PORTFOLIO KA HEI WONG MANCHESTER SCHOOL OF ART STUDIO 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERSTANDING THE SITE (MINNEAPOLIS)
P. 1
What are the spatial contours of capitalism that produce racial hierarchy and injustice? CHAPTER 1 LIVING ROUTINE OF A WARD 9 CITIZEN
P. 2
SPACE RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
P. 3
SPACE RELATIONSHIP STUDIES
P. 4
CHAPTER 2 MINNEAPOLIS IN 6 FRAMES
P. 5
CENTRALISING (CITYSCALE)
P. 6 - 7
CHAPTER 3 CIRCULATING (CITYSCALE) CHAPTER 4 DOMESTICATING (CITYSCALE)
P. 8 - 9
P. 26 - 27
A PLACE THAT 6 FRAMES WORKS WELL TOGETHER
P. 28 - 29
ISOMETRIC, A LUXURY PLAN OF LIVING
P. 30 - 31
EDINA, THE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT
P. 32 - 33
CHAPTER 10: THE REDEVELOPMENT PLAN OF WARD 9 THE ANTI-RACIST PLANNING OF WARD 9
P. 34
THE BUILDING REGULATIONS
P. 35 - 36
CHAPTER 11: THE PRECEDENTS HOUSING PRECEDENTS
P. 37
LANDSCAPE PRECEDENTS
P. 38
CHAPTER 12: THE ECOLOGY DESIGN DESIGN OF GREEN SPACES
P. 39
CHAPTER 13: THE REDEVELOPED WARD 9 PLAN A PLACE THAT LACKS SERVICES
P. 40 - 41
THE HIGH STREET PLAN (EAST ENTRANCE ON CHICAGO AVE) 1 : 100
P. 42
CHAPTER 14: THE NEW HIGH STREET DESIGN DESIGN OF GREEN LINKS & GREEN ISLANDS
P. 43
STREET SECTIONS
P. 44
CHAPTER 15: STREET PERSPECTIVES PLAN VIEW
P. 45
ISOMETRIC VIEW
P. 46
VIEW FROM CHICAGO AVE. (EAST ENTRANCE)
P. 47
CHAPTER 16: DESIGN AFTER - THOUGHTS, REFLECTION
P. 48
P. 10 - 13
CHAPTER 5 EXTRACTING (CITYSCALE)
P. 14 - 15
CHAPTER 6 IMMOBOLISING (CITYSCALE)
P. 16
CHAPTER 7 INCARCERATING (CITYSCALE)
CHAPTER 9: CASE 2, EDINA ANALYZE ON FUNCTIONAL SPACE UNDER 6 FRAMES
P. 17
CHAPTER 8: CASE 1, WARD 9 ANALYZE ON FUNCTIONAL SPACE UNDER 6 FRAMES
P. 18
3D VISUALISATION
P. 19
6 FRAMES ANALYZE ON PLAN
P. 20 - 21
A PLACE THAT LACKS SERVICES
P. 22 - 23
ISOMETRICS, A SEGREGATED LIVING SPACE
P. 24 - 25
Chapter 1 : Understanding the site (Minneapolis) Research question What are the Spacial Contours of capitalism that produce racial hierarchy and injustice?
Understanding Racial problems in Minneapolis
The Floyd incident, Minneapolis A graphical representation on the floyd incident
The floyd incident sparked demonstrations and protests all around the world, and it called for police reform while mourning the death of yet another unarmed Black person at the hands of police in the United States. The situation is alarming and hence in this project we are looking at the roots of racial problems, the policing problems and the history of red-lining and ask for reforms. Thousands protest peacefully across the country, though some demonstrations continue to be marred by acts of vandalism and clashes with police, including near the White House. When we look at the problems in depth, we can find out that the floyd incident was not a coincident, or some kind of carefully calculated conspiracy, it happens because that the racial segregation among different people in Minneapolis was so severe, that a single clash of mistrust between two individuals (Floyd & the police) caused the tragedy that allowed people to look at the causes and impact of structural racism on the american society and to look for a cure. In studio 2, we had focused on looking at the problems with the lens of the 6 frames (centralising, circulating, domesticating, extracting, immobolising and incarcerating) and in studio 3 we are looking at the problems of the floyd incident neighborhood, comparing it with a well-planned and developed white neighborhood and see whether a solution can be derived to the racial problem architecturally.
Red-lining and Structural Racism in Minneapolis A graphical representation by animation
Incarcerating (Other high profile cases in the Minneapolis area A graphical representation on local police violence cases in Minnesota
1
Chapter 1: Living Routine of a Ward 9 resident Gene Mark, a black resident of Ward 9 Understanding the living of a black citizen, Ward 9, Minneapolis
Mark is a 40 year old man who works as a construction worker, he works for Kraus-Anderson, a builder company and he keeps his work equipments at home. He works on a decorating business, which is more than wall painting and doing interior decoration, it is also about creating an environment for the client's lifestyle, to satisfy their needs and wishes. He also works on the "Black in America" Project and reads letters from poor black kids, and looking at their problems. Mark has his live like a typical black citizen in Ward 9, Minneapolis, a modest and hard working live, so his working live scedule was studied to understand the services that a typical resident need.
MARK'S WORKING DAY ROUTINE (Essential services) WASHING & BREAKFAST
TRAVELLING TO WORKPLACE
OFFICE WORK
BREAK & LUNCH
ON SITE WORK
OFFWORK & SHOP GROCERY
DINNER & RESTING
DOMESTICATING
CIRCULATING (PEOPLE), IMMOBOLISING
CIRCULATING & CENTRALISING
CIRCULATING (CAPITAL)
EXTRACTING
CIRCULATING (CAPITAL)
DOMESTICATING
Activity: Private
Activity: Public
Activity: Semi- private
Activity: Semi-private
Activity: Private
Activity: Private
Activity: Private
Location: Home
Location: Bus stations, tram strations
Location: Offices & meeting rooms
Location: Pubs & Resturants
Location: Construction sites
Location: Supermarkets, Malls, Pubs
Location: Home
Duration: 6:30 - 7:00 am
Duration: 7 - 8 am
Duration: 8 - 1 pm
Duration: 1 - 2 pm
Duration: 2 - 5 pm
Duration: 6 - 7 pm
Duration: 8pm - 6:30am
Time: Early Morning
Time: Early Morning
Time: Morning
Time: Noon
Time: Afternoon
Time: Evening
Time: Evening to Next morning
2
Chapter 1: Space relationship diagram
1. CLASSIFICATION OF SPACES
Gene Mark, a black resident of Ward 9
First, spaces in ward 9 are organized into public & private spaces. Different strategies would then be tested.
