to push back with less pressure as it expands. If we assume a path of expansion that will not happen in practice, we can compute the containment point where the bubble will stop expanding in an isothermal expansion.

Page 47

it le m tic b Su Ar Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Automation 5 more...

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

Structural Mechanics & Finite Elements

¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

« « « « «

International Journal of

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

IJSMFE

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences