International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements publish refereed papers in highest quality reflecting the interest of scholars in the academic and industrial research and development. Papers are sought especially keeping in mind that theoretical knowledge is as important as experimental research. The journal includes type of papers that fall under the scope of structural mechanics and finite elements.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Structural dynamics ! Seismic engineering ! Geometrical and mathematical finalization ! Boundary element method, finite strip techniques ! Industrial FEM codes (NASTRAN, AXIS, FEM-DESIGN, SOFISTIK) ! Element interconnection ! Finite element machine ! Isogeometric analysis

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. K R Sivadas Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering, Kadayiruppu, India

Dr. Krishna Lok Singh Structural Technologies Division (STTD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Gang Chen School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Nagar, Coimbatore, India

Dr. Basel Alsayyed Department of Mechanical Engineering, UAE University, United Arab Emirates

Dr. R S Jadoun G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India

Dr. N. Bose Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Virudhunagar, India

Dr. V Sugumaran School of Mechanical Engineering and Building Sciences, VIT University, India

Dr. Sam Paul Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

Bo-Wun Huang China

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Structural Mechanics in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Structural dynamics, Seismic engineering, Geometrical and mathematical finalization, Finite element machine, Isogeometric analysis, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Structural Mechanics and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Mechanical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Structural Mechanics. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault Simulator Krishna Lok Singh

2. Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping Between the Disc and the Brake Pads Ali Belhocine, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah

3. Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam Column Connections R. Cheralathan, T. Swedha

4. A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in Aerospace Applications Himanshu Garg

5. Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in Construction Sector S. Sharmila

International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis Using Machinery Fault Simulator Krishna Lok Singh* CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, Structural Technologies Division, Bengaluru, KA, India

Abstract The paper presents the diagnosis strategy for the rolling element bearing system used in machinery fault simulator (MFS). The concept is generic and it is applicable for most of the system involving bearing sub-system. The MFS details and its various maintenance strategies described. The monitoring of the rolling element bearing (REB), done with the accelerometer sensors. Acquisition of data from the sensor analog voltage to the CPU in digital format carried out using LabVIEW’s DAQmx. After acquisition the data, transferred through filters such as Low-pass, High-pass, Band-pass, Band-stop, and Smooth algorithms. Further the data analyzed using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) and CWT (Continuous Wavelet Transform), the details along with its equations discussed in this paper. The REB fault frequencies computed using the expressions and these compared with the MFS fault bearings data. The paper presents Ball Pass Frequency Outer-race (BPFO), Ball Pass Frequency Inner-race (BPFI), Ball Pass Frequency Roller (BPFR) and lastly the combined fault. Paper demonstrates the diagnosis of a bearing through these analysis and provides a feedback to the user. Keywords: bearing, machinery fault simulator, vibration analysis, data acquisition, data transformation

INTRODUCTION The rolling bearing element bearings play a significant role in the many of the applications such as aerospace, motors, gas turbines, pumps and many other machines. Nature and pattern of machinery failures is broadly classified into two main categories, time based wear out and random failures. These two categories are further divided into six cases, viz., (i) Random failure (Traditional view 2%) (ii) High infant mortality, than a low-level of random failure, and a wear out zone; (Bathtub curve 4%), (iii) Steady increase in failure (Slow Aging 5%), (iv) Sharp increase in failure (Best New 7%), (v) Constant Random Failure (14%), and (vi) High infant mortality, than random failure (Worst New 68%). These six cases are qualitatively [1] shown graphically in

Figure 1. In the rolling element bearing often encounters metal-to-metal contacts which consequent in a wear. An early detection of any deterioration in the bearing is necessary to avoid major machine failures. So, usually the vibration signals from the bearings collected through accelerometer sensors. These signals analyzed and any variations in them due to localized faults detected to judge the state of the rolling element bearings. The typical faults in rolling element bearings include corrosion or damage in outer race, inner race and rolling elements, fatigue pitting and case damage, either one

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Finite Element Modelling and Structural 3d Static of the Mechanical Behavior of Dry Contacts Slipping Between the Disc and the Brake Pads Ali Belhocine1, Oday Ibraheem Abdullah2 1

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sciences and the Technology of Oran, USTO, El-Mnaouer, Oran, Algeria 2 System Technology and Mechanical Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany

Abstract The aim of this contribution is to present a study based on the determination of the structural deformations due to the contact of slipping between the disc and the pads. The results of contact described in this work relate to displacements, Von Mises stress and contact pressures of the pad at various moments of simulation. One precedes then the influence of some parameters on the computation results such as rotation of the disc, the smoothness of the mesh, the material of the brake pads and the friction coefficient enter the disc and the pads, the disc material, the pads groove. Keywords: finite element method (FEM), ventilated disc brake, gray cast iron , total distortion, shear stress.

