2.1 PORTFOLIO BY MSA YEAR 2, Group 3 KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
DESIGN BRIEF - INTRODUCTION Architecture is about creating desirable places. It can be both “Form follows functions“ or “Functions follows forms“. When we design a space, we intend to create a journey or an experience throughout the space. It is about the atmosphere that holds different elements together; it is about a memory that remains in our mind long after they disappear.
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
Design is an individual and collective task. There will never be any perfect design for all time to come, since the need of the people changes throughout the history of time. We might often see a change in architecture systems when a new technology comes out. During the modernism period, architects were freed from the constraint of having heavy construction wall as structural elements. With the invention of reinforced concrete, architects like Le Corbusier was among the first to celebrate the technological advancement. He created the concept of “pilotis” in his famous “five points of architecture”, where the supporting walls was replaced by a grid of reinforced concrete columns that bears the structural loads. He also created the idea of a free facade and the free designing of the ground plan.
P. 3
He laid down the keystone of the “Minimalist” idea and the starts the idea of “functionalism”. This year we have the opportunity to visit the La Tourette in October, to look and to feel the master piece of the architectural Giant in Leon. A good design do not just consists of beautiful images, it is also innovative, functional, aesthetic and is user oriented. In the coming projects this year, I have planned to not only improve my skills in drawing and digital editing, I would also want to learn to give critical and analytical review on architectures and designs, since the skill is essential in architectural scheme development.¬
PORTFOLIO 2.1 P. 4 - P.26 PORTFOLIO 2.2 P. 27 - P.60
PORTFOLIO 2.3 P. 61 - P.99 The Piccadilly Station - 2015
CONCLUSION P. 3
Architecture is a Vision that derives from ones understanding of his own values and generating places imbuing those ideas for comfortability and belonging.
Le Corbusier
PLAN B DESIGN BRIEF - IDEA
DIAGRAM DRAWING, WEEK 1-3
PLAN B
SITE 4 Structural Wall
THE BACKBONE OF STOCKPORT ROAD
Non Structural Wall
Elbow Street is a disjointed , lacks continuity, and prevents the free flow of traffic and without a clear access to the church. A spine of bones illustrates the major circulatory system .
1. Draw on tracing papers
INTRODUCTION The project started by drawing three sets of diagrams. Ideas were extracted from the three diagrams for schematic design in later stages. Scales and line weights were carefully considered. Transition spaces were taken into account as well as that plays an important role in connecting the design and the existing contex.
FIGURE GROUND AND LAND USE
Void
The transition space connects difference space together, hold them as one.
After careful examination of the area, I decided to place my research on the identification of different places and zones.
Voids in architectural form are classified into two main headings created on the form: cognitive and functional.
“Architecture is a journey throught space and Time.”
For long rooms, access to transition is normally located at the middle of the room, to meet the longest distance from exit requirement.
Cognitive voids are related to perception and are used to create various visual effects. COMMERCIAL Functional voids aims atcertain needs and desires.
RESIDENTIAL
UTILITY
Void Positive space Circulation
PLAN A Perceptual voids can be explained with two sub-concepts: transparency and permeability. Perceptual effects desired to be emphasized with the help of voids are explained by the concept of transparency, while the visual effects are explained by the concept of permeability.
Non Structural Wall
The Voids not only allow natural lighting into the building, it also acts as a transition space between buildings.
Streetscape Site Analysis (3m Width Elbow Street)
PLAN C Site Boundary Circulation Positive Space
RESIDENTIAL
Void
Grassland
COMMERCIAL
Functional voids are related to the usage of the space. These voids are designed for functional activities. Structural Core Wall
Void
Perceiving is a process related to all senses, but the sense of vision is known to be more prominent than the other senses.
Access to transition & Hierarchy The structure is support by columns and pillots. This strategy is normally use when the terrain is not flat, and a platform is need.
Functional voids are classified as entrance, corner, balcony or atrium.
Structural Wall
In Translate, the main focus of the project is to connect the church area, the spirital centre of the area to the mainroad, Stock Port Road A6, to embrace the natural landscape of the area and to create a place of gathering for local people in weekends and holidays.
Non Structural Wall
Plan of site 4
UTILITY A narrow path, connects the church to the Main Road, Stockport Road at the south eastern direction. It is mostly covered by wild grass and without proper management.
CHURCH AREA
The connection to the north is only a one car width path, so it cannot be the main entrance or exit of the church area, it can only be a side exit or side entrance.
DESIGN BRIEF - SITE VISIT At first, we had a site visit to the Levenshulme area on 20th October. The weather was pretty good and to my surprise, there was little people on the streets.
Most buildings there are over above or over 100 years old, They were made by manchester red bricks.
There are also a lot of unorganized green space in the area, Like the open in front of the church area, some of them are even denying public access.
Most of the residential House are 2 storey tall, designed in a similar schceme and with a triangular roof on top. It was designed to function in frost or heavy snowy weather.
Oj Ojective 2: To open up unused space for the public and to create a place for meeting
SCHEMATIC PLAN 1 : 400
RESIDENTIAL
FOCAL AREA
COMMERCIAL
UTILITY Objective je 1: To reямБne the link to stockport road. CHURCH AREA
SITE PLAN WITH CONTEX 1 : 800
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Fish pond The Scholar Walk
CIRCULATION
Entrance
The Cherry Gardens
VOID POSITIVE SPACES
The plan consists of 3 main areas,
FOCAL AREA
SITE PLAN WITH CONTEX 1 : 800
The focal area is located outside the church, it should be the centre of the space, people would gather outside it on weekends
1. The Scholar Walk Entrance 2. The Central plaza 3. The Cherry Garden
SCHEMATIC PLAN 1 : 200
“The future will either be green or not at all.” Bob brown, Australian former politician
A large carpark occupy most of the area and the site is enclosed by a low wall, they are about to be demolished to frame a better access to the area.
DESIGN BRIEF - SCENARIOS 1. Large carpark blocks circulation from Stockport Road. 2. Unorganized green space in the front. 3. Poor access of the main church space.
The original connection to Stockport road is unorganized and makes the journey into the church difficult and clumsy. One must take an indirect and narrow path to get into to the church, The transition is poor and the spaces are not clearly difined.
DESIGN BRIEF - DESIGN APPROACHES A clear access between the main space (church hall) and the major road (Stockport Road) is essential, as well as a clear vision.
There should be a clear defined main path leading straightly towards the church hall from Stockport Road.
The main structure on ground shall be constructed by wood sprayed with protective coat. It is not only a light and ecofriendly material, it matches perfectly with the brick strructures.
The major source of lighting shall be daylighting. The space shall be organized in coordination to the direction of the sun. Electric lights shall also be provided as a suppliment.
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS When layering out the space, this time I started by layering out the paths throughtout the space ďŹ rst, follow by dividing the site area into subsectors according to the contex.
Along the main path, the trees and bushes were put along the path symmetrically, with the church hall at centre. And they are in 1:3 or 2:3 proportions in heigth to seperation in between.
The crown like second oor structure on the church hall is like a symbol that celerbrates the relationship between God and Human, inwhich would be taken into account of design process in the design of the cantilever.
Water service would be put into the contex to give life to the space and cools down the area in summer. Electric lightings would give life to the space when the sky is dark.
MODEL MAKING, Week 4 - 7
The Form Development
1. The first idea start from a spider web, the web is broke into triangles as they are polygons with least sides, they are light, simple and structurally stable.
A clear goal is needed to be established for architectural model making projects. A good model shows certain aspect of the design. It may be used to explain the idea, or to test out the different ideaas and to develop the structure of the form.
A cantilever is created at a shape of triangle , and and other one is created to offset the bending moment acting of the centre of gravity by gravitational force.
The form was drawn on 3-11-2014, and then laser cutted on the next day, the form was designed in a way that most of the uncessary part of the form was taken away in a decorative way, forming a form of structure that is like a post and beam structure, light and firm. The model was designed in the way that parts were put together without glue and nails. Parts were put into each other with joints, where loads on the floors can be transferred to the vertical part and then to the ground. The central plane not only links the cantilever, it also connects the link between each single model and allow access from the ground. The form can be gigantic or can be small, which is flexible relative to the function of the structure. The bending moment created at each of the cantilever offsets each other, the weight of the middle plane helps as well.
After the plans and sections are drawn, the dimensions are set, a few questions should be considered in model making. The first quiestion is , What material would be used ? Materia l picking is important as it can not only make the model more realistic, it also allow us to test and to develop the structure of the form. For example, a casted concrete model shows more quality and details then a paper test model. The second question is, What scale should the architectural model be? Once we have decided the model that needs to illustrate, the next step is choose the most appropriate scale. This decision is affected by two things; how big an area we need to model and how much detail we want to show. If a big area is needed to be shown, perhaps for a site context model, a smaller scale is needed. Avoid the model becoming too big to be practical, but less detail is shown in a larger scale. A design model is normally 1 : 1 to 1 : 10, and a site model is normally 1 : 50 to 1: 200, depending on size and context of the the site.
The Second idea is like a deck chair, supports are put at the position with the most stress on it.
THE FIVE CANTILEVERS, journey inside The five cantilever units were connected horizontally at the centre planes. the connection not only make the allignment of the structure, it also adds depth to the form and helps resisting the lateral wind load on the vertical surfaces.
CANTILEVER SINGLE UNIT DESIGN BRIEF - REPEATED UNITS The design theme was inspired by a crane, by removing the uncessary bit of the structure to reduce its weight and to take dayligy.
The five cantilevers holds the idea of connectivity, permisability and scale. Vistors can not only walk through the path below the middle of the structure, they can also get up the frame and experience the beauty of the frames and simplicity at different angles and different levels. The opennings not only allow natural lighting passes through, it also reduces the weight of the structure and the load acting on it.
SunPath on Site in different Seasons
Instead of using only one cantilever frame, two identical frames were connected as one, in such case that one can act as the counter weight of one another on the shorter arm of the frame, which allows the cantilever to be more spaced out.
At first, the vistors can climb up the frame through a hole on the bottom plane of the centre plane of each single element. Children can crawl through the connections between the two middle hexagonal plane of the single units. They are around 2 m aove the ground. Two single unit were connected with a passage between the middle plane, it also serves a function that helps resisting lateral wind load on the vertical plane
They can then pass through a circle hole to the main horizontal plane. They can walk above the main plane and on the connection between the single units. On the above, there is a hexagonal cover for each single unit that holds the cantilevers together and shades the vistors from rainfall and excessive sun. Each single unit consists of a module of small space, and they are connected on two levels, between the upper and lower hexagonal deck and aove the upper deck. Vistors can also travel through or aove the cantilevers.
