Portfolio Manchester School of Art KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 5
SITE MAP 1:1000 & BRIEF SITE ANALYSIS
P. 3 - P.6 2 4
GEOMETRY & STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT; DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTIONS 3D MODEL MAKING; CONSTUCTION SEQUENCES
PROGRAM SERVICES & DRAWING PACKS
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P. 7 - P.13 1
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P. 14 - P. 16
P. 17 - P.27
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1. Terminal Two
6. Hilton Manchester
2. Radisson Blu Hotel
7. Clayton Hotel
3. Voyager House
8. BP Gas Station
4. Train Station
9. Crowne Plaza
5. Bus Terminal
10. Terminal One
3.3 CONCLUSIONS & PERSPECTIVES P. 28 - P.30 10
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SITE ANALYSIS North Entrance, Bus side
Solar Geometries
SUMMER SUN WINTER SUN
Problems on Site DISASSOCIATION
T
he concept for disassociation puts the majority of the building part’s function between the two diametric worlds. The bars and the kitchen are mostly located on the platform, where the social spaces are designed at the entrance or exit of the platform and the train station. The connection between “places“ and “non-places“ is weak. It also fails to become an effective connection point between T1 and T2.
To T2 To T1
Summer & Winter sunpath
Solar Angle analysis East Entrance, Rail side
Suggested solutions • Relocate the waiting area and centralize passen gers waiting in one place. Circulation (Bus to T1 & T2)
Pedestrian
• Develop an atrium that connects the 3 main spaces 1. Bus Terminal 2. Train Station 3. Exhibition
Circulation (Rail to T1 & T2)
West Entrance, Roadside
Up level
Mobile Circulation across floors
• The winter sun is at around 0 to 15 deg, and mostly only come from the south, the summer sun is at around 40 deg and come from all directions except north, so in the design , most openings should be facing the south to obtain maximum sunlight.
Solar Shades
• Provide alternative routes
Feature outline fig25. Train Platform functional spaces Bicycle
UNCOMFORTABLE Rail
T CIRCULATION AROUND THE TRAIN STATION (HORIZONTAL)
he places with different functions are mixed in planning without proper study of the circulation. The Main space is accessable through the bus side (north), the rail side (south) and the road side (west). A lot of service and commerical compound is put on the platform, that makes the main complex to be less appealing to vistors that does not take the train but take the bus or cars.
Circulation around train station
ENTRANCES OF THE TRAIN STATION
The services are not put on one level, which causes uninconvience for the vistors who use the service. The luggage service is put on first floor, where the ticket service is on the ground floor. Whenever vistor uses the service, they have to travel across levels, it takes time and make them uncomfortable due to indirect pathing. Secondly, we have to get the bus tickets on bus, it takes extra time and feels clumsy with luggages in hand on the bus. The ticket service would be better organized if vistors are allowed to pre-order the tickets comfortablely well before the bus arrives.
Functional zones of existing train station Metrolink (In between)
Railway (South side)
Bus Station (North side)
Atrium (Connects the elements)
Shading areas during a day
Utilizing the shade • In contex, most building are short and less than 8 floor height, and the site area is big and open, such that side light can be obtained on the sides. However as the sunlight can never get through 6m into the building, the core structure has to use skylights. Fuctions like waste collection , rain water collection and washrooms can be put on the shades
Design Aims • Provide a shortest distance of travel from the terminals to T1 and T2. • Make uses of natural lighting and ventilation.
West Entrance (from road side)
East Entrance (from rail side)
North Entrance (from bus side)
Suggested solutions
The train station is a complex of the train station, bus station and the metrolink. Each part is sub-divided and it lacks an effective in between. A digital model is made to study the circulation.
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fig26. Bus Terminal functional spaces
• Relocate the the service sectors in one place along the route to T1 and T2. • Assign toilets on each floor and next to cafes and resturants.
• Provide an intersting exhibiton on machines. • Prevent traffic congestion at the main entrances. • Derive an effective waste disposal route. • Derive an effective rain water collection system.
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SITE ANALYSIS
First Moves -Design generators
Train Station
Esculators
Cafe
Washrooms
Staff Office
Exhibition Spaces
Entrances
Bus Terminal
Circulation and Space relation Analysis
Staff Office is put on the sides since a working place requires ambient natural light. The north side was chosen to be the bus terminal, it is becasue the buses coming to the airport are coming from the north, this is the most direct approach
Atrium Machines deliver route
fig32. First idea of train platform structural rings INTRODUCTION The atrium is in the middle of the space, it must be taller then and surrounding structure for better skylighting and cross ventilation.
• Machine chosen as the theme for the exhibition, and they have been put into 5 sub topics, they are 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
contemporary machines European machines American machine Asian machines Ancient machines
Resturants are put on the south since good natural lighting is needed for a dining place.
• A test plan was derived on the right with respect to the space relationship diagrams and solar geoetries. • The existing skylink from T1 and T2, the train rails and the Metrolink station are kept unchanged in the design. They are the sources of people coming to the space. • Displaying machines takes a lot of space and power, working machines also generate a lot of heat. It is essential to a taller floor height (4.5m) and to plan for a route to deliver the machines into the space. Isometric Sketches
CIRCULATION WATER FLOW WASTE FLOW To Terminal Road North
fig29. Figure ground
HOW DO OEOPLE GET THERE
BUS TRAIN
Washrooms are put in the shadow areas since they do not require natural lighting.
N
EXHIBITON SPACE
TERRITORIES - PARTS DISJOINTED FROM A WHOLE
P
eople can get to the train station by car, train, Metrolink and on foot.
The Rail platforms are kept on the south west because it is not suitable and is a waste of resources to relocate the rails and the power cable systems.
T2 Little Service at T2
fig 34. Exhibition Space, First layout
Schematic Development
Bus Service Train service To Terminal Road North
CAR 20 deg pitched roof
ON FOOT
1
T1
HOW DO PEOPLE USE THE SPACE
P
Most Service at T1
T3 Reflection
Service Space diagram (size with respect to number of activities)
15 deg pitched roof 2 3
Natural Light
eople go there 24 hours a day.
Most people use it as place for transition to get to the the terminals or to the city. Most people do not stay there for more than 30 minutes. Passengers have their meals in the station.
T2
Train service The uneven distribution of servicing areas is slowing down the circulation.
T1 and T2 are about same size, disjointed T1
People take a break and wash between long travel on train or on bus.
The theme of the exhibition that I chose was machines, the first machine that comes to my mind is the turing machine.
Bus Service
Rain water Drainage
T3
Actual composition size (size with respect to number of activities)
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The Turing machine is a symbol of Manchester’s early victories in the history of machine development. It was taken as a metaphor in the design process. The arrangement of level difference not only represents the change of Manchester as a city, it also provides an oppourtunity for us to obtain side lights when used as a form.
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Inspired by the Turing Machine, an initial form was derived from 3 intersecting curved roof, each pitching at a different angle than the other according to site geometries and the chaos theory. The higher roof structure at the sides can create a higher ceiling, hence increases the amount of side lighting. The changes of pitched angles of the ETFE also reduce the amount of reflection on the panels and more natural light are passing through. The roof is pitched at 15 deg. to 20 deg. according to the site topography and solar geometries.
1. Main concrete frame : Structural load bearing
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
2. Main Steel angle beam: Support the roof structure
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
3. Transfer beam: Brace the Main steel hexangons 4. Bowl Nodes: Brace the transfer beams
TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
5. 16mm Thk ETFE Sheets: Enclose the space, tansparent
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Easy to prefabricate (ETFE atrium dome)
Form Generators (Geometry) Proposal
Design Precident 1
Curved pre-cast concrete Walls with titanium oxide
Geometry - Jubilee Church
Exploded Isometric (ETFE roof structure development)
The Crown Jewel of Vicariato di Roma’s Milennium project
QED Think! Reference
• The Jubliee Light are designed to minimize the thermal peak load inside, and the walls from segments of spheres. • The curved walls are facing the south because the most sunlight comes from the direction, and shading towards south minimize the excessive heat gain of the interior, thus reducing the amount of energy being used in cooling and air conditioning.
N
• The geometry and the large thermal mass of the conrete walls also controls internal heat gain that reduces temperature variation. The three curved walls has the same centre of radius.
Design Analysis
fig.41. concentric circles 45 deg
50 deg
Top Steel framed glazing 40 deg
Top Steel framed glazing
30 deg N
N
N
• Geeometry was chosen as the starting factor since the plan controls the rest of the factors, and geometry can be used as a starting point for plan layiering out when it is considered with circulation and solar geometries.
Case 1 Less wind braced
Case 2 Stronger wind braced O1
A • 1 precedent was chosen for each factor, they are 1. Jubilee Church, Italy 2. Milwaukee Art Museum, USA 3. The Church of Light, Japan 4. US Old Mint, USA 5. CIRS Building, Canada
H2O Molecule Ring (ICE)
O2 O2
O1
H1
Inner plane
O3
H2
H2
O2
O1
H2
H1
H7
H8
B
H9 O3
O6
Supports
H3
H12
H6
Hexagonal Oxygen ring
Arches
O5
H5
O4
Bowl Node
Reproduction of Basic Hexagons in Buckminster Fuller’s Gedesic dome through Reflection and Rotation
O3
O6
• A triangle is the 2D geometry with the least sides, the more simple the geometry is, the more stable it is. He advised me to look at objects and animals that exist in nature. One example that I found was the bee hive. It is a vertical sheet of wax, composed of a double layer of hexagonal cells projecting in both directions fro the centre.
H4 O5
• Each design factor was consider in sequence for a purpose, they are 1. Plan laying out and Fuctional Space Grouping 2. Structural main frame developing 3. Interior walls (mainly non-structural) planning 4. Ventilation Strategies developing 5. Rainwater collection and recycling strategies developing
H3
H6
fig.49. Engineer’s triangle beam
Disavantages of triangular geometries
H3
H1
Triangular Hydrogen Net
O4
H5
H4
Hexagonal Oxygen ring
H11
H10
Hexangonal structures (the bee comb)
Triangular Hydrogen Nets X3
X3
Secondary Triangular Net structure
C
O2
Concentrically positioned in sphere
O2
O1
O3
fig.46. ETFE roof development
• Waste strategies and artificial lighting are also considered as they are essential in providing a comfortable environment to the vistors.
to Top of walls
Triangular Geometries
•The external grid is a hexagonal network with triangular ETFE panels, which referred to as “Primary rings”, whereas the internal grid consists of triangles and is consequently called “Secondary rings”.
O1
15 deg
Engineer’s Advices
•The structural network of the ETFE panels consist of two concentric spherical networks with a prescribed radius difference or structural depth between them. Here, external and internal networks are interconnected with a set of lines called diagonals, thus giving rise to a double-layered spherical network with a three-dimensional carrying behaviour.
• 5 Main design factors were chosen, they are 1. Geometry 2. Structure 3. Light 4. Air 5. Water & Waste
Main source of diffused light is the glass roof between the shells, but in early morning and late afternoon the sunlight penetrates the entrance facade and the altar facade, giving spectacular atmospheric effects.
Reasons for Section Selection (Light & Geometry)
15 deg
Primary Hexagonal Ring structure
D
Richard Meier designed this socially “revive“ architecture for 8,000 residents in Tor Tre teste area in 1996 us- fig. 38. Exploded east elevation of the Jubilee Church ing the latest technology titanium oxide at the time.
35 deg 20 deg 30 deg
Top Chord beams
Bi. Statement of tectonic intensions Design factors
• The ETFE dome is developed on Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic dome and the water molecule in atomic scale. The main modular structure is formed by combining modular units of hexagonal structures to provide a stable and minimal light strcuture to the roof and the facade ETFE Panels.
ETFE panels
O3 H2
H2 H6
H6
H8 H12
to Glazing
Exterior facade and roof element (West side corridor) fig.43. Frank Lloyd Wright’s design grid
1. Main Bowl Node : Brace the ETFE panels and secondary beams 2. ETFE panels: Shield the sun, rain and wind, semi-tra nsparent 3. 152x89x16 UB: Support the ETFE panels, main beam
Long Section - Section BB
H3
H3
O4
H10
O4
O6
O6 O5
O5
Characteristic Hexagons (O1:O6)
The modular structure is derived from molecular Ice Structure.