Understanding the living of a black citizen, Ward 9
Requirements for services changes with time Winter Schedule 1. From December to January, the weather of Minneapolis are freezing. snowy and windy, which limits the work hours and the activities outdoor. More indoor activities such as working out in the gym and reading in the library are to be done. 2. During winter, he is likely to stay onsite during the daytime. However, in UK winter day time is much shorter, starting from 8am to 4pm. Outdoor weather is wet and cold, so he is likely to work for less hours during the winter time. 3. After a long day of work, the sky would most likely to get dark when he is off work (5 pm), he is most likely to either 1. Go home and get rest. (Domesticating) 2. Go to the pub and watch a match with his friends. (Circulating) Summer Schedule 1. In UK, daytime during summber is relatively long, starting from 5am in the morning to 9pm at night, during the time , Tony will most likely be out of his home and onsite (Extracting). He would most likely be outdoor. As such the need for traffic & commercial services (Circulating) would be increased. 2. When he comes back from work, the sky is normally still bright (7pm). Tony can have a few outdoor activities or he would like to take a walk along the park and take a break (green spaces). 3. Handling such projects when the humidity in the air is low and temperatures are higher ensures faster, more thorough drying, thus making the entire construction project more efficient. Hence he would likely to be spending more time to work on site (Extracting).
Public Spaces
Semi-Public Spaces
Private Spaces
PARKS
GYMS
OFFICES
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
COMMUNITY CENTRES
HOTELS
SQUARES & CENTRES
HOSPITALS
PRIVATE HOUSES
TRAIN STATIONS
MARKETS & SUPERMARKETS
PUBLIC HOUSING
TRAM & BUS STATIONS
BANKS
LIBRARIES
PORTS
HALLS
MUSEUMS
STREETS & ROADS
SHOPS
CHURCHES
INFRASTRUCTURES
RESTURANTS
MOSQUES
ELECTRICITY & WATER SERVICES
FACTORIES
POLICE STATIONS
CONSTRUCTION SITES
CENTRALISING
CIRCULATING
DOMESTICATING
EXTRACTING
IMMOBOLISING
INCARCERATING
HOTELS
RESTURANTS
MARKETS & HALLS
SQUARES
GYMS
BANKS & ATMS
MUSEUMS
LIBRARIES
SCHOOLS
RESIDENTIAL DISTRICTS GOVERNMENTS SERVICES
COMMUNITY CENTRES MOSQUES
STREETS & ROADS
SERVICES & INFRASTRUCTURES
CHURCHES
INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS
DIRECT ACCESS
OFFICES PARKS & GREEN AREAS TRAIN STATIONS
CARPARK
VISUAL ACCESS
TRAM & BUS STATIONS
SUPPLEMENTARY COMPLEMENTARY
Schools
The Gym Offices & Factories
Services required on a week day
Home
From home to home, CENTRALISING
CIRCULATING
DOMESTICATING
EXTRACTING
IMMOBOLISING
INCARCERATING
Buses & railways
Carparks
Resturants
The Hospital
The Gym Churches & Cathedrals
Services required in a weekend day (off work) From home to home,
Streets & Roads
Home
Streets & Roads
Streets & Roads Resturants
Streets & Roads
Streets & Roads Construction Sites
Markets
Libraries & Museums Streets & Roads
Carparks
Shopping Malls
3
Chapter 1: Spacial relationship studies Key findings for functional spaces under the 6 frames
Why do we need to study black & white spaces on plans?
Centralising Spaces
First of all, we understand that floyd incident was not a case of coincident. There is a lot of reasons that the case would happened, for example, the personal rivary between Floyd and Chauven, the poor state of the economy of the neighborhood and the mistrust between the black people and the police.
1. Most of the centralising spaces are either public spaces or semi-public spaces, they are essential in social development of the district. 2. Most of the transportation spaces (Stations & carparks) are either centralising or circulating spaces. They allow people to move around, bring potential customers to commercial districts and bring labour from one neighborhood to another. This allows the city to develop and expand.
Circulating Spaces 3. Most circulating spaces are related to commercial (capital) or transport (people). They should be well-connected to infrastructure and roads (immoblising spaces). A place is dynamic when it is well circulated, and that brings in capital and draws people into it. 4. The centre of circulating spaces shall be the market, where people do physical exchanges of goods. Other circulating spaces and the centralising spaces shall be well linked to the market, as that brings potential customers to the market, hence attracts capital and services into the space, which improves quality of life.
Domesticating Spaces
However, what brings us concern is not the tragedy of one individual, but the failure and inactive of the system, not just the police, but on the whole american society itself. Powerful people (often white) do often born in privileges, live in privileged regions (White spaces) , recieving privileged educations (international schools, ivy league collages) and then working under a privileged job market (Much more blacks work on construction sites and white people working in financial markets). The problem is not of one policeman, one city (Minneapolis) or one state alone. It is a national problem of injustice among its black citizens. As architects work for people, it is our responsibility to help and make a change to the racial segregation. And make better city plans is one of the many ways in doing the job.
Graphical analysis symbols (Black space & white space)
5. Domesticating spaces, where people actually live, either held under their names or under rent, shall be wellconnected with extracting spaces, such as library and churches. Well planned domesticating places shall also within the walking range to a market place (centre of circulating space). 6. Value can be added if the domesticating spaces are visually connected to a beautiful natural landscape, it can be as big as a forest or a beautiful lake, or just a single maple tree outside the bedroom windows. Centralising spaces such as the gyms and community spaces can allow people to form social connections with their neighbors, forming different communities.
Barren lands
Industrial Area
Church
Sport Centre
CCTV
Stores
Court of Law
Crop field
Elderly House
Fire station
Government office
High school
High office towers
Historical site
Hospital
Port
Library
University
Bus stations
Public Health Centre
Extracting Spaces 7. Extracting spaces brings value to people. For example, they can be educational, such as schools and museums. They can also be place that people work on to gain wealth, such as the port in urban Minneapolis, or a working construction site. 8. Extracting spaces can be measured not only in quanity, but also be measured in quality. For example, schools near poor black are often referred as "lower class" or they often have a low rank. Most of them are lacking in facilities due to lack of government funds and resources. More people can be attracted to a library if it contains a larger variety of books.
Immobolising Spaces 9. The development of streets and roads (immbolising space) are essential in city planning, they connecting the other spaces (other 5 frames) and controls the development of them.
Incarcerating Spaces 9. Most of the incarcerating spaces are related to the police, and they all have restrict entry and far away from the residential areas (both white & black spaces). A lot of the american police still have the image of black people being lazy and law breakers, which put the black people into disavantage.