DESIGN BRIEF POST AND BEAM
Isometric diagram of post and beam
Cross joint in holding the rafters
For long rooms, access to transition is normally located at the middle of the room, to meet the longest distance from exit requirement. A similar approach was observed in the post and beam design.
Isometric diagram of Heavy Construction on
Steel reinforces the concrete structure
The presidence case I took is is of the The Kogakuin University Archery Hall by FT Architects in Tokyo. It is a lattice frame in timber post and beam structure.
Front Facade
Columns and Rafters support the Secondary beam
Initial Concrete cast
Plaster was added to the surface for protection and asthetic purpose Heavy construction is a structure where the roof and upper floors are supported by the walls rather than columns. The walls not only define spaces, it also a structural element. Openning and holes are carefully planned for otaining natural lighting, the shape of the wall surface not only decorative, it also allows water to run through and drained.
A simple bolt-and-nut assembly was used for both frameworks, but required meticulous accuracy to ensure that each grid is made up of only perpendicular elements.
Post and beam is light construction, inwhich a structural frame is created and loads are transferred from the horizontal elements (beam) to vertical elements (post), then to the ground.
Concrete takes 28 days for settling and curing before set. When it dehydrates, heat is formed and it shrinks, that’s why cracks are developed. Plaster was used to fill in the cracks as it sets quick and water proof.
Accessable floors
Artificial Lighting system
Accessable floors
Artificial Lighting system
Higher service platform
High Angle Afternoon sunlight
Higher service platform
Eletricity Service lines for lighting systems
Lower service platform
Lower service platform Pedestal
Low Angle winter sunlight
Pedestal
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Accessable floors Higher service platform
Service Designs
Artificial lighting system Load transfer
Lower service platform
Wind Load
Pedestal
Ventilation
The design is a crane like structure, not only frames a path to the church, connecting the centre to the main road, Stockport Road A6. It also acts like a series of lamp post along the path, lights up the area. The form is light and permissible for natural lighting. The structure and the area around is designed to be well lit from the above sun in the afternoon, and from the sides in early morning and late afternoon in winters.
Accessable floors Higher service platform
Artificial lighting system
Lower service platform
Water Runoff
Pedestal
Electric Service
Circulation
However, the water duct should be exposed and be put on the edges of the frame, to allow surface runoff to the ground and prevent it from reaching the lighting and electric systems.
Main load acting on the frame structure is the dead laod of itself and the service systems. Live loads such as the load of people on it and the wind load on the sides are also significant.
The lights are hang or cantilevered below the upper deckings with hinges bolted on the wall frames or the rafters.
One reason for such a high permissiblity and light design is to minize the load on the relatively small footing on the pedestal. For such a small footing, The Pressure (P) is high as
As for circulation, vistors can enter the mid area from the entrance below the middle hexagon deck, or get in from the Lower service platforms, and get up to the corridor inbetween the two accessable floor or get above the cantilever.
P = F / A , for the such a large force (F) and a relatively small area (A), it exerts a high pressure on
ground.
The main passage to the church is below the middle hexagonal decks, the vistors can also get up the mid space and travel along a corridor between the five single units.
Another reason is that the wind load is proportional to the surface area of the wind acts on, with such a high permissibility, the surface area is small and thus the wind load is smaller.
Floor seperation of the structure is resisted by the reaction of the ground, the tension in the middle space platforms. The lower part of the frame is bolted onto the ten pedestals planned on the ground.
DESIGN BRIEF - STRUCTURAL STABILITY A structure must be able to withstand the force of nature and stand the test of time. Dead loads, imposed loads, wind loads are the most common design forces that is considered.
Dead loads are vertical loads due to gravity, such as the structure and static furniture loads. They have a factor of 1.4 in design calculations.
Electric Services is considered in the design process, for such a permissible frame and light frame structure, the electric system can be hang on the inner walls of the frame structure. However, since it is exposed to the surroundings, it should be carefully covered in cables and put aside from the water duct on the frame. It is hiden in the structure’s edges.
DESIGN BRIEF - UTILITIES Imposed loads are mostly vertical loads of people and movable objects within. They have a factor of 1.6 in design calculations.
Wind loads are horzontal loads which is proportional to the wind contact service. They have a design factor of 1.2 in calculations. Main forces acting on strcutures
Utilies are also essential in any structural design. Any shelter needs utility designs to fuction well. Main factors are electricity, water supply, drainage and electric lighting.
United Kingdoms apply 230V as residential voltage in 50 Hz frequencies. and plug type G is used as recommended with earthing system in designs.
Imposed loads are mostly vertical loads of people and movable objects within. They have a factor of 1.6 in design calculations.
Service drainage are to be put on the low levels on the ground to prevent accumulation of rainwater and flooding.
Polymer drains
BICYCLE RACKS READING AREA T H E CHURCH
MAIN FORUM
CHERRY GARDEN
TRANSLATE
SITTING AREA
F I S H PONDS ELBOW STREET 42.764 mm
CANTILEVER SECTION WITH CONTEX
A RT I F I C I A LLIGHTINGS SITE SECTIONS 1 : 200
SITE PLAN 1 : 200 STOCKPORT ROAD A6
DESIGN BRIEF LEON PRECIDENT
FRAMING LEVENSHULME, WEEK 9-14
ROMAN TIMES
A set of diagrams were drawn, at first, the scheme of the project is designed to be a railwat museum, respecting the culture and herritage of the levenshulme area as an important transportational port between London the Greater Manchester Area. Scales and line weights were carefully considered. Transition spaces were taken into account as well as that plays an important role in connecting the design and the existing contex.
THE LEON TRIP, IDR Week 8 Leon is a city in southern france. During the Leon Visit, diagrams were drawn to analyze the both the form and the function. Right after we got off from the train, we can see the beautiful airport that spans through the whole atrium area, with the supporting elements stretching towards the sides like a bird stretching her beautiful wings. It does not only hold the beaty of the form, it also set up a tall double height space with haveing too much columns at the centre of the arium.
LEVENSHULME AREA Entrance Zone
Apart from that, we visited the La Tourette designed by Le crobusier. It is a perfect example of functionalism, every door, every window was designed for a purpose. Builing on a steep slope, Lecorbusier put his building on a platform on the “pilotis“, The building is built on his idea of “The modular“, designing for a human of 183 mm tall. It was full of surprises and excellence. As a structure, it was in harmony with the landscape, such that we can feel that it is built into nature. This makes a very remarkable precedent in my future designs.
The Roman fort, Mancunium was founded along the River Medlock in AD 79. It guards the road between Chester and York. It is then later expanded and the outside of the fort grew into an area o`f industrial activity.
Cultural Zone
STUDY OF THE MAIN SPACE IN THE BASÍLICA DE SAN ISIDORO (DIMENSIONS AND PROPORTIONS)
We also visited the Unite d’Habitation, it now serves as a public housing for artists and students. It is often marked as a failure of his work, since most citizens in Leon are not willing to live in there after a few years. It was a utopian dream, to provide housing for poor people and to replan the cityscape in a giant scale. After a vist to the Unite d’Habitation, I found out that the structure was located up on a hill, which is far away from the city centre, inwhich creates trouble for poor inhabitants to get their necessaries if they do not own a car. It is also planned for a 183 mm person, inwhich it is some times too tall or in a poor scale for children and for people who are shorter than his average.
Site 6 Levenshulme was a former township next to Manchester in Lancashire. Historically, it was a wealthy and middle class area.
It also has long corridors on different levels inwhich they serve as a cradle of crime and bad behaviour easily. The corridor was dark and lengthy, inwhich making people feel insecure in it.
Green Zone Commercial Zone
I also went to see the vertical french gothic structures in city centre, and studied the proportions of the grand theatre and the beautiful gothic chappel which is around 45 m tall.
It was at its peak at the industrial revolution period in 1800s, after the main Stockport road A6 was built in 1724. Thousands of goods passed through the road each day between Manchester and London, which brings wealth and changes to the destrict. The typical housing of Levenshulme consists of terraced houses, the majority of which were built circa 1880–1890.
THE PROPORTIONS OF THE THEATRE STEPS
The town had lost its status, its glory and its population, and it became part of Manchester in 1909
An crescent estate in 1830, Stockport Road
The Levenshulme area can be subdivided into three main Zones. The cultural zone at the north east; the green zone at the south east and the commercial zone at the south west.
THE PROPORTIONS OF THE GRAND THEATRE
Plan of site 4
Map of the Levenshulme area, in 1848
Map of the Salford Hundred, with Manchester in the south east, 1650
Main Roads
Green Spaces
Key residential areas in Levenshulme, 2014
2.2 PORTFOLIO BY MSA YEAR 2, Group 3 KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
SITE 6 INTRODUCTION
FIGURE GROUND AND GROUND LEVELS
Clayfield Road is disjointed , lacks continuity, and prevents the free flow of traffic and without a clear access between the two housing zones. A sandwich illustrates the major circulatory system .
SANDWICH AREA BETWEEN TWO HOUSING ZONES
+0 +0.5
ELEVATIONS
+1.2 +0.5
-1
+1.2
-4
+1.2 +0.5
+0.5 -4
+1.2 +0
RESIDENTIAL GREEN CYCLING PATH GREEN RESIDENTIAL
A narrow path, connects the the two residential areas, across the cyclist path in the middle. The area around the paths is mostly covered by wild grass and without proper management. The north south crossing connecting to kersh avenue is only a two people width path, so it cannot be the main entrance of the railway museum, it can only be a side exit or side entrance.
GREEN AREA CRAYFIELD ROAD FLAT AREA Width: 55m; Elevation: -1m
ASSENDING AREA Width: 55m; Elevation: -4m
DECENDING AREA Width: 55m; Elevation: -4m
DESIGN BRIEF - SITE VISIT SITE SECTIONS 1 : 200
At first, I had a site visit to site 6 on 17th January 2015. The weather was pretty good and the site was located along an important cylic path.
Bitumen 60/70 were used with aggregates and sands for road asphalt on the cyclist path. It gives a smooth and flat suface, which is essential for the safety of cyclist.
The cyclist path is around 3m wide and 180m arcoss the site in east west direction. there is in average 2 cyclist passing through the space in 1 minute.
The trees we can find along the site are English Oak trees. They give shadings and acts as sight and sound screen to the two story housings around the cyclist path.