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
4. 127x76x13 UB: Brace the main beams SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
6. Concrete Pedestal: Main structural frame and column
fig.50. Bee Hive
7. Upward roof ridge: breaks water surface tension and prevnt them accumulating on the roof, main drainage zone
Top Steel framed glazing • The top steel framed glazings are pitched at an increasing angle not only for intersting geometry, it also reduces the amount of solar heat gain at noon (overhead), which lowers the amount of energy spent in air conditioning and cooling of the space.
Reasons for having a perfect hexagonal structure
8. Pad footing: Transfer load to the ground Hydrogen ion
fig.44. Section BB
Design Focused: Machine Exhibition Space “Xenon“
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Outer and core functional spaces (Light & Geometry) Concentric Circles on Plan
Circulation
5. Secondary Bowl Node: Brace the Secondary beams
Interior circulation
Remark • When the titanium dioxide on the concrete wall absorbs ultraviolet light, it breaks down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete. • The mounting wave like walls gives a feeling of lightness and suggests movement of the inhabitants inside.
N
• In Richard Meier’s design, he uses concentric circle for drawing walls. Then he link the walls with glazings to create the geometry for minimum heat gain for interior. However, his case works well in Italy, but not in Manchester. Italy has a mediterranean climate, where sunlight is especially strong in summer. That’s why he shaded the south direction with curved walls to prevernt overheat and glare.
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IDEA DEVELOPMENT Idea: Concentric ovals (Territories: Inner and core)
3 4
Sector Perimeter
5 6
Tetrahedron structure of Ice (H2O) Molecular bonding Hydrogen bonding
• In Manchester, we want to obtain more sunlight than in Italy. The weather is cloudy and cold in winter. In such case, using a double skin facade is losing too many natural light and heat in winter, and we do not want to shade the south direction.
Modular structure development • The Secondary Net structure is obtained from the corresponding elements in the Primary hexagonal structures. The intermediate bowl nodes (red dots) are derived at 106.6 degree to each other. The secondary bowl nodes connects the secondary beams which braced the primary hexagonal structure against lateral loads, shear forces and torsion.
N
8 Concentric Oval Idea
Exploded Isometric
Oxygen ion
fig.48. Hexagonal ring development sequence
•Thus the outer wall is switched from a reinforced concrete core wall to a semi transparent reinforced ETFE barriers; where the interior walls remain as concrete block walls as structural support.
• Leaving no gaps that would need extra wax for patching. There are only 3 geometrical figures with equal sides that can fit on a flat surface without leaving gaps: the equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons.
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• Fig. 20 presents the minimal energy paths with minimal material consumption in the frame. Hence creating an economical structure with a visually attractive appearance.
Hexagons
Squares
Triangles
• According to the Roman, Marcus Terentius Varro, A hexagonal geometry would have the smallest total perimeter. Hence the structure can be compacted and less material is needed to construct it.
Main design strategies 1. Start with a hexagonal structure. 2. Compact a structure and develop an economical pattern that can brace the structure with minimal material and aesthetical 3. Consider the way of people using the architecture, and improve the patterns from it.
Using a similar principle of the Jubilee Church, functional sectos are divided .
4. Relate the pattern with light and heating stratgies, and improve the form from it.
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Structural Details And Connections
Wind, Dead & Live loads
Proposal
Design Precident 5
Santiago Calatrava built this “glowing lantern“ on the downtown lakefront, that radiates light in all directions.
Reasons for Section Selection (Mass & Material)
Wind Loads MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & DEAD LOAD PATHS
Bi. Structure
Mass - Milwaukee Art Museum A strong architectural statement in an exciting yet functional building
ROOF STRUCTURE (ETFE panals) ROOF SECONDARY BEAMS (yellow) (braced by bowl nodes)
Long Section - Section BB
Main beams in Hexagonal frames
SLABS
Length modelled: 48 m out of 180m
MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & LOAD PATHS
Dead Loads & Live Load Wind Loads
• The Milwaukee art museum has a long span and relatively light structure.the main strucutre are the concrete ring structures, laterally reinforced by rafters. This type of structure function especially well for train station and bus terminals, which demands a long span structure for effective circulation.
Design Focused: The Train Platforms
Train Platform (Mass & Material) • The way that the long span roof was supported by the central structural “trees” double major is facinating. Instead of using a pair of straight columns in mid span, Richard Rogers set up pillars shaped open at the top H, are off the ground in reinforced concrete and at the end of the opening. These pillars allows longer spaning the strcutures with less columns.
• The 17 Steel A-frames located at the grand entrance are welded together, forming a tarsparent, strong and light structure. • The A-frames are placed on an oval-shaped ring beam, where they are top off by a three-piece steel spine.
Beam
Soil
Roof and ceiling slab
Metal Deck
Columns
Fill
Concrete slab and walls
Mud slab & Water proof membrane
3d strcutural model
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
ROOF AND CEILING SLAB
Section BB
COLUMNS
IDEA DEVELOPMENT (Synergy with TECH 1 Case Study)
PRIMARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE
Skylight
Barajas airport section
RAFT FOUNDATION
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
Pitched Column
Structural loading analysis
Bii. Construction - Details
• By using an inverted A- shape structure in the mid-span, the floor spreading caused by the side columns and the roof offset the opposide one, hence creating a stable plan geometry.
Roof Plan
fig.59 Roof plan
Structural Detailing
• However, each concrete ring is weak against torsion and shear forces from the main surface, so each rach ring is laterally braced by hexagonal steel frames holding ETFE panels as skylights.
Structural Analysis
Ground level
TERRITORY STRUCTURE
• “Less is more.“ The simplicity of design opens the possibility for future expansion. Understanding how hierachy can be achieved by strucutral detailing we can design a a lighter structure hence a better structure.
Raft footing
A ROOF I-BEAMS (bolted and welded)
• One Long section and one short section are cut in order to do the detailing and to study the interaction between the users and the space.
Ideas developed from Tech 1 model (Barajas Airport)
PRIMARY FRAME
SLABS
Bolted I-beams core structure
B
Posts and Beams
COLUMNS
• The details are drawn in 1:20 on A2, they are a) ETFE Roof - outer column bracing b) Column - Roof connection c) Parapet Wall details d) Fire escape stair case section e) Fire escape stair case cross section f) Theatre steps detail g) Concrete wall column connection h) T2 entrance detail
Negative Moment member
RAFT FOUNDATION
Primary Structural frame Milwaukee art museum
Deflection load path 1. Roof Slab : Shield rain and sun
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC 1 2
2. Transfer beam: Balance the axial load 3. Reinforced Concrete Beam: Support roof structure
Primary frame :Post and Beam • The structural design is is based on three ideas: the hexagonal main structural steel frame, reinforced by a set of secondary channels. The Channels are connected to a Bowl Node of 180 mm radius. The pattern is repeated to form the dome above the atrium, the roof of the exhibition spaces and their outer walls. The modules was arranged in a circular pattern, enclosing spaces around the double height atrium at centre. The distance was set by the pillars connecting the roof and the footing. Loads are transferred through the beams and columns to the ground.
A
4. Reinforced Concrete column: Support beam and roof
3 4
5. 150mm Concrete slab: Support people and objects 6. Metal deck: Formwork for concrete cast 7. Ceiling slab: shield rain and sun 8. Reinforced Concrete beam: Support above structure 9. Transfer beam: Stabilize the main beams
5 6 7
• Section AA was cut right at the door of the atrium from the train platform. It was cut to study and to develop the change of geometry of structure. (straight line to circular). Secondly, it was cut to study the atrium space as it is the highest double height space of the design (round 10m), extra care is needed on the structural stability. • Section BB was cut to check the continuity of the structure and the space planning.