4
N
MINNEAPOLIS IN 6 FRAMES
Centralising Circulating Domesticating Extracting Immoblizing Incarcerating
5
Chapter 2 : Centralising (Cityscale) Places that people gather and communicate
Centralising
Centralising spaces are important as they allow social and cultural development.
Floyd Incident
3
Research direction 2
City Scale
2
N
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
Multistory luxury housing
2
Terraced houses
3
Public housing
4
Hotels
3
3
3 4
Centralising Space Types Hospitals
Segregated Yes
Sport Centres
Yes
Social & Community centres
Yes
Government buildings
Yes
Transportation hubs
No
2 1 3
3
3
Research Observations (Problems) 1.
Most of the hospitals are located close to public housing (poor people) and white areas (rich); but they are further away from the region with terraced houses. (Black & multi-cultural communities)
2.
Most of the sport centres are located to the city centre and the white areas, there are not enough of them close to the black regions.
3.
Trams and trains are only avaliable in the south west region of Minneapolis (close to the Mississippi river).
4.
There are only a few social and community centres around the domesticating areas, black communities cannot find support easily when they have social problems.
2 2
2
WARD 9
1 1
EDINA
2
6
1
Chapter 2 : Centralising (Cityscale) Places that people gather and communicate
Centralising
Research direction
Floyd Incident
City Scale Traditionally red-lining area N
2
Important Centralising Spaces (Healthcare)
3
1
Maple Grove Hospital
2
Most of the centralising spaces are outside of the traditionally red lining areas.
Hennepin Healthcare Brooklyn Park Clinic 5
6
3
North Memorial Health Hospital
4
Valley Medical & Wellness
5
USCIS Minneapolis Field Office
6
Hennepin County Medical Center
4
WARD 9
7
M Health Fairview Southdale Hospital
8
Minneapolis VA Health Care System
EDINA 7
8
7
Chapter 3 : Circulating (Cityscale) Places for transfer of people and capital
Circulating
Circulating spaces are important as they allow people and capital to move around.
Floyd Incident 3
Research direction
N
2
City Scale
2
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
Multistory luxury housing
2
Terraced houses
3
Public housing
4
Hotels
3
3
3 4
Circulating Space Types Food stores & resturants
Segregated No
Gas stations
No
Banks
Yes
Supermarkets & shops
Yes
2 1
Research Observations (Problems) 1.
Banks are mostly located near the city centre, and there are not enough bank branches near the black areas, and queues can get very long.
2.
There are not enough variety of shops near the black areas, mainly only fastfood stores and resturants.
3.
Circulation of capital and people are very centralised and concentrated along the main streets or major roadways.
4.
Parking spaces are inadequate near the circulating spaces, and often they are not well organised. People park their cars along the main roads, which worsen the traffic condition on the roads.
5.
There are little circulation happen outside the highstreets. This creates dark zones which are empty and dangerous, especially in the black areas.
3
3
3
2 2
WARD 9
2
1 1
EDINA 2
8
Chapter 3 : Circulating (Cityscale) Places for transfer of people and capital
Circulating 2
Research direction
Floyd Incident
City Scale
Traditionally red-lining area N
1
Important Circulating Spaces (Market) Most of the circulating spaces are outside of the traditionally red lining areas.
1
North Market
2
Market 62 Grocery Store
3
5
3
Whole Foods Market
4
Midtown Global Market
6
4
5
Fresh Thyme Market
6
Longfellow Market
WARD 9
8 7
Kowalski's Market
8
Fresh Thyme Market
EDINA 7
9
Domesticating
Chapter 4 : Domesticating (Cityscale) Places that people live & stay
Green area
Domesticating spacess allow people to make a home.
Research direction
3
City Scale
Building Types in Minneapolis:
Traditionally red-lining area
2
1
Multistory luxury housing
Segregated Yes
2
Terraced houses
No
3
Public housing
Yes
4
Hotels
Yes
2
N
3
3
3
Research Observations 4 As we can see the public housing distrcits are clearly located in the yellow zones of red lining, which are the declining areas in the red lining era, black communities are the majority there.
2 1 3
3
3
Most of the historical red areas are occupied by black and coloured residents, which most of the them are densely built badly maintained terraced houses and poor housings.(black areas)
2 2
2
Most of the multi-story buildings and the newly developed zones are found outside city centre. Most of them are found in the declining area and the historic green areas (eg. white areas)
1 1 2
10
Traditionally red-lining area
Chapter 4 : Domesticating (Cityscale)
Black majority Communities
Places that people live & stay
Multi-cultural Communities
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
0m 250
500
1000
2000
3
2
White majority Communites Floyd Incident
Most of the domesticating spaces are outside of the traditionally red lining areas.
2
2
N
Photos on next page
3
3
4
3
Most of the public housing in Minneapolis are located in either black or multi-cultural areas, which is caused bt red-lining.
3
Research Observations
4
Most white people stay close to the urban city centre and the mississippi river, which is the centre. Most red lining district around central area have disappeared.
3
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
2 2
2
1 1 1
1
2
2
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Chapter 4 : Domesticating (Cityscale) Places that people live & stay
Empty and broken terraced houses in a poor neighbourhood
How the poorest black community lives
An empty street in the black areas of Hawthorne
Resources are wasted on policing on empty areas which people abandoned
12
Chapter 4 : Domesticating (Cityscale) Places that people live & stay
N
13
Chapter 5 : Extracting Places that gain resources & knowledge
Extracting
Extracting spaces are important as they allow people to learn, to work and to gain wealth and resources.
Floyd Incident
3
Research direction
2
City Scale
N
2
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
Multistory luxury housing
2
Terraced houses
3
Public housing
4
Hotels
3
3
3 4
Extracting Space Types Schools
Segregated Yes
Museums
No
Churches
No
Universities
Yes
2 1
Research Observations (Problems) 1.
There are a lot of small schools close to black areas. However they are often small in size and lacks equipments & facilities. In contrast there are better equiped and higher rank school close to white areas.
2.
Churches around black areas are relatively small and disperse. Most of them are actually pray rooms for local people and there are limited number of priests.
3.
Universities are mostly located along the mississippi river, and most students are white.
4.
There are not much museums in the regoin, and most of them are located in the historic industrial region, mainly city centre. However they are often not easily accessible by people who live far away from the city centre, for example, in the black regions.
3
3
3
2 2
2
WARD 9
1 1
EDINA
2
14
Chapter 5 : Extracting Places that gain resources & knowledge
Extracting
Research direction
Floyd Incident
City Scale Traditionally red-lining area N
Important Extracting Spaces (Schools & Unis.) We can find that extracting spaces are outside of the traditionally red lining areas.
2 1
University of Minnesota
2
CU University 3 4
1
3
University of St. Thomas
4
P.E.A.S.E. Academy
6
5
Burroughs Elementary School
6
Cristo Rey Jesuit High School Twin Cities
7
WARD 9
8 7
South High School
8
Wellstone International High School
5
EDINA
15
Chapter 6 : Immobolising Places that control and provide access
Immobolising
Immobolising spaces are important as they provide accessibility and boundaries to a space.
City Scale
Floyd Incident
3
Research direction 2
Traditionally red-lining area N
2
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
Multistory luxury housing
2
Terraced houses
3
Public housing
4
Hotels
3 We can see that the main traffic is passing through the traditionally red-lining areas. 3
3 4
Immobolising Space Types 1
Roads and highways
2
Rivers, streams and lakes
3
Tram stations
4
Green areas
2 1
Ro a d s a n d h i g h w a y s d o e s n o t o n l y a c t s a s immobolising spaces which blocks traffic, it also enables traffic from one place to another.
2.
Natural landscapes like water streams, lakes and green areas can also act as immobolising spaces.
3.
Most circulation occurs along the boundaries between different zones, created by immoblising spaces.
4.
The city has a traditional grid layout in city planning, where most of the streets run at right angles to each other. This provides traffic safety for pedestrians and drivers as they can see traffic approaching them clearly.
5.
However the grid plan creates less intersting spaces therefore people are less likely to visit the area, especially for the densely packed architecture in the black areas.
3
3
Research Observations (Problems) 1.
The red-lining district is less developed, hence land can be obtained more easily and infrastructure developed around it at a lower cost (financially & time).
3
2 2
2
WARD 9
1 1
EDINA
2
16
Chapter 7 : Incarcerating Places that provide security and control
Incarcerating
Incarcerating spaces are important as they allow people to lose the fear of losing one's life or his property.
City Scale
Floyd Incident
3
Research direction 2
Traditionally red-lining area
2
N
Building Types in Minneapolis: 1
Multistory luxury housing
2
Terraced houses
3
Public housing
4
Hotels
3
3
We can see that there are more incarcerating spaces next to the traditionally red-lining areas.
3
A lot of prisons are located in the urban centre of Minneapolis, where there are a lot of CCTV coverage.
4
Incarcerating Space Types Police station Prison CCTV Concetrated Locations 1
Research Observations (Problems) 1.
Most Incarcerating spaces are located next to public housing 3 , it is because they are often marked as "troubled" districts.
2.
Police station are often located next to the main roads, which allow the policemen to reach the incident location quickly.
3.
CCTV are concentrated next to the traditionally redlining district, where black people lives.
4.
Most of the CCTV are located next to the main immobolising spaces (roads & streets),
5.
However since most police station are close to public housing 3 and quite far away from terraced housing areas 2 , there are not enough police force to cover the whole area, limiting the speed of response for the police force.
3
3
3
Most police station are located next to public housing, where poor people lives, black people in majority. 2
2 2
WARD 9
1 1
EDINA
2
17
Chapter 8: Case 1: Ward 9 1. POPULATION BY AGE
Analyze on functional spaces under the 6 frames
IMPORTANT FINDINGS
We would start by comparing two neighborhoods in Minneapolis in Studio 3. The first one is Ward 9, which is the famous black space (42% black) where the floyd incident occured. And the second one is Edina, which is a white dominant space (with 62% white population).
1. Most of the residents are at the youth, between 25 and 34.
1. Ward 9 (Alondra Cano) Statistics
3. I t h a s a l o w p o p u l a t i o n o f 1 8 - 2 4 youth, because it does not have good educational practices in the area. Students moved out to study.
2. They are either immigrants from East African origin, or US born black.
N
2. COST-BURDENED HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
IMPORTANT FINDINGS 1. HUD defines "cost-burdened households" as those who pay 30 % of their income for housing and lacks necessities. 2. Most of the cost burdened housholds rent their homes (71%) . 3. Less than one third of the cost-burdened households own their houses, they often inherit their house from their parents.
3. HOUSEHOLDS BY ANNUAL INCOME
IMPORTANT FINDINGS 1. Most households recieve less than $35,000 a year, which is less than half of the average in Minneapolis, of $ 62,500. 2. More than half of the Ward 9 population have income less than average.
1. Ward 9 is one of the most densely populated and most diverse wards.
3. U n d e r f e d e r a l p o v e r t y t h r e s h o l d , households with less than $50,000 are considered "low income". There are 45%.
2. It is located in central Minneapolis. 3. It includes the largest urban American indian population. 4. It includes the largest Latino population. 5. It includes a strong East African community. 6. It includes a progressive LGBTQ (Gay) community. As we can see, ward 9 is the home of a lot of minorities, not just black people. It has become a black space since long ago, after the red lining policies after the war. White people moved out from the region and more and more immigrants from east african region moved in.
4. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF 25 AND OLDER
IMPORTANT FINDINGS 1. Around one third of the 25 and older have less than a high school ddiploma, which is far more than the 10% average of the US. 2. 27.5% have a bachelor degree, 8 % lower than that of the US average. 3. Education level is relatively low when compared with other neighborhoods, especially the white areas like Edina.
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Chapter 8 : 3D Visualisation of Ward 9 where the floyd incident actually happened A walk through of the floyd neighborhood. It allow us to go through the main streets and the narrow paths virtually in person in order to understand the environment of the ward 9 black space.
19
Chapter 8: Case Study 1: Ward 9 Analyze on functional spaces under the 6 frames The Optimum Population
Problems of Ward 9 (Black Spaces in Minneapolis) CENTRALISING 1. Community spaces, parks and squares are not well designed and insufficient. They are often small and seperated in the poor black areas. CIRCULATING (CAPITAL)
Population in Ward 9, 2020
2. There are very few circulating (capital) at the other areas in the ward. People from the corners of the ward has to walk half an hour to get to the shops on E. 38 th Street. It is not easy to access the market (the centre of circulating space) CIRCULATING (PEOPLE)
E 38. th Street Ward 9 is a densely populated region, with a population of 55,000, which exceeds the average population density of the other regions of Minneapolis. The ward is mainly a domesticating space, hosting the largest indian and east african population in the whole region. However, that comes at a price, at a cost of the lower standard of living for the residents. It is not feasible to bring the population lower, back to the optimum economic population, however, by increasing services provided, the living standard of ward 9 residents can be raised.
3. For ward 9, circulation is only concentrated in the commericial high streets (E. 38 th Street), where there are minimimal traffic in the other parts of the ward, the main street is always congested. DOMESTICATING 4. In poor black areas, houses are not well maintained, and a lot of them are empty and broken. They are also too densely packed with each other, where noise becomes a problem. EXTRACTING
1. Ward 9 is located in the middle of minneapolis, connecting to 4 wards on 4 sides. 2. It is famous for its business corridors, mainly along the E.38 th Street, where floyd incident occured. 3. E. 38 th Street is the busiest street in the region, with a gas station, supermarkets, clothing stores, resturants and take aways.
N CENTRALISING CIRCULATING EXTRACTING BUS STATIONS
20
4. However, there are very few circulating (capital) at the other areas in the ward. People from the corners of the ward has to walk half an hour to get to the shops. And buses (public transport) only pass through E. 38 th street, making the rest of the neighborhood dark and dangerous. 5. The E. 38 th Street is too narrow to serve as both the high street (circulating) and the main traffic road (immobolising)
5. Dense housing, poor people are far away from extracting spaces, for example, educational institutions, good schools, libraries and workspaces. IMMBOLISING 6. Infrastructures, main roads, highways cutting and seperating poor black areas and high income white areas (Immbolising spaces). However, the streets and roads work on both ways, not only it can limit travelling between neighborhoods, it can also enables travelling when it is well designed. 7. In poor black areas, there are not enough car parking spaces where people park their cars all over the place and congest the main roads, making the roads hardly accessible. INCARCERATING 8. For poor black areas, side paths and links are often not well defined, they are small, narrow and not well litted, making them dangerous spaces and people not willing to use them, especially at night. The police are also suspicious against people who live in the ward 9 neighborhood.
21
N
Chapter 8 : Ward 9 A place that lacks services Inadequate services provided within a region lowers quality of life. It is important to study the variety of services provided to a region, in both quality and quantity. People would move out of the place (ward 9) if services provided (the 6 frames) are lacking and has poor walkability.
Research direction
1. What does it means to be professional?
Local Scale
To be a professional, we need to have a certain set of skills in order to be successful, this includes:
Space Types Creative design skills and knowledge.
Knowledge on building and construction.
Pay attention to detail.
Have thinking and reasoning skills.
Centralising
Circulating
Elderly House
Banks
Hospital
Stores & Resturants
Court of law
Bus station
Centres
High tower
Post office
Market
Public health centre
Oil & gas
Town office
Power plant
Important dates on the Development of the Architectural Profession (Chrisman 2013)
Extracting
Immoblizing
Incarcerating
1834
1848
1947
1974
Library
Monument
Fire station
RIBA was founded to advance and protect the quality in architecture, it soon grew international reputation.
Public Health Act creates powers for central and local government to protect public health.
Town and Country Planning Act was set to control the rebuilding process of post-war Britain.
Health and Safety Act assigns the responsibilities to dangerous employment conditions on construction sites, leading to the CDM Regulations.
Church
Barren lands
CCTV
University
Historical site
Police station
Both the ARB’s and RIBA’s Codes provide a comprehensive description of the responsibilities that lay with an architect outlining standards from ethical values (impartiality, honesty, integrity, respect) to professional competencies (understanding law, building regulations, health and safety, structural and technical concerns). Being professional is being able to incur and comply with these standards in practice, whilst also having a critical attitude and intellectual approach towards them facilitating their future development.
3. How has legal and social history in the UK infuenced the profession ? Modernist architecture, or modernism, is a style that emerged in the early-20th century in response to large-scale changes in both technology and society. It has been one of the most influencial event in the history of civilizations. However, the development of the profession has been started long before that.
1980s
1997
2000
2008
Rapid rise of Neoliberal Capitalism in the UK. The market force decides the development of urban architecture and it affects the architectural firms. (Large international Corp.)
The Parliment's Architects Act requires that the ARB issue a code setting standards of professional conduct and practice. (the Code of Practices)
Increasing Democratisation led by various international agreements to increase public involvement in environmental protection. (The Hague Climate Change Conference 2000)
Climate Change Act to set a target for the year 2050 for the reduction of targeted greenhouse gas emissions.
Domesticating
Mosque
Prison
Junior College
Supervision pt.
Crop field Technical college Local Port Museum
22
Primary school
23
Chapter 8 : Ward 9 Isometric A segregated living space Ward 9 is a densely populated old red-lining zone. As shown from the isometric, there are serveral problems that leads to the segregation of the black community and we have to address. CLINIC
PUBLIC HEALTH CENTRE
CENTRALISING 1. There is no post office, gym and elderly homes within the area. The community centres are also lacking. CIRCULATING (CAPITAL)
COMMUNITY CENTRE
STORES & RESTURANTS
FOOD STORE
SMALL ATM
CHURCH
SCHOOL
2. There are no banks, but only a small ATM in the region. Most of the shops are resturants, and small food stores. The shops are decentralise and there is no market place around the area, within a walkable distance. CIRCULATING (PEOPLE) 3. E. 38th Street (Main street) is always conjested, and people park their cars all along the road. There are no carpark in the area. The side streets are empty and under used. DOMESTICATING 4. The houses are mostly old and not well-planned, left over from the red-lining district plans from the 1960s, the green areas are lacking and poorly organised. EXTRACTING
FIRE STATION
N
5. There are no library in the area, schools are small and at a low rank. They often lack teachers and facilities. IMMBOLISING
FLOYD INCIDENT
CENTRALISING CIRCULATING EXTRACTING
24
There are many dead-end streets in the area.
There is not enough parking space on the roads.
25
Chapter 9: Case Study 2: Edina Analyze on functional spaces under the 6 frames
W 66. th Street Edina
Ward 9 Edina, in contrast, is a well developed residential area in the southwest of Minneapolis. Most of it's residents are retired high-income white citizens, and it is one of the region with the highest average income in Minneapolis, therefore it has been chosen as the white space to study and compare with ward 9. 1. Edina is located in the southwest of Minneapolis, and it is well-planned in zoning strategies and putting services in walkable range. 2. It is famous for its medical services and commercial district on the east bank, where the residential areas are on the east bank. 3. The whole area is situated around the beautiful lake Cornelia, with well planned trees and greenary around the residential houses. The plan embraced the beautiful landscape and the natural environment.
N CENTRALISING CIRCULATING EXTRACTING
26
4. Walkability and quality of live has been well planned in the planning process. The centralising spaces (community areas & services), the circulating spaces (commercial districts & transportation hubs) and the domesticating areas are well linked by immobolising spaces. Accessibility between zones are provided by side well connected green links and tracks.
27
Chapter 9 : Edina N
A place that the 6 frames works with each other In contrast to ward 9, we can see that the 6 frames in the regions works well with each other. Rather than putting all frames in chaos, like the services along E. 35 th. Street in Ward 9, Edina is seperated into different functional zones, where they situate next to the high street W.66 th. street, not directly along it, which is more effective.
Research direction Local Scale
Space Types Centralising
Circulating
Elderly House
Banks
Hospital
Stores & Resturants
Court of law
Bus station
Centres
High tower
Post office
Market
Public health centre
Oil & gas
Town office
Power plant
Extracting
Immoblizing
Incarcerating
Library
Monument
Fire station
Church
Barren lands
CCTV
University
Historical site
Police station
Domesticating
Mosque
Prison
Junior College
Supervision pt.
Crop field Technical college Local Port Museum
28
Primary school
29
Chapter 9 : Edina Isometric
N
A luxury plan of living, the iconic white spaces Edina is one of the best places to live in the city of Minneapolis. It has a beautiful lake, it has well planned green areas, it has excellent and well maintained footpaths. It also has hospitals, markets, banks and schools within 10 minutes walk. Live is beautiful. ELDERLY HOUSE HOSPITAL CENTRES PUBLIC HEALTH CENTTRE TOWN OFFICE
BANKS STORES & RESTURANTS HIGH TOWER
MARKET
CENTRALISING 1. It has hospitals, elderly houses and community centres within walkable range, also a well planned garden outside homes. CIRCULATING (CAPITAL) 2. Large super markets, market places, banks and a great variety of shops and resturants situated on the other side of the residential area, within walkable range. Commercial services are highly accessible and not affected by traffic. CIRCULATING (PEOPLE) 3. The pedestrian roads (W 66 th. Street) and the highway (Crosstown Hwy) are in seperate locations. Vehicle traffic is kept away from the foot paths, increasing walkability.
LIBRARY
DOMESTICATING UNIVERSITY
JUNIOR COLLEGE
TECHNICAL COLLEGE
4. The houses are new and well-planned, they all have their own beautiful gardens, connected by excellent green links. The green areas are well organised and engaging. EXTRACTING 5. There are a multistory city library in the area, schools are big and at a high rank. Classes are taught by experienced tutors.
MAIN LINK FOR PEOPLE
IMMBOLISING
MAIN VEHICLE TRAFFIC
CENTRALISING CIRCULATING EXTRACTING
30
There are many walkable green areas around.
Residents can meet and talk outside their homes.
31
Chapter 9 : Edina Commercial district The service corner of Edina The east side of Edina is full of services. Instead of putting services in a chaotic manner in ward 9, services (centralising, circulating and extracting) are concentrated, and well connected by immoboling spaces. Walkability is well considered in the planning process, squares and centres are created and vehicle route is seperated from the pedestrian road. Links and crossings are well planned in order to connect different functional zones and districts.
ELDERLY HOUSE HOSPITAL PUBLIC HEALTH CENTTRE
BANKS STORES & RESTURANTS HIGH TOWER
MARKET
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY
JUNIOR COLLEGE
TECHNICAL COLLEGE
N
CENTRALISING CIRCULATING EXTRACTING
32
33
Chapter 10 : The Redevelopment Plan of Ward 9 The anti-racist planning of ward 9 To start the project, we have to identify the most important problem in the area. There are two main problems we have to address, in order to control the residential segregation (black & white spaces).
Testing One
Second, to seperate the vehicle traffic and pedestrian path, we are shifting the shops to the north, 1.
The commercial services(circulating spaces) are shifted about 30m to the north, creating a new "high street" for people to walk and shop.
2.
The new entrances are on 4 sides, on the start and the end of the new "high street", and also through the middle, passing through the newly build sqaure (centralising space).
More services (circulating & extracting, especially commercial and market areas) are needed. More public spaces (centralising) are needed.
New Problems faced
More green areas are needed.
In order to create the new "high street", we need to check the building regulations, the land ownership and the government's planning on the area.
1.
1. Testing of increasing the number of services along the high street. N
E.38 th. Street
New community centre New Market Place
N
New Square School
New Library
New community centre New Market Place
New Shops
New Carpark
Testing One
First of all, according to the spacal relationship diagram (P.5), 1.
Extra shops and a market place (circulating spaces) are added along the main road (E.38 th. Street). In order to cope with the increasing number of vistors, a carpark of 30 slots was built in the centre of the main street area, next to a new public square.
2.
A new pulic square was added in the middle of the main street, for people to meet.
E.38 th. Street
CENTRALISING
New Shops
INITIAL CIRCULATING
Too much vehicle traffic along the pedestrain roads, air pollutants, noise and the danger of being hit by the cars lowering the quality of the walking experiences.
2.
Poor transition of private and public spaces. The entrance is not clear and lacks hierachy.
Between 1990 to 2018, population doubled.
New Library
New Carpark
School
Design Problems faced 1.
New Square
New High street
NEWLY ADDED CIRCULATING
EXTRACTING
ENTRANCE
1.
There are problems in relocating the existing residents within the ward 9 region, as the ward is already over-crowded and new avaliable land is lacking.
2.
The second problem is about the ownership of the land itself. The area is privately owned, and redeveloping the whole area by demolising existing houses and building new ones are very expansive and unresourceful, damaging the already COVID weakened economy. It would be more efficient to keep the houses.
34
Chapter 10 : The Building Regulations The anti-racist planning of ward 9
Minneapolis’s city Building Regulation Under the 2020 MINNESOTA BUILDING CODE, section 1300.0120 on permits, Subpart 1, it stated permits are required from the city council for such project, when “an owner or authorized agent who intends to construct, enlarge, alter, repair, move, demolish, or change the occupancy of a building or structure, or to erect, install, enlarge, alter, repair, remove, convert, or replace any gas, mechanical, electrical, plumbing system, or other equipment, the installation of which is regulated by the code; or cause any such work to be done, shall first make application to the building official and obtain the required permit.”
Minneapolis 2040 Regulations The built form regulations will resolve some of the major conflicts between Minneapolis 2040 and the City’s current zoning regulations. They are also intended to provide more predictability for the scale of new buildings and additions, which will help achieve the Minneapolis 2040 goals. The regulation discussed a few desgin factors that benefits in our design process. They are: 1. Floor Area Ratio Floor area ratio (FAR) places a limit on the overall size of a building in square feet relative to the size of a lot. The total square footage of building area allowed on a lot is determined by multiplying the FAR by the square footage of the lot on which the building is located.
Before we can ask for permits from the council, we need to take a took at the building uses issued by the governement. (Minneapolis 2040 Land Use & Built Form, 2020: Online).
Importance to our design solutions In order to provide residential housing for the residents affected by the redevlopement, we can increase the building height of the extisting residential building around to keep the FAR and provide replacement housing for those who lose their homes in the redevelopment. 2. LAND USE PLANS, 2040
Corridor 6
Corridor 4
Corridor 6
35
Chapter 10 : The Building Regulations CORRIDOR 4 : Along E. 38 th. Street & our new high street
Key Provisions and findings
Corridor 4 district is typically applied along high frequency transit routes farther from downtown, that are on narrower rights of way, and on select streets with local transit service. It is also applied near downtown in areas between transit routes, and serves as a transit on between lower intensity residential areas and areas immediately surrounding METRO stations.
1. Height increases are allowed to be administrative for most uses, except 1-3 unit dwellings and cluster developments; subject to maximum allowed height increase, adequate required premiums, and required fi ndings (Article VI). The maximum height is 4 stories. 2. Minimum interior side yard requirements increase when the building exceeds 75% of the lot length (552.810(e)(1)) In our high street case, our buildings on the sides are most likely to be 3 stories high, and they need to be at 7 feet min. set back at the interior side yards and 10 feet min. at the corner side yard set backs.
Lot or Zoning Lot
3. Most commercial uses and mixed use development in commercial districts do not have a minimum lot width or lot area requirements.
Potential problems of testing Two
After look at the building regulations from the City council of Minneapolis, we can find two short- comings of the initial plan. The initial planing of use by the government for the area is residential use. In PS3 lectures we have learnt that it is very difficult and time consuming for the government to obtain land from private owners, if a new home of similar market value cannot be provided next to the site. In order to build the new 1800 feet length high street, around 60 households has to be relocated, affecting around 240 people, mostly black local residents. A new home and a financial compensation shall be given.
36
Chapter 11 : The precedents Looking for solutions from redevelopment projects in the world NEW LEYDEN by MVRDV in Leiden, Netherlands Trent Basin in Nottingham by Sarah Wiggesworth Architects NEW LEYDEN by MVRDV Client: Nieuw Leyden CV Location: Leiden, Netherlands MVRDV designed an urban plan of 670 dwellings. The urban plan gives strict parameters to ensure the relative cohesion of the urban grid whilst maintaining enough flexibility for consumer driven developments.
TRENT BASIN by Sarah Wigglesworth Architects Client: Blueprint Location: Nottingham, UK The scheme centres around its public realm, walkways and a new public square (centralising spaces) overlooking the River Trent, combining city life with waterside living, each home, footpath and open space.
37
Chapter 11 : The precedents Looking for landscapes from redevelopment projects in the world St Andrews, Bromeley by bow, London Holland Park Vilas, Royal bourough of kensington and chealsea Building with Rock and on the Rock, Salzburg, Austria
Landscape examples ST ANDRWS by Townshend Landscape Architects
Distinct areas of green islands are connected by the green links, linking the high street and the main road.
Location: London, UK A key aim of the landscape proposals was to create a green network of public and semi-private open spaces to help to break down the scale of the buildings within a high density environment. HOLLAND PARK VILLAS by Gillespies Landscape Architects
Organic landscaped green spaces with multi - height vegetation in a meadow style.
Sweeping walkways located close to other green spaces and incorporate water within the design.
Location: Kensington, UK The aim was to create luxurious private and communal gardens for the residents. Driven by the proximity and natural beauty of the neighbouring Holland Park, the design is sensitive. BUILDING WITH ROCK AND ON THE ROCK
Rectangular landscaped area with lush vegetation.
Meadow style plantings, with cobbled paving.
by Karin Standler Landscape Architects Location: Salzburg, Austria The transition from public to private open space is drawn as miniature landscape. Boulders with different heights are used for visual protection for the private open space.
Organic landscaped green spaces with multi - height vegetation in a meadow style.
38
Chapter 12 : The ecology design Design of green spaces Green space is an element of architectural composition that makes up an integrated urban space. The landscape function of green spaces mainly reflects on space, time and location.
Aims to be archieve in the green island design
Beautiful local butterflies in Minneapolis
A well designed green island can attract the beautiful insects & birds to the garden. They are fun to watch and it can also benefits & gives life to the ecosystem in the surroundings.
Examples of potential butterflies spies
To represents an oasis of peace, of physical and mental revive, extremely beneficial for the local residents and their vistor to have a place to take a break from the busy work. Average wages that young black people were recieving Adonis blue
Adonis blue
Adonis blue
Adonis blue
Seasonal resource and aesthetic presence chart for plant species Adonis blue
Adonis blue
Five plant species to attract & support butterflies & birds
Activities that can take place in a garden,
Grey Owl Juniper
Reading
Gardening
Purple Coneflower
Gro-Low Sumac
Meditating
The garden is a good place for people in the neighborhood to get exercise and to self reflect on their decisions in life and at work through meditation and looking at nature.
Coral Bell
Gay feather
39
N
Chapter 13 : REDEVELOPED WARD 9 PLAN A place that lacks services Inadequate services provided within a region lowers quality of life. It is important to study the variety of services provided to a region, in both quality and quantity. People would move out of the place (ward 9) if services provided (the 6 frames) are lacking and has poor walkability.
Research direction
1. What does it means to be professional?
Local Scale
To be a professional, we need to have a certain set of skills in order to be successful, this includes: B
Creative design skills and knowledge.
A
Knowledge on building and construction.
Space Types Centralising
Circulating
Elderly House
Banks
Hospital
Stores & Resturants
Court of law
Bus station
Centres
High tower
Post office
Market
Public health centre
Oil & gas
Town office
Power plant
Important dates on the Development of the Architectural Profession (Chrisman 2013)
Extracting
Immoblizing
Incarcerating
1834
1848
1947
1974
Library
Monument
Fire station
RIBA was founded to advance and protect the quality in architecture, it soon grew international reputation.
Public Health Act creates powers for central and local government to protect public health.
Town and Country Planning Act was set to control the rebuilding process of post-war Britain.
Health and Safety Act assigns the responsibilities to dangerous employment conditions on construction sites, leading to the CDM Regulations.
Church
Barren lands
CCTV
University
Historical site
Police station
Pay attention to detail. Have thinking and reasoning skills. New High Street Both the ARB’s and RIBA’s Codes provide a comprehensive description of the responsibilities that lay with an architect outlining standards from ethical values (impartiality, honesty, integrity, respect) to professional competencies (understanding law, building regulations, health and safety, E 38 th. Street structural and technical concerns). Being professional is being able to incur and comply with these standards in practice, whilst also having a critical attitude and intellectual approach HIGHtowards them B facilitating their future development. STREET PLAN
A
3. How has legal and social history in the UK infuenced the profession ? Modernist architecture, or modernism, is a style that emerged in the early-20th century in response to large-scale changes in both technology and society. It has been one of the most influencial event in the history of civilizations. However, the development of the profession has been started long before that.
1980s
1997
2000
2008
Rapid rise of Neoliberal Capitalism in the UK. The market force decides the development of urban architecture and it affects the architectural firms. (Large international Corp.)
The Parliment's Architects Act requires that the ARB issue a code setting standards of professional conduct and practice. (the Code of Practices)
Increasing Democratisation led by various international agreements to increase public involvement in environmental protection. (The Hague Climate Change Conference 2000)
Climate Change Act to set a target for the year 2050 for the reduction of targeted greenhouse gas emissions.
Domesticating
Mosque
Prison
Junior College
Supervision pt.
Crop field Technical college Local Port Museum
40
Primary school
41
E. 38 th. Street (Main road for vehicle)
to Chicago Ave
HIGH STREET PLAN 1 : 100
Bus station
Market
Stores & Resturants
Market
Stores & Resturants
N
Power plant
Banks
Post office
New high street
Green islands 0
2m
4m
6m
8m
10m
42
Chapter 14 : The New High Street Design, Ward 9 The design of green links and green islands
The SuDS drainage system
The green islands are key to create beautiful environment around the high street and also serves a technical purpose, to drain precipitation with the SuDS strategy. Adjacent to our block is a pedestrianised street (the new high street) that links the residential area to near Chicago Ave & the E. 38th Street area (the area where floyd incident happened). A street strategy was developed from studying the precedents and it allows the concept of a journet which residents can enjoy walking towards the Market and the Community centre in 3rd Ave Street (along the new high street). This has been applied using the idea of SuDS which are proposed in an organic shape to replicate beautiful floating islands.
43
Chapter 14 : STREET SECTIONS The design of green links and green islands
SECTION A - A E 38 th. Street
New High Street
E 38 th. Street
New High Street
+ 9,900
+ 6,600
+ 3,300
+ 0 mm
SECTION B - B + 12,800
+ 9,900
+ 6,600
+ 3,300
+ 0 mm
E 38 th. Street New High Street
mm
44
E 37. th Street
Chicago Ave
Columbus Ave
Park Ave
Oakland Ave
Portland Ave
S 5 th. Street
4 th. Ave Street
Chapter 15 : STREET PERSPECTIVE 1
PLAN VIEW N
E 38. th Street
45
Chapter 15 : STREET PERSPECTIVE 2 ISOMETRIC PERSPECTIVE
d Ave
Oaklan
Ave Park
E 38
th. S tree
t
Ave
Av e
us mb
Ch
ica
go
u
Col
46
Chapter 15 : STREET PERSPECTIVE 3 VIEW FROM CHICAGO AVE (where floyd incident happened)
47
Chapter 16 : DESIGN AFTER-THOUGHTS Architecture as a solution for racial hierarchy and injustice
1. Was Floyd a victim of racial injustice in USA?
2. Why do we look at the problems under the 6 frames?
The video of George Floyd’s death at the hands of police in Minneapolis triggered protests around the world. It brought renewed attention to the high-profile deaths of black Americans during the past decade and ongoing concerns about systemic racism in the criminal justice system. His death certainly is caused by the racial injustice of the country.
The 6 frames are good indicators for us to study the implication of racial injustices in architecture, which leads to racial segregation. We human beings do need resources in order to survive (circulating & extracting spaces); we need a place to live (domesticating spaces), to shelter us from the natural hazards (can be rain or thunderstorm); we also need to be be always moving from one place to another (immobolising spaces), and we need to be safe and secure (incarcerating spaces). But more importantly, we need to socialise with each other (centralising spaces), we can hardly survive in the wild alone and we need other people and they also need us.
1.
2.
3.
The american police has been disproportionately infected by racial discrimination and killed black people, which can be proved by high profile cases. George Floyd was poor, so poor that he can only work as a truck driver and can hardly find a long term job. And he was not the only person in this situation. In Minneapolis alone, there are thousands of black people, like Floyd are constantly living under proverty, and have no hope on climbing the social ladder. Under the analysis of Minneapolis city, ward 9 (black space) and Edina (white space) under the 6 frames, we can confirm that skin colour DO matter in deciding the amount of services you are going to recieve.
The 6 frames are excellent in measuring the amount of services that the target group (black people) are recieving, and how many services they need and they should be recieving. The 6 frames cover the everyday need for the target group, and to the local community, and even to a large city, like Minneapolis. Quality of live is not just measured by the quantity of services that a group of people recieves, but also the quality of them. By measuring the quality and quantity of service recieved by the target group (black people), we can understand that they DO suffer from racial injustice.
2. What can we do to prevent another Floyd incident from happening? Why we do it? We can prevent Floyd incident from happening again by raising people’s concern on the systemic racism in all around our world, not just USA, starting from Minneapolis, and make changes to create a more jsut and well-being society. This is not an easy task of any kind. It is not enough of being “not racist”, we need people to fight against the systemic racism, not to turn their back on it. In this project, we focus on analyzing the live of residents living in ward 9, looking at their daily routines, looking at their social and economic problems under the 6 frames, comparing that to a well developed white space (Edina) to find out the difference, and try to relief the problems by architecture, by creating a new high street. We aim to solve the issue by creating a better world for everyone, not by harming one type of people and satisfying the other type.
3. Is that possible to end systemic racism by architecture? The short answer is YES, and the long anser is NO. With the help of architecture, like redeveloping the poor black regions and rebuilding the high streets, we can definitely help the locals to get a better live and better income. With that increased income, they are more open and free to recieve high end education (a university degree) and more possible to make a change for themselves when they have risen up in social status. 4.
Systemic racism, or institutional racism is the true cause of Floyd’s death. Floyd and his fellow black americans, have been recieving less planning, less education and less help from the government since birth. As Sigmund Freud had once said “A man’s personality is shaped by his childhood development”, black people have been systemically opressed by their white counterparts, the most possible outcome is going to be falling behind in social status, and it is not going to get any better soon.
5.
We often do think that racism is something that happens because of people lacking knowledge and education, which is NOT true. This can be easily proven by looking at jobs that requires a higher social and education status, black people are having even less chance just because of their skin.
But the problem is also not possible to be solved by architecture, alone. We need to have a more just social system, and that requires our efforts to make changes on governmental policies. Second, architecture is a long term investment and it requires a lot of capital and knowledge, which is not the jack of all trades and suitable for all situations. And under different cities, different states and different countries, the reason for systemic racism is different in nature, it requires us to carefully study the situations and make solutions accordingly, not by architecture alone, but also putting efforts in eduating people to focus on the greater good and on sustainabilty of our society. We can prevent floyd incident from happening again by : Changing our mindset
Rethink on how we buld relationships
Build better architecture
Be constructive
Reframe differences
Promote accountability
48