DESIGN AIMS AND EFFORTS POOR ACCESSIBILITY The Main Entrance is from the Stockport road of north east , it does not provide an easy access from the main road to the site.
ROUGH TERRAIN The site is at different levels, a platform is needed for construction.s from the main road to the site.
PRIVACY There are residential households along the north side and the south side of the site, they have bedrooms on the second oor, inwhich privacy is a problem. The structure should not be too close and with windows facing directly to the local homes.
TREES RELOCATION There are a number of trees on the site, extra care is needed if we want to relocate the trees.
DESIGNATED CIRCULATION
LOCATION TOO CLOSE TO LOCAL HOUSING (AVOIDED)
LOCAL HIGH GROUND
SITE PLAN WITH CONTEX 1 : 1000
DESIGN BRIEF - IDEA
SCHEMATIC PLAN 1 : 500
SCHEMATIC DEVELOPMENT THE BRITISH RAIL The arrows of indecision. The barbed wire. The crow’s feet. A lettering artist named Barney drew up this one of the most reconisable symbol when he was at the age of 21. Following the demise of British Rail, Barney’s double arrow device is now a registered trademark in the name of the Secretary of State for Transport, from whom the Association of Train Operating Companies use the symbol under license across the UK network.
Levenshulme is not famous for tourism, but it was well known for its railway history and the “Street with no Name“ hosting the railway station. 4. The components that would block designated circulation from the two main roads, the Stockport road in the west and the Broom lane in the east.
OBJECTIVE 1: To refine the link tto stockport road and open up the connection space
FOCAL AREA
OBJECECT 2: To keep tall structures away from the tu local houses near Kersh Avenue; and avoid having windows in design facing windows of local housings face to face.
1. At first, the site is divided into three parts in the north south direction on the ridges with the symbol.
5. The components that are too close to the existing private homes in the south and in the north that may cause privacy problems are to be removed, except for the components that link the two main roads in the north.
The Fallowfield Loop is an off-road cycle path, pedestrian and horse riding route from Chorlton-cum-Hardy through Fallowfield and Levenshulme to Gorton and Fairfield in Manchester. It is part of the National Cycle Network. At 8 miles long the Fallowfield Loop is thought to be the longest urban cycleway in Britain.
2. Second, the site is divided into three parts in the east-west direction where elevation changes , ascends and desends.
A SKETCH OF THE STRUCTURAL FORM 3. The two symbols are to be add up to set a new intermediate form.
A
A
N
SECTION AA 1 : 100
N SECTION AA IN CONTEX(WITH PROPOSAL)
N
1 : 100
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS
SITE PLAN 1 : 1000
There are level difference across the space. By carefully examining them, a scheme of a train museum design was set.
Aldo Rossi’s San Cataldo Cemetery was taken as Precedent. The idea was to create the main structure by bricks in simple geometric forms in proportions.
The train and the rail were kept underground with a well planned daylighting and exhaust system. Instead of powering up by steam engine, the train underground uses electric power to reduce pollution.
People and the cyclist were kept on ground level, and at most of the time under shelter from the cantilever frame structure.
MODEL MAKING, Week 15 - 16
The North elevation
After the schematic ideas were layed out, test models were made to test the Idea and see how the structure is related to the contex three dimensionally. At first a site model was made by white card in 1:200 to visualize the space around site 6, to see how people can get to the site and what building types and located in the surroundings. The Reception Area With the help of the site model and taken the Aldo Rossi’s San Cataldo Cemetery as Precedent, a draft plan was drawn in AutoCAD after carefully considering the dimensions of the doors, the stairs and the lift shafts sizes. And then a 1:100 model was made by laser cutting to visualize and to refine the spacial qualities of the design.
To simplify the model, the roofs were made flat in stead of triangular to simplify the model making process. The roads and pathways were named and identified to allow the study of circulation around site 6 area.
DESIGN BRIEF - MODEL
The Plan
Four 1:100 plans were drawn in AutoCAD for laser cut. As the brick walls including insulation layers and weather protection layers are around 200mm Thk, so 2 mm MDF were chosen. Walls’ dimensions were set with corners at 2mm less than the actual measurements to fit in 3 dimensionally. The structural scheme was layed on a grid structure, with columns that were 3m from each other.
The train plaform and exhibition The South Elevation
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS
DESIGN BRIEF - PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERS However, there are still some factors that are not well considered discovered with the help of the tutors.
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FIRST DRAFT G/F PLAN 1 : 200
There is no effective daylighting planned to the underground section of the structure, it would be very dark without electric lighting.
There is not a effective exhaust system to the underground part of the building and the main structure above, skylights, windows and ventilating pipes are needed.
The stairs in this design were not located and alligned in the same area, this creates confusion in circulation.
Poor access to the cyclist path when the structure is closed at night at the entrance area.
The traditional roof on the west wing look old fashioned and it did not go too well with the proportions of the structure.
The transitions zones were not not alligned in parallel, pressure were to be developed on the junctions and it does not look very well both spacially and structurally.
The space for people to gather is along one of the north south passage, they slows down the circulation and block the cyclist path.
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FIRST DRAFT UG PLAN 1 : 200
The ďŹ rst drafts plans were then developed into the second drafts Plans, with more details of the interior and adjustments were made to improve the design.