B
Positive Moment member
Design Analysis
MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & LOAD PATHS
Dead Loads & Live Loads
ROOF AND FLOOR SYSTEM Steel parapet walls Around 12x8 m slab (2way)
Section AA and SECTION BB on plan Section AA
Section BB
b
10. Reinforced Concrete side wall: Support above structure and soil load
a
11. Reinforced concrete top slab: Support people and objects 12. Fill: Flaten the floor & absorb shock
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c f
fig.57 Roof and floor system
g
e
13. Struct. mat: Formwork for floor slab cast
9 10
14. Mud Slab: Prevent subgrade soil being disturbed by precipitation
11
15. Soil
12 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
13 14 15
SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
fig.53. Isometic
d
Floor and roof structures • The secondary beams that spans across the hexagonal rings and makes up the floor and roof structures. 200mm floor slabs spans below a layer of screed and a layer of insulation. The screed is mixed at a ratio of 1:3 of cement to sharp sand, with a minimum thickness of 40mm. At the locations with underfloor heating pipes the minimum thickness is increased to 65mm. • Stone paving and cladding was chosen for the structural walls because of it’s fine texture and long lasting life span. They may last even longer than us ! York stone is picked because they are ewn from the Pennine grits of northern England and famous for quality.
fig60. Section AA.
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fig61. Section BB
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Contemporary Machines Room
Section AA
Bii. Construction - Details
Radisson Blu Hotel fig 62. a) ETFE Roof - outer column bracing
64. c) Parapet Wall details
63. b) Column - Roof connection
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UK Machines Room
8 15 1 2 3 4
14 16
1
5
18
6 7 8
17 19 9 10 3
9 10 11 12
13 13 15 14
13 14
67. f) Theatre steps detail
66. e) Fire escape stair case cross section
fig. 65 d) Fire escape stair case section 20
Resturant
9 10
Rainwater Cistern
Plant Room B T1 skylink
Conference Room
14
T2 skylink
11
Voyager House
Heat Exchange Room & Rainwater Storage
3 13
18
22 12 21
23
14 22
2
26
23 12 10 11 24 25
22
Section BB
1. 13 mm WBP Plywood Cavity Closer: Sheild from rain and wind
16. Secondary tie beam: Supports ETFE panels
2. Bauder Extensive Substrate 80mm: mateiral on which an enzyme acts
17. Steel Roller,: provide flexiblity to joints
12 7 13 18
3. Corrugate Steel: Support roof structure
18. 12mm Thk. Glazing: structural support, provide lighting
9 10 11 3 13 9 10 11
6. Primary Bowl Node: brace reinforced secondary beams and channels, connects to concrete column
fig 68.g) Concrete wall column connection
9 10
Shops
Green Corner
Contemporary Machines Room
T2 skylink
Radisson Blu Hotel
West Entrance Reception
11
3
fig. 69h) T2 entrance detail
3 13
Machine History Theatre
4. Concrete Roof beam 300mm: Support roof structure 5. Secondary Bowl Node: brace secondary beams and channels
7. Steel Channel: Supports ETFE Panels 8. 16mm Thk ETFE Panals: Shield from wind and rain, provide sunlight
22. 50mm steel column: Support the stairs. 23. 175mm Concrete wall: Structural support.
10. Vapour Control Layer: Prevent liquid passing through
25. 600 x 1100mm footing: tranfer load to the ground
15
12. 200mm Concrete Slab: Structurally support loads above
15
21. 16mm Thnk Steel Plate: Conection, bolted and anchored.
24. 150 mm subgrade: Reduce soil pressure
11. Water resistant insulation: Prevent excessive heat loss
12 18 7
20. 16mm steel hand rail: Structural support, safety
9. Chipboard or plywood: Acts as cladding, protects the wall or floor structure
13
14
19. 300x 500 R.C beam: Support floors and loads
13. 252 x 16 x 12 I-beam: Support the concrete slab 14. Unfaced mineral wool batts: Insulating material, prevent heat loss
26. 400mm concrete slab: Structural support. PRIMARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE
15. Reinforced concrete column: Structural support QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
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Physical testings - 3D printed models Iterations & Sample makings
3D ICON making • Using softwares like sketch up, Rhino and Autodesk Mesh mixers, two 3D digital models were made to consider and to evaluate on the performance of the structures and details. • Ther first one was the 3D building icon in 1 :1000. Since the details are so small in such scale, only the main structural frame were made and shown to visualize the structural integerity and the massing of the program.
South View
Model Printed in PV2200 plastic Top View
East View
South View
3D ENVELOPE making • Using softwares like sketch up, Rhino and Autodesk Mesh mixers, two 3D digital models were made to consider and to evaluate on the performance of the structures and joints. • Ther second one built is the 3D building icon in 1 :200. Initiiallt it was designed to be built in 1:50 to show the details, however it is too expensive to print it in that scale so after discussing to the tutors the scale was reduced to 1:200 instead.
West View
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CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS Construction Sequences
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Underground Service Plan
Construction sequence
1. First of all the foundation were cast in-situ.
The Railway platforms
2. Next Reinforced concrete columns were cast.
3. Underground and ground floor slabs were then cast in-situ.
Underfloor heating (radient heating) system is chosen, since it is most energy efficient in a large enclose space.
4. Walls on Ground floor and Underground were then cast instu.
Only the waiting room, the cafe and the toilet on the floor has built in heating system. And they are well insulated below the ground and behind 300 Thk concrete walls.
The Rain water collection service is located next to the cafe, washrooms and is away from direct sunlight. This can prevent loss by heat to surrounding.
5. Beams and columns on first floor are cast insitu.
6. Glazings on parapet walls were installed on first floor.
7. Hexagonal strcutural main frames were installed on site.
8. Secondary tie beams were installed (yellow) with the bowl nodes. A green corner is designed to give fresh air to the area.
Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Warm gas ) Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Cooled gas ) Drainage
9. ETFE Panals were installed.
10. Roof hexagonal structural main frames were installed, following with the tie beams.
11. The ETFE panals on the atrium roof were to be installed.
12. Drainage pipes, services and Esculators were installed.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
Space Usage Underground floor circulation and functions
Ground floor Service Plan
First floor Service Plan
Th The Roadside Entrances
The Railway and Metrolink platforms
The Railway platforms
This floor is where the most people arrive and leave the airport. Circulation are desired to be quick and direct. People waiting for the bus and trains are put on the north facing the platforms such that they can see the train leaves or coming. The waiting crowd and moving crowd are designed to be sperated to avoid collision.
Rain water are drained on the ridge of the roof, and then carried along vertical pipes to the underground rain water cisterin. Manchester is rainy so the system can collect enough water for washrooms and resuturants in the building. (details of next page )
Heat Recovery is an excellent choice here to save the exhausted heat from the Machines and reuse them to heat up the space when needed. Waste Disposal Shall be close to the kitchen and opens to the main road. The column locations are excellent for holding up artificial lights, as spaces are plan around them
Waste disposal
Plant rooms (5% of total area) Artificial lights Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Warm gas ) fig 74, UG plan
Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Cooled gas ) Drainage
Travellers and Vistors Route
Washrooms
Waiting Rooms
Cafe
Services (Water, Heating & electricity) (details on next section)
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Space Usage
Cost Considerations
Space Usage First floor circulation and functions The Exits and Entrances for flights
Underground floor circulation and functions The Roadside entrances and the atrium
From Bus Terminal
Exhibition Starting Point
Up to 1/F
The conference rooms is a double height space and put on the south for adequate natural lighting. Most People arrive by train, the second is by bus. The atrium acts as a link between all functions, and most people travel through. It needs good lighting, so it is a double height space.
Cost efficiency • Building form 1.The smaller the building and the more simple the construction method is , the lower the cost it is, especially when it comes to complicate on site works.
From G/F
2. When the design is constantly subjected to change, it would cost more and more, so it is essential for use to take a complete research on the site and understand what is going to happen during construction and plan ahead for it. 3. When we plan a building, it is important to make understand that the taller the building is, the more expansive it is. And even for high rise structures, when they are above 28 floor height, they start to lose their effectiveness in building upward, so building the tallest structure in the world is actually no good economically!
Exhibition End Point
Reception Desks
• Assembly -
Visitors Route
1. In Theory of economics, there is a term called economy of scales . When we specailize in production methods, we can be more productive. The same comes for arhcitecture. When we are building a standardize structure, it is often cheaper than a specified designed one. Prefabrication of some construction parts like joints and cables can cut our cost as well. However, prefabricating does not always cut the cost, sometimes it cost less if some work is done on site or cast insitu. It depends on the transportational cost of the product.
Visitors Route
Travellers Route
Travellers Route Office From Train Platforms
• Material selection/ elements/ details Gift Shop
Shops Resturants
Fire Escapes
Washrooms
Exhibtion Spaces
Conference Room
Services (Water, Heating & electricity)
Fire Escapes
Washrooms
Exhibition Spaces
Conference Room
Services
1. In most cases, a more advanced material like electroactive polymer is much more expansive than the easily produced steel products. Also, the more detail the product has, the higher the cost. Take the 3d printed model I made as an example, for the same amount of volume, the more details and more support materials it needs to be printed, the higher the price.
From Road side
The Planning was start from the column locations, they were linked to form spaces and then assigned to different fuctions according to circulation and functional needs. It was started on G/F because it is where the atrium locates. It is the most important place in the area as it not only give people direction where to go, it also connects all the spaces and act as a place for ventilation and convection.
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to G/F
Materiality and Services
Safety - Fire Escapes & Disability assistants
to G/F
Fire Safety & Access to and Use of building
Escape routes Wheel Chair access provisions
Underground Plan There are a lot of people visiting the the train station everyday, so it is essential to plan for the worst scenario for safety reasons. The idea is to ensure satisfactory provision of means of giving and alarm of fire and a satisfactory standard of means of escape for persons in the event of fire in the building. It is essential to provide enough amount of time for people to escape, according to the code, at least 2 hours is needed for an exhibition space.
Measures for fire safety 1. Each room should be no more than 18 m from escaping door to furthest corner. 2. At least 2 hours of warning must be provided, for some areas 4 hours are needed. 3. Fire escapes shall be easy to reach.
to G/F
Fire Escapes Measures for Disabilities Private transport is the preferred travel mode for many people with impaired mobility. Therefore, where appropriate, conditions will be attached to the grant of planning permission requiring development, whether new development or a change of use of an existing building, to provide the following in order to facilitate people with impaired mobility: 1. Suitable means of access to the building;
UG Services & Plan
to G/F
2. Suitable means of access between buildings where the planning application relates to more than one building; to G/F 3. Appropriately designed means of access to the building from other parts of the development, such as external car parks; and an appropriate proportion of designated, appropriately positioned, designed and sized car parking spaces (where new provision is required).
4. Fire escape must not be blocked. 5. It should be behind a double door, concealed from smoke in fire. 6. Fire safety equipments should always been checked and make sure that it is functionable.
Escape routes
Wheel Chair access provisions
Fire Escapes 1/F Services & Plan
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to UG
to 1/F
to UG
Escape routes Wheel Chair access provisions
Fire Escapes
G/F services & Plan
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fig. 93. South Elevation 1 : 200
fig. 95. West Elevation 1 : 200
fig. 94. East Elevation 1 : 200
fig.96. North Elevation 1 : 200
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Perspectives & Conclusions Realisation Statement Changes architecture can made Architecture has always been changing the world and has always been leading into changes. From the Bauhaus movement to the classical architecture to the Renaissance, architecture has always been the forerunner of change. The whole notion of architecture is about change and making things better. It’s the responsibility of the architect to explain, to make the developer its partner and to hold the hand of the people responsible for change in order to apply it. The study of structure and details has been the main driving force of my program development. Using the molecular structure of Ice as metaphor, a form was derived in respond to the solar geometries and circulation of the site. Rainwater collection and heat recovery is planned to not only save the amount of energy consumed and reduce carbon foot print; it also aims at inspiring people to think about our world is running low on resources and it is everyone’s duty to make a change; no matter how small it is, it is a step forward.
Conclusion The. Green Corner on 1 / F
Transforming the airport train station Manchester airport train station has poor circulations. Almost half of the station is “dead zones “that no one goes to. At the same time the roads on platform are narrow and indirect. As a station at the heart of the city, it lacks passengers’ and operators ‘facilities. Its functional spaces are separated located at different floor levels. Designing the Exhibition space allows us to reconsider the arrangement of places and non-places within the area according to solar geometries and circulation. Expandability of the design is also considered, as the amount of passenger travelling to the airport is growing year by year. The lighter and more simple the structure is, the more flexible it is. The railway station is not just a transportation place, it is also a critical urban planning and intermodality component. The program design aims at creating a social value that reminds people of the importance of recycling and sustainability to our future.
Double Floor Corridors
The Transition Spaces
European Machines Room (past) Stairs to T2 from G/F at Entrance
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Conference Room (Modern)
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