INTRODUCTION With the development of new technologies in the automotive industry, vehicles have become more and more efficient. Braking systems should follow the same rhythm. The brake, as a major security organ, constantly arouses great interest to engineers. In addition competition in the automotive field is increasingly harsh, putting pressure on efficiency, reliability, comfort, cost and production time of all automotive systems. For an engineer, the goal is to find the best compromise between the requirements of security,technology and economic constraints. To achieve an optimal design, it should implement all available economic technologies to solve the technical problems, thus complementing experimental studies. In the aerospace and automotive industry, many parts are subjected to simultaneous thermal and

mechanical loads, constant of fluctuating The thermo-mechanical stresses cause deformations and may even damage the systems. For example, in friction braking systems heat is generated in the disk and brake pads, causing high stresses, deformations and vibrations as cited in [1]. Reibenschuh et al. [2] studied the thermomechanical analysis of the brake disk, with an elaborate model to determine the effects of thermal and centrifugal loads on the brake disc and its associated system. Subramanian and Oza [3] studied ventilated brake disc hub assembly subjected to braking torque and bolt pretension. The induced stresses due to the bolt pretension were found to be negligible compared to the braking torque. Shinde and Borkar [4] carried out another analysis of brake disc system using ANSYS software to study the performance of two

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Investigation on Behaviour of Cold Formed Steel in Beam Column Connections R. Cheralathan*, T. Swedha Department of Structural Engineering, Valliammai Engineering College, India

Abstract Cold form steel structures are used for numerous purposes in construction industry. An attempt has been made in this study to check the behavior of beam column connections by using self-tapered screw in cold form steel section theoretical, experimentally and analytically. Finally, the experimental results are compared with analytical results. This study aims at the following objective by test performed on cold formed steel section to check the behaviour connections. Studies on the structural behaviour of cold-formed steel (CFS) beam are increasingly popular in the last decades. Instability phenomena, such a failure of joints due to shearing and bearing their interactions are the most interesting and complex subjects within this research field. Understanding and dealing with these phenomena has been central focus of research efforts. The behavior of Load carrying capacity of Light gauge beam column joints is studied. And the failure patterns of this section were extracted. A cold formed steel beam has been adopted for a span of 600mm and column 800mm it is verified with finite element analysis using ABAQUS software. Comparison between the theoretical and experimental results is presented and the agreements obtained are reasonably good. Keywords: self-drilling screws, cold form steel, shearing and bearing.

INTRODUCTION Thin sheet steel products are extensively used in building industry, and range from purlins to roof sheeting and floor decking. Generally these are available for use as basic building elements for assembly at site or as prefabricated frames or panels. These thin steel sections are cold-formed, i.e. their manufacturing process involves forming steel sections in a cold state (i.e. without application of heat) from steel sheets of uniform thickness. These are given the generic title Cold Formed Steel Sections. Sometimes they are also called Light Gauge Steel Sections or Cold Rolled Steel Sections. The thickness of steel sheet used in cold formed construction is usually 1 to 3 mm. Much thicker material up to 8 mm can be formed if pre-galvanised material is not

required for the particular application. The method of manufacturing is important as it differentiates these products from hot rolled steel sections. Normally, the yield strength of steel sheets used in coldformed sections is at least 280 N/mm2, although there is a trend to use steels of higher strengths, and sometimes as low as 230 N/mm2. Manufacturers of cold formed steel sections purchase steel coils of 1.0 to 1.25 m width, slit them longitudinally to the correct width appropriate to the section required and then feed them into a series of roll forms. These rolls, containing male and female dies, are arranged in pairs,

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Brief Description on the Use of Honeycomb Structures in Aerospace Applications Himanshu Garg* H.P. University, Shimla, India