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SECOND DRAFT G PLAN 1 : 200
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FIRST DRAFT 1/F PLAN 1 : 200
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SECOND DRAFT ROOF PLAN 1 : 200
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SECOND DRAFT UG PLAN 1 : 200
ELEVATION IN CONTEX (EAST WEST) 1 : 100
ELEVATION IN CONTEX (EAST WEST) 1 : 100
DESIGN BRIEF - TECHICAL ADJUSTMENTS
3D CONSTRUCT THE PENTAGON The connection design started with a pentgon. In geometry, a pentagon (from the Greek pente and gonia, meaning five and angle) is any five-sided polygon. A pentagon may be simple or self-intersecting. The sum of the internal angles in a simple pentagon is 540°.
30 single units were 3d printed to test the geometry of the joint.
““The most complicated skill is to be simple.” Dejan Stojanovic From a Geo- Dome, we know that pentagons and hexagons when combines together, can form a stablize 3D structure. Using the dome as a starting point, but this time using only pentagon, at an angle of 108 deg between each pentagon, a 3D connection joint was created.
SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS SECTION
1 : 10
The polygon has six axis of symetry, each passing througn the centre of the structure for stability.
A triangular structure is a stabilize structure with the least number of boundaries, which is the simpliest.
In the initial design, the orientation of the pentagon was tilted for 36 degrees, such that the beams could not be alligned in the same plane.
The two pentagons on each axis is rotated at 36deg. This can prevent the beam from sliding on the connection, and it crates a more stable structure.
CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT It is then developed into a frame structure compose of triangular trusses. Dead, impose and lateral loads are to be transfered to the side truss, and then to the ground.
SCHEMATIC DRAWINGS PLAN The polygon has 12 faces, each pentagon is 108 deg against the adjacent one.
1:1
Different shapes were tested to find out the best geometry.
2.3 PORTFOLIO BY MSA YEAR 2, Group 3 KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
STEEL BARS
ETFE PANELS The material is designed to be selfcleaned and it can be recycled with ease. The panels are prestressed for higher tensile strength and provides rain cover and better insulation and maximize natural lighting recieved. It also has a low weight and very durable.
Each steel bar is allocated at 101.5 deg to reduce the reection and refraction of sunlight, which maximize the solar energy passing through the ETFE panels.
SCHEMATIC PLAN 1 : 20
DESIGN BRIEF - ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES (ADD) INTRODUCTION Manchester is a city in north west england, it has a cold winter and warm summer. It is also close to the sea, without highgrounds or hills surrounding the plain area, so it has a marinetime climate, with lots of rain fall.
The walls are made of bricks, so it is poorly inulated.
Reflected by the pitched metal roof to reduce intensity
Piezocrystals and Magents are to be installed on the opposite cantilever structure along the cyclist path. They are connected with magnetic beams and a AC to DC generator, located on a Wooden book at the feet of the left cantilever post.
The floor are concrete, it is well insulated.
Hot air rises and leaves through the roof garden Sunlight
The top of the roof is a triple layered ETFE, so it is well insulated.
The cyclist path was placed directly above the train track system in the form of a light structural frame, such that when the train below passes, it creates vibration and shakes the simple frame structure on top.
The windows are 3 pane and have a relatively high U-factor, lights are transmitted in one planes.
As the sun is often blocked by the clouds and the it sometimes even rains in winter, drainage system and heating systems are essential in the design. Moreover, electric lightings shall be installed in case of sunlight is blocked by clouds. Lighting and heating shall be the dominate factor of electricity usage. Under such circumstances, the structure should be under a scheme of Passive solar building design, inwhich latent heat is collected, stored and distributed in the winter and is rejected in the summer, without involving the use of mechanical and electrical devices. Concrete and bricks makes material choices.
Lighting is one of the most significant power usage in the design, so an innovative design was drafted as one of the environmental strategies.
SETTINGS FOR SEFARIA
Cool air sucks in by lower pressure
The pitched metal roofing reflects the sunlight, reducing its intensity and increase the angle of incidence, preventing the natural sunlight from arriving at a too low angle of incidence, inchich glare would be significant.
Vertical fabric sunshades filter low angled sun during summer months and permit maximum day lighting for the interior spaces.
When the frame structure vibrates, it deforms the piezo crystal on top under the B-field set up by the Magnet and Magnetic beam, it can then turn the kinetic vibration exerted on the cantilevers into electrical energy through piezoelectric effect.
Binds are set up on the window, and a centralized heat pumping system was set up on ground floor.
Refracted by double glazings
Reflected
The strcuture has ventilated skylights and ventialted systems of pipes are set up, such that it is has a good cooling efficiency.
An AC currecnt can be generated and then convertes into DC and be used to light up the light bulbs on the cantilevers and under the cyclist path.
Infiltration rate is normal, electric heating and lighting system are carefully planned. Manual blinds and setting are set up for different situations of the day and the four different season.
VENTILATION SCHEMES
Vertical fabric sunshades filter low angled east and west sun during summer months and permit maximum day lighting for the second floor classrooms and offices.
PRECEDENT - ARIZONA UNIVERSITY FACADE
Cross Ventilation at the structure
Turbine Vent Large mechanicalfans
Manchester belongs to ASHRAE zone 6, it has a cold climate. The museum open area replace conditioned double loaded corridors and maximize visbility and daylighting while reinforcing a sense of community. In the afternoon, cool air enter through the side corridors of ground floor, and then it was heat up inside the atria, the warm air rises, and split into three consecutive smaller rising air paths towards the roof. The warm air also heat up the roof garden on the first floor.
Sunpath
Low angled winter sun rising at 130 deg at 8:23AM and sets 240 deg at 4:30PM.
Corugated Steel Plate
High angled winter sun rising at 60 deg at 6:00AM and sets 315 deg at 9:42 PM.
Trough the gap (60%)
Latent heat is also stored in the structure to achieve a passive solar building design. From Sefaria data, we can find out that most sunlight comes from the south, around 40% more than the east, which is the least recieved side. Under such case, skylights and windows would be mostly open to the north south direction, facing crayfield road.
Reflected (40%) Across 20% open area, direct heat gain reduced
Across 40% open area Only 60% of sunlight passes through the Perforated Metal Sun Screen, and in an indirect formwith less intensity
Perforated metal is made through the metal stamping and sheet metal manufacturing process. Using perforated materials allows the architect to derive a structural steel frame which combines structural integrity, geometry and environmental treatments on a contex with an intense solar radiation. Plan of site 4
Heat recovery ventilator
Foundation Vents, Raising the ground floor level by 400mm
Soffit Vent at the side of the metal frame roof.
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS
DESIGN BRIEF - SPACIAL REFINEMENTS There were still design problems faced in the second stage. They were listed and fixed to provide a better solution.
There is no effective daylighting planned to the underground section of the structure, it would be very dark without electric lighting.
There is not a effective exhaust system to the underground part of the building and the main structure above, skylights, windows and ventilating pipes are needed.
The door directions are not suitable, it creates confusion in circulation, or slows it down and without a clear instruction of the way to go.
Poor access to the cyclist path when the structure is closed at night at the entrance area.
Circulation paths were not planned well enough, there were spots that is not easy to be reached.
The toilets well planned. They were not put behind a protective door when connecting to the main space, in case of providing protection for the area when leakage happens.
Emergency stairs should be put behind a fire protecting door, connecting to the main space.
The Second Plan is then studied to refine the interior details of construction
A Lift is missing for the west wing
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SECOND DRAFT G/F PLAN 1 : 200
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS
DESIGN BRIEF - SPACIAL REFINEMENTS There were still design problems faced in the second stage. They were listed and ďŹ xed to provide a better solution.
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SECOND DRAFT G/F PLAN 1 : 200
There is no effective daylighting planned to the underground section of the structure, it would be very dark without electric lighting.
There is not a effective exhaust system to the underground part of the building and the main structure above, skylights, windows and ventilating pipes are needed.
The door directions are not suitable, it creates confusion in circulation, or slows it down and without a clear instruction of the way to go.
Poor access to the cyclist path when the structure is closed at night at the entrance area.
Circulation paths were not planned well enough, there were spots that is not easy to be reached.
Emergency stairs should be put behind a ďŹ re protecting door, connecting to the main space.
The toilets well planned. They were not put behind a protective door when connecting to the main space, in case of providing protection for the area when leakage happens.
DESIGN BRIEF - PROPORTIONS
DESIGN BRIEF - SPACIAL REFINEMENTS There were still design problems faced in the second stage. They were listed and ďŹ xed to provide a better solution.
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SECOND DRAFT G/F PLAN 1 : 200
There is no effective daylighting planned to the underground section of the structure, it would be very dark without electric lighting.
There is not a effective exhaust system to the underground part of the building and the main structure above, skylights, windows and ventilating pipes are needed.
The door directions are not suitable, it creates confusion in circulation, or slows it down and without a clear instruction of the way to go.
Poor access to the cyclist path when the structure is closed at night at the entrance area.
Circulation paths were not planned well enough, there were spots that is not easy to be reached.
Emergency stairs should be put behind a ďŹ re protecting door, connecting to the main space.
The toilets well planned. They were not put behind a protective door when connecting to the main space, in case of providing protection for the area when leakage happens.
The second drafts plans were then reďŹ ned into the Final Plans, with more details of the interior and adjustments were made to improve the design.
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FINAL G PLAN 1 : 200
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FINAL 1/F PLAN 1 : 200
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FINAL UG PLAN 1 : 200
ELEVATION IN CONTEX (EAST WEST) 1 : 100
ELEVATION IN CONTEX (EAST WEST) 1 : 100
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1:5 WINDOW FRAM DETAILS
SITE PLAN 1 : 1000 REFER TO P.95
1:5 BRICKWALL (VERTICAL) TO SUB FLOOR DETAIL (HORIZONTAL)
1:5 BRICKWALL (VERTICAL) TO BASE FLOOR DETAIL (HORIZONTAL, WITH HEATING SYSTEM)
REFER TO P. 97.
REFER TO P. 96
N SECTION AA
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SECTION AA 1 : 100
1 : 100
GULLY DRAINAGE
WASTE AND RECYCLE BINS
DRAINAGE AND WASTES PLANS 1 : 800
G/F
GULLY SECTION 1 : 20
NORTH SECTION 1 : 100
DESIGN BRIEF - UTILITIES Functionality is always essential to a successful design. It is the architect’s job to provide a comfortable environment and atmosphere to the users and vistors.
Stormsewers and Manholes are built every 10m. They are to be carefully maintained and repaired yearly by engineers.
Recycle bins and rubbish bin are placed every 10m, it has A black bin for general waste to go to landfill; A blue bin for paper recycling; A green bin for garden waste; A brown bin for glass;
English oaks and bushes were planted along the sides to acts as rain screen and sound screens to the main strucutre. Skylights are designed to catch day lighting for the underground level
UG
UNDERGROUND EXHIBITION AREA (UG)
UNDERGROUND TRAIN PLATFORM (UG)
ENTRANCE ZONE (LIBRARY & EXHIBITIONS)
TICKETS (RECEPTION DESK)
REVIT
SKILLS SECTIONS, ADD, WEEK 13 - 21 In the 21st century, knowledge of information technology is becoming more and more signiďŹ cant in the architcetural world. In these 9 sessions, we learnt how to use the most common softwares and programs in 2D and 3D visual editing. AutoCAD, Adobe, Sketch Up, Rhino, 3DS Max, Revit and Maya are the examples we learnt. The sessions were held every wednesday in the computer Lab, and this techniques improves the quality of the images that I produced. The below shows all the products of course works, in the order of the programs that were used to create them.
CAFE
RHINO
3DS Max
PHOTOSHOP
INDESIGN
DESIGN BRIEF POST AND BEAM
ILLUSTRATOR
AUTOCAD
DESIGN BRIEF - STRUCTURAL
REFINEMENTS, WEEK 22-23
Sunlight reflected
INTRODUCTION
Double glazed Window
Drainage 1. Draw on tracing papers
After the first refinement after the review in 2.2, the form of the structure was set. However, we still had to consider the environmental strategies of the scheme, the interior space layout, the heating cooling and ventilation systems, make a plan for waste, water and lighting systems and to study the relation between the structure orientation and the daylighting .
ON GRADE SLAB
To start with, basic structural details were to be drawn.
Since the structural grid is a square, the slabs are two way slabs, loads are transferred to the four sides equally in diagonals.
“Purpose of Design is to make other people’s life better.” BASIC STRUCTURAL DETAILS The structures were to be wrapped around four sides, providing protection from its exposed location. Brick wall Insulation supported by dowels
The walls are about 200mm thick and 4000mm tall, with a brick wall structure acting as the main structural elements of carrying axial dead and imposed loads and the longitudinal wind loads.
Columns with gutters hanging in exterior
Sunscreen
Brickwork
Taking Aldo Rossi’s Cataldo Cemetery as precedent, each facade was formed by 15 single units, with 5 of them on the horizontal side and 3 on the vertical side. The gutters were attached outside the walls between on the columns, and water will be drained away by the attached gutters. The suncreen also works as rain screen in which prevents the rain water to strike the glazings. The sunscreens were tilted at 15 deg to wards to prevent the accumulation of rain water or snow on it in winter.
Plaster layer
For the structures on the ground, double height space were to be designed as the provide a good lighting to the interior.
STRUCTURAL LOADS Whenever possible, an openning should be positioned close to a beam in order to keep bending on the beam strip to a minimum
Each column is at a size of 300 x 300, with steel reinforcements taking the axial tensile load and steel stirrups to hold them together, taking the shear loads.
Imposed Load Sources factor 1.6
The slabs are supported by a structural frame formed by primary beams, secondary beams and columns.
Columns Primary Beams
The loads are transferred from the slabs, to the secondary beams and then to the primary beams, then to the colmns and to the foundation under the ground.
Secondary Beams Pad footing is selected for high cost efficiency to lower the effective soil pressure acting on the ground, prevent the building from sinking.
Dead Load Sources factor 1.4 WIND LOADS
IMPOSED LOADS DEAD LOADS Plan of site 4
DESIGN BRIEF - CONCLUSION The 3 projects I did were a garden with a cantilever connecting the main Stockport road to the church site for 2.1, and a train museum on the fellowfield Loop site. The design process were like a trial and error process. The projects were started with a detailed site analysis, by studying the landscape, the people who lives them and the history and memories of the place. It is then followed by site visits and to do on site sketches. Attentions were paid onto the relations between the site area and the surroundings, the topography, and to identify and study the users carefully. For example, for the church site, the users are the Catholics who go to church every Sunday and for the fellowfield loop site, the main users are the cyclists and the people who live nearby. After identifying the clients, design problems can be identified in relation to the contex. For example, for the church site, the linkage between the church main hall and the Stockport Road was blocked by wild grass and narrow passages, it creates difficulties in accessing the church, so in my design, I have open up the space occupied by wild grass to widen and to create a clear path towards the centre of the area, the church Hall. For the Fallowfield site, it has level difference on the east west sides and the whole site was cut by the longest urban cyclist path of the United Kingdom. We would like to embrace the level difference in design and to keep the beautiful cyclist path. Under these circumstances, I developed a double layer structure, with the cyclist riding on the ground level, and the visitors of the train museum taking a train to travel across the site area underground, without disturbing each other. It is important that we have to consider how the design would change the landscape and the affect on the life of the people living nearby. We have to remember that the purpose of design is always to improve the quality of life of people.
The Piccadilly Station - 2015
It is not the beauty of a building you should look at; its the construction of the foundation that will stand the test of time. David Alan Coe
Aldo Rossi
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