PART 1. LITRATURE STUDY

1.1 HISTORYAND EVOLUTION OFSUBWAY ORIGIN CONCEPT OF SUBWAY

In history the concept of subway is evolved from underground service system in increase in population These idea of underground service system increased in size as equal to human scale for maintenance service . after period , as the population density increases traffic congestion increases so the underground service system transformed into underground urban infrastructure which is used as a passage way for crossing busy roads These underground passage ways becomes more successful and spread across entire world.

Ancient Underground Sewers andAqueducts

The demand for underground urban infrastructure evolved when ancient humans made the evolve to live in densely populated urban areas. Water pipe, drainage, and sanitary sewers are necessities in both ancient and modern cities.

The Earliest Known Urban Underground Tunnels-the Subterranean Sewers of Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is the one of the earliest civilisation in human history which flourished from 4000 TO 2500BCE Vaulted sewers were built of burnt bricks and clay pipes were used for construction private homes were connected to the main sewers via bypass channels and that Babylon had large watering sewer system

In Nimrud , A vaulted, pointed-arched drainpipe was constructed using burned brick, with rectangular bricks covering the floor and the arched section of the drainpipe. The waters from the vertical stand-pipes that were utilised to discharge them into the drainpipe were fed into this bypass canal

Urban Underground Infrastructure (the Subterranean Sewers & Evolving Aqueducts of Jerusalem 2600BCE-586BC

highlighting the importance of tunnels and water networks to the growth, conquering, and survival of the ancient city of Jerusalem. The city's water infrastructure saw significant growth throughout the Middle Bronze Age, and springs were constructed inside the city walls. Jerusalem was home to the most complex water system, which included a tube that carried water from the Gihon Spring to a guarded pool. The sophisticated and magnificent water systems that were uncovered in Jerusalem during the Iron Age required extraordinary engineering talent to construct These systems supplied the city with outside water from springs or runoff.