INTRODUCTION Following by the motto of manufacturing light-weighted vehicles with low strength to weight ratio, lower stiffness and density, engineering sectors namely, aviation, automobile designing, light weight construction are largely influenced by structural conjuration of a honeycomb. Inspired by the notion, many organizations are working out on improvised form of honeycomb structural panels. Since the adhesive property of hexagonal honeycomb structures is of major concern in aircraft component. The use of Honeycomb makes it possible to eliminate buckling of the thin skins and provide the exact amount of shear strength required to do the job, which is a good sign for engineers, as they are now able to design or "tailor" panels to suit their exact requirements. It is clear that the Honeycomb section is much more efficient than standard sections. We are therefore able to conclude that Honeycomb panels are the answer to bonding questions, as they are stronger, stiffer, lighter and give a much better surface finish than standard equivalents.

structures from corrugated metal sheets had been proposed for bee keeping in 1890. For the same purpose, as foundation sheets to harvest more honey, a honeycomb molding process using a paper paste glue mixture had been patented in 1878. The three basic techniques for honeycomb production that are still used today—expansion, corrugation and moldings—were already developed by 1901 for non-sandwich applications.

HISTORICAL DATA ABOUT IMPROVEMENTS IN HONEYCOMB TECHNOLOGY The first paper honeycomb structures might have been made by the Chinese 2000 years ago for ornaments, but no reference for this has been found. Paper honeycombs and the expansion production process have been invented in Halle/Saale in Germany by Hans Heilbrun in 1901 for decorative applications. First honeycomb

The first use of honeycomb structures for structural applications had been independently proposed for building application and published already in 1914. In 1934 Edward G. Budd patented a welded steel honeycomb sandwich panel from corrugated metal sheets and Claude Dornier aimed 1937 to solve the core-skin bonding problem by rolling or pressing a

Hugo Junkers first explored the idea of a honeycomb core within a laminate structure. He proposed and patented the first honeycomb cores for aircraft application in 1915. He described in detail his concept to replace the fabric covered aircraft structures by metal sheets and reasoned that a metal sheet can also be loaded in compression if it is supported at very small intervals by arranging side by side a series of square or rectangular cells or triangular or hexagonal hollow bodies. The problem of bonding a continuous skin to cellular cores led Junkers later to the open corrugated structure, which could be riveted or welded together.

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International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Research Insight: Earthquake Resistant Structures in Construction Sector S. Sharmila* University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

BACKGROUND It is normally unpredictable to reckon uncertain seismic activity, but hopefully advanced Earthquake warning systems have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, that provide timely alerts to the mass but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt. More to the plate is the attempt to create earthquake proof structures for buildings. Disasters are unexpected events which have adversely affected humans since the dawn of our existence. In response to such events, there have been attempts to mitigate devastating effects of these disasters. Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but unfortunately and miserably poor in developing countries including ours. Earthquakes are one of the nature’s greatest hazards on our planet which have taken heavy toll on human life and property since ancient times. The sudden and unexpected nature of the earthquake event makes it even worse on psychological level and shakes the moral of the people. Man looks upon the mother earth for safety and stability under his feet and when it itself trembles, the shock he receives is indeed unnerving. INTRODUCTION Mitigation of the devastating damage caused by earthquakes is of prime requirements in many parts of the world. Since earthquakes are so far unpreventable and unpredictable, the only option with us

is to design and build the structures which are earthquake resistant. Accordingly attempts have been made in this direction all over the world. Results of such attempts are very encouraging in developed countries but miserably poor in developing countries including our country India. This is proved by minimal damage generally without any loss of life when moderate to severe earthquake strikes developed countries, whereas even a moderate earthquake cause’s wide spread devastation in developing countries as has been observed in recent earthquakes. It is not the earthquake which kills the people but it is the unsafe buildings which is responsible for the wide spread devastation. Keeping in view the huge loss of life and property in recent earthquakes, it has become a hot topic worldwide and lot of research is going on to understand the reasons of such failures and learning useful lessons to mitigate the repetition of such devastation. If buildings are built earthquake resistant at its first place (as is being done in developed countries like USA, Japan etc) the devastation caused by earthquakes will be mitigated most effectively. The professionals involved in the design/construction of such structures are structural/civil engineers, who are responsible for building earthquake resistant structures and keep the society at large in a safe environment. Earthquake-resistant structures They are the structures designed to withstand earthquakes. While no structure

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Automation 5 more...

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Jan - Jun 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

Structural Mechanics & Finite Elements

¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

IJSMFE

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences