3.1 PORTFOLIO GROUP QED KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
DESIGN BRIEF - INTRODUCTION Architecture is not only a design of space and forms, it is also a vessel of modern technologies. Technologies not only limits the construction time and way of constuctions, it also regulates the form and circulations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A good architectural design often develops in hierachy be more resource efficient and to achieve complexcity through simplicity. This is often achieved by applying the most suitable material to each unit and eliminating unecessary wastes at different elemtns. Sometimes a cheaper design does not always mean a better design if it use a lot more resources to produce and producing a lot more non-recycleable wastes.
INTRODUCTION
Architecture is almost seen as a static object, yet it can still react to the environmental changes and to human interactions. Our ďŹ rst activitiy of the year is to participate in the LAKA competition to design a reactive piece of architecture. We designed an emergency shelter which functions under standstorms in desert.
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The Second activity is to visit the Milan EXPO 2015 in October, to look and to feel the difference of architectural styles in different corners of the world. A good design do not just consists of beautiful images, it is also innovative, functional, aesthetic and is user oriented. In the coming projects this year, I have planned to not only improve my skills in drawing and digital editing, I would also want to learn to give critical and analytical review on architectures and designs, they are essential in schematic designs.
LAKA COMPETITION P. 4 - P.9
The third project is to set up a pavillion near the airport and do a site analysis. I studied the topography and commerce aspect and produced a detailed 3D digital model on the site. A website was set up and a presentation on airport commerce was given to the students from Munster on 26 -11 -2 015. After that, we discussed and drew a program based on our researches with the students from Munster. We have decided that connectivity and lack of commercial and accessable green spaces are the main issues in the area.
MILAN AND AIRPORT ANALYSIS
P. 10 - P.24
PAVILLION DESIGN; PRECEDENTS FOR PROGRAM (P.29)
P. 25 - P.44 Cardboard Pavillion design
PROGRAM DESIGN; THINK! PRESENTATIONS
P. 45 - P.60
I believe that the material doesn’t need to be strong to be used to build a strong structure. The strength of the structure has nothing to do with the strength of the material. Shigeru Ban
Japanese pavilion at the Expo 2000
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DIAGRAM DRAWING, WEEK 1-2
Digital Design & Fabrication Symposium., WEEK 1
Sandstorm Zones
Rolling up the shelter The armadillo can roll up itself and forms an armour shield by overlapping plates covering the back, head, legs and tail when it feels indanger.
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Tracking the Killer Sands The Warning system is better than ever, but a sandstorm can still wreak havoc and death
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he project started by four of us, I, Agata and Archie sit together on 22nd September and discuss about what problem we are facing on this world. We seperated ourselves into 2 started on looking at different diasaster on the world decided to design against sandstorms. A sandstorm is a combination of Wind and sand, moving laterally from a higher air pressure zone to a lower one, it is severve especially in India and Arabic regions. We sort to not only provide a shelter for vistors and locals in the region, but also provide a clean energy source for transports in the deserts.
ooking largely at how certain animals react to harsh environments and potential threats, our proposal is based on the ability to strengthen and adapt when necessary. Like the armadillo, our structure will take its required protective form only when needed. The shape itself is inspired by natural sand dunes, therefore suiting the environment perfectly.
Syrian children walk through a sandstorm at a refugee camp on the outskirts of the eastern Lebanese city of Baalbek Photograph: AFP/Getty Images
Strong winds and sand storms travelling across the dessert would naturally pass over the structure due to its aerodynamic shape, making it more stable with minimal effort. When not in use, the structure lies flat on the ground, inconspicuous and discrete.
A heavy sandstorm has swept across parts of the Middle East in this year, killing two people and hospitalising hundreds in Lebanon, and disrupting fighting and airstrikes in neighbouring Syria. Clouds of dust also engulfed Israel, Jordan and Cyprus, where aircraft were diverted to Paphos from Larnaca airport as visibility fell to 500 metres, delaying hundreds of airflights within the region.
We decided to look in nature at start and developed a reactive facade for urban conditions. From the armadillo, we developed a structural facade that bends under the increasing weight of rain water or from electricity generated by strong wind. The electroactiveolymer which connects the slit windows contracts, enclosing the surface and shades the interior from wind, sand and rain water. However, the urban design cannot function very well without electricity and in a desert inwhich landscapes can change overnight. So we decided to shift our resources and to take a look at the deserts itself for more inspirations.
At the same time, An unseasonal sandstorm has swept Lebanon and Syria, killing two people and sending hundreds to hospital with breathing difficulties, oxygen cylinders was running out and people were desperate looking for shelters.
“Architecture is more than just a vessel of static space, it also reflects the dynamic changes in time.”
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CLOSED
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FORM REVISED, WEEK 2-3
FORM REINFORCED, WEEK 3
Powering up the deserts o
n a larger scale, our proposal is to erect multiple structures to mark out desert trails. The construction, also equipped with adapted triangular solar panels, provides the possibility for future electric cars and other electronics to be recharged during their journey through the desert. Multiple structures will enable people who are travelling to continue their journey uninterrupted. When sand storms threaten, they will be able to seek shelter in the nearest structure which will be clearly recognisable due to the prominence of the wind turbines against the sparse surroundings.
OPEN - UNDER STRONG SANDSTORM
RESIDENTIAL
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he solar panels are in triangular form, held together by electroactive polymers, which contracts when under current, bending the structure upwards forming the shelter. COMMERCIAL
Inspired by the natural shape of a sand dune, we developed a form that is simple UTILITY and structurally stable in on the sands.
SEMIOPEN - UNDER MILDSANDSTORM
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he technology that enables this proposal to be a reality lies in the material. Over the past few years electro-active polymers have become increasingly appropriate as a material and this trend is likely to continue. In its original state the material is exible and lightweight. However when a current is applied, the material becomes much stronger and solid in form. The form it takes can be preprogrammed, allowing for exibility in design. The more current applied to it the stronger it becomes. Considering the need for electricity in a remote location, the design incorporates a wind turbine. Depending on how much electricity the turbine is generating (based on wind speed which reaches up to 60 miles per hour) sensors in the structure will recognize when sand storms are likely to occur and will automatically react.
CHURCH AREA
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anels are hinged by 8mm S.S. bolts.
CLOSED - NOT UNDER USED
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MILAN TRIP, WEEK 4
PERSPECTIVES AND SYMMETRIES, WEEK 4
Plaza as a big grid in grids The Duomo, also known as the Milan Cathedral is a Gothic one, and it took 6 centuries to complete, also as the fifth largest in the world and second in Italy.
L The Underground
ooking at the plans and perspectives, circulation and patterns can be indentified easily. The plan of the plaza is a grid, most people comes by the underground or the tram on the north west, walking through the main path to doumo next to the plaza grid to the ticket stations, get the tickets and then get in and visit. When they comes out, they also circulates around the centre grid , leaving tough a giant arch on the east.
Tickets The Doumo
We can see that the main circulating path is around the centre grid, not passing through it. It is essential to design the main circulations around the grid because people do rest and remains mostly inside the grid. They talk, they take phots and they communicate with their friends. In our design, we must think carefully on the different activities of the people, how they behave, how they would like to use the space, and what changes would the design bring and influenced by the contex. Architecture is not just spatical quanities and qualities, it is also the experience.
“Architecture is the experiences.”
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ENEL PAVILLION, WEEK 4
Transforming the power grid 40% energy is saved by utilizing the Smart Energy Grid, Italian largest powerhouse Enel held an exhibition in the Milan EXPO 2015 to show their archievements.
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nel brought to Expo Milano 2015 a Smart Grid for power distribution, built with the most modern technologies available today, an Energy Management System to realize, in the Pavilions, load control, energy ow optimization, integration of renewable energy plants and storages, if present, and lighting management.
The pavillionis constructed on a plan drawn on the Enel power grid. Lights are connected to the 18m poly carbonate tubes
The daily consumption of the pavillion is estimated to be 1.078 kW/h. Light in the expo was generated through Enel lampposts. They are smart because they implement LED technology, and most importantly they turn on and o according to natural lights. In a total of 8,500 LED lights were designed for Enel. It is a smart solution to cut consumption and CO2 emissions. This is also the ďŹ rst time that the architects from Piuarch tried using polycarbonate light tubes.
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The lights connecting to the grid structure is controlled by a centrallised control room, which reacts when people passing around and frames a musical experiences.
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GERMAN PAVILLION, WEEK 4
Feeding the planet, Energy for life Interior and Exterior of the German pavillion is linked by expressive membrane covered shelters with cutting edge photovoltaic (OPV) technology, called “Solar Trees“.
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erman pavillion can be visited in two differnt ways.
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The Vistor route. Vistors can walk over a ramp to the corridors on the top of the pavillion. It gives a view on the expo area from t height and shows the structures of the solar tree.
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The guided tour. Vistors can go through exhibtion zones shows technologies related to vegetations and soil.
AIRPORT 1:1250 MAP WEEK 5-6 N
Seperating into two circulations greatly increases the pavillion capacity.
1. Vistor Tour (Fast)
2. Guided Tour (Slow)
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AIRPORT ANALYSIS: COMMERCE, WEEK 7
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Shopping area Bus station (fig. 3)
PROBLEMS THAT VISTORS FACE, WEEK 7 (1st person) FROM T2
Train platforms (fig. 2)
3 Commerce problems (3L) & how to overcome them Taking the journey of an ordinary vistor from asia for example, during his visit from the airport to the city centre, a couple of commercial problems were identified and would be targetted in the coming proposals. The analysis is focused on the train station area, as it is the centre of the airport facilities.
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Sky Link (fig. 1) FROM T1
Path of vistor from T1 to take the train ack of knowledge of the shopping area, he did not know where to find it.
During his travel to the train station, there is ony a book store and a cafe on the way. The amount of type of shops is inadeqaute and unorganized.
Within his journey, he does not go rough any shops, the shops are on the other part of the route. They are on the route.
Path of vistor from T2 to take the train Within his journey, he also does not go rough any shops, the shops are on the other part of the route. They are on the route.
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ow conversion rates, he browsed but did not buy.
A lot of travellers like him, look at the products and do not buy them. This is mostly because the lack of choice and uniqueness of the products. They wish to get some souvieniers that is special and unique in manchester.
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ong distance from one part of the shopping area (T1) to the other (T2), he ran in circles. Fig. 2 Train Platform
Some shops are located at the T2 area, and some are at T1 and a few of them is in T3. They are seperated and most of them are supermarkets and cafes, and there is no special sales of local products. In order to introduce manchester to the vistors and to enrich the experience of the vistors inside the airport, a vistor centre, an exhibition space and a set of well allocated and well litted shopping areas.
Fig. 1 Sky Link Fig. 4 Manchester Route of traveller
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Fig. 3 Bus Station
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Disassociation North Entrance, Bus side
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he three terminals creates a feeling of disassociation from each other. The established links between each terminal is disjointed. The journey passing through the area is boring and it does not pass through the shopping area. T1 and T3 is a complex block, they are attached together at the south part of the area. T2 is a new set of structure and located on the north-west of the area.
To T2 To T1
The security check is also far away from the main circulation point, the train station. The process is clumsy and not well designed. Everytime when vistors would like to travel from T2 to T1 or T3, he has to pass through the central port, the train station. The journey is long and is not the shortest way inbetween, which creates annoyance to them. East Entrance, Rail side
TERRITORIES - PARTS DISJOINTED FROM A WHOLE
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he terminals were seperated, the journey along can be a golden oppurtunity for the city council to show the beauty and the attractions of manchestor to the vistors. It is also a good location for commercial activities that can create jobs for the local community and to shape a meanningful experience for the vistors.
Circulation (Bus to T1 & T2) Pedestrian
Terminal 2 is the newly built one, and it is supposed to be the terminal for international flights.
Mobile
Terminal 1 is the oldest terminal, built in 1970s. The design was old fashioned, as the functional spaces were further away from the main concourse. It is loosely attached to terminal 3, which is the airport for inland flight within the UK. The composition and sizes are not relevant to the amount of size provided by each component of the complex nowadays.
Feature outline
Up level
Bicycle
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Bus Service T2 Little Service at T2
Circulation (Rail to T1 & T2)
West Entrance, Roadside
Train service
CIRCULATION AROUND THE TRAIN STATION (HORIZONTAL)
ENTRANCES OF THE TRAIN STATION
T1 Most Service at T1
T3
Service Space diagram (size with respect to number of activities)
Bus Service
T2
Train service
T1 and T2 are about same size, disjointed T1
T3
West Entrance (from roadside)
Actual composition size (size with respect to number of activities)
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East Entrance (from rail side)
North Entrance (from bus side)
Metrolink (In between)
Railway (South side)
Bus Station (North side)
Atrium (Connects the elements)
The train station is a complex of the train station, bus station and the metrolink. Each part is sub-divided and it lacks an effective in between. A digital model is made to study the circulation.
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Sunshine days against Rainfall 7
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Manchester Airport Aircraft Movement 2015 Summer time Air Transport Movments Military Air Transport Movments
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anchester has a maritime climate, with mild winter and cold summers. The average humidity is about 85%, with an average temperature of 13.8 deg. The hishest temperature recorded in 2015 was 31deg, and the lowest was -8 deg.
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For example, the city can have a fine spring like early morning, an autumn rain shower late morning, and then a sunny summer late afternoon following with a cold winter evening.
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DISASSOCIATION
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he concept for disassociation puts the majority of the building part’s function between the two diametric worlds. The bars and the kitchen are mostly located on the platform, where the social spaces are designed at the entrance or exit of the platform and the train station. The connection between “places“ and “non-places“ is weak. It also fails to become an effective connection point between T1 and T2.
Manchester has Sun direction
1. Much Showers, Unpredicatble weather 2. It is important to keep warm at night 3. Ventilation is important under such high humidity, so as the water proofing ability of the material. 4. Artificial light is also important as there are lots of clouds from showers, which brings by the Tropical Maritime air mass.
Noon - 12:00 pm (55 deg)
Sunset - 21:57 pm (0 deg)
Noon - 12:00 pm (15 deg)
Sunset - 16:08 pm (0 deg)
he places with different functions are mixed in planning without proper study of the circulation. The Main space is accessable through the bus side (north), the rail side (south) and the road side (west). A lot of service and commerical compound is put on the platform, that makes the main complex to be less appealing to vistors that does not take the train but take the bus or cars.
Secondly, we have to get the bus tickets on bus, it takes extra time and feels clumsy with luggages in hand on the bus. The ticket service would be better organized if vistors are allowed to pre-order the tickets comfortablely well before the bus arrives.
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Sun Rise - 8:38 am (0 deg)
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The services are not put on one level, which causes uninconvience for the vistors who use the service. The luggage service is put on first floor, where the ticket service is on the ground floor. Whenever vistor uses the service, they have to travel across levels, it takes time and make them uncomfortable due to indirect pathing.
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Bus ticket selling machine is needed, and better with assistance in counters to promote people using public transport.
Uncomfortable travelling across levels when acessing services.
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Bridging the terminals
Precedents
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PAPER ARCHITECTURE
FLEXIBILITY
CULTURE AND SOCIETY
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he scheme aims at resolving the issue of disassociation and displacement between terminal one and terminal 2. In airport designs, the shortest and most direct route shall be taken in most cases, to allow one within tangible reach of both at once. Flexibility and expandability shall also be considered as well. The most direct route does not mean that it must be a straight to the end route, the journey shall be the best part. The bridge shall act as a highway between Terminal one and terminal two, that can soften the boundary of each terminal area and provide a trasition zone between the two places. Along their journey, the vistor are able to understand manchester food culture, and to learn basics of urban farming and planting. The program also aims to bridge the boundaries between the road, the train station and the two terminals, and thus the unpopular dead zones in the area can be eliminated.
Existing Link
T2
Train Station
Existing Link
higeru Ban’s Hannover Pavilion was a grid structure made of recyclable paper tubes in a honey comb ring structure.
Proposed new link
In the deisgn, the technology used was kept as low as possible, where the joint are done by simple metal or cloth tapes. The intersection between two paper tubes was pushed up to form a three dimensional network, which were opened at the interaction angle corresponding to the applied voltage. Under current, the paper tubes would gentlely rotate to the natural S-shape shown in the section. In order to allow three dimensional movments at the joints, tapes were used. Architectural paper has been used in japan for hundreds of years, and the skills were through reconstruction of civic buildings and shrines. However, the magnitude of such structure was not seen even in Japan. The paper tubes used were no.440 at 12cm diameter, with a length of 40 m each. The surface of the tubes were treated with PVC coating for fire safety issues, with 5 layers of fire and waterproof coatings. One weakness of the design is that the PVC coating cannot be recycled and when it must be burnt when it is out of service, which emits toxic florine gas.
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Spacial diagram of the terminals and the skylinks
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he curtain wall house was designed by Shigeru Ban in Tokyo. The design was to test out and to rethink the function of wall in modern architecture. The outer skin covering the building without serving a structural function as this skin was hung from the slabs bearing. It is an extreme concept at the time when it was designed, in 1995. The curtain is a traditional japanese architectural element, such as the shoji screens and sudare, or common Fusuma doors in traditional Japanese houses. The design is very simple and artistic, and the interior and exterior of spaces can merge into one big space. The function of the space can be changed easily according to the experiences within. Flexibility on the function of space is very important in large populous city like Tokyo, where 30 million people lives within the area.
entre Pompidou Metz is a branch of Cultural Center George Pompidou and the largest exhibition space outsside Paris. In his design, Shigeru Ban thought about permanence and flexibility. He was inspired by a chinese shade fabric with straw. The hat has a hexagonal woven texture offers a light and elegant form of structure. It also represents a mix of cultures and the well- being relation to the immediate sensory environment. Each of the tubes that make up the gallery, they are arranged in a form that provides ambient natural light. Large volumes under the roof closed using filtered air, which goes through a hood, cooler than the outside temperature warmer in summer and winter outside, a direct energy recovery system.
The foundation is very simple as well. The structure stands on a platform that is supported by 4 circular piles at the corners. In an environmental perspective, the simple design also excels. The curtains hanging on the roof slab allows natural ventilation horizontally, and the large pitched roof create a shading for the interior space that keeps the environment cool.
The foundation are boxes made of steel frame and lugs, filled with sand. They are flexible and can be prefabricated and be transported to a different site.
The design is minmalistic, uses natural material at a low cost and create minimal waste in construction.
A lighter structure is always a better structure.
A house is a machine for living in.
Architecture belongs to culture, not to civilization.
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Hulme Plan
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Precedent 2 - HULME MARKET GARDEN., WEEK 7
Precedent 1 - NEPAL Project., WEEK 7 Fig. 2
Beuilding a market for local gardens
Aftershock; reborn On the 25th of April 2015, Nepal suffered an earthquake measuring 7.8. pare for disaster relief activities. Architect Shigeru Ban prepared a set of cheap andFig. quick 2 relief for the surviors.
A couple of Praxis students are developing Fig.a2scheme in Hulme to help the local urban farmers.
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hile looking at the traditional Nepalese houses that were not collapsed, Shigeru Ban noticed the presence of carved wooden frames embedded within the brick walls (Fig.2). After studying traditional Nepalese architecture, he went to a timber market in the suburbs. Besides milling lumber, market workers were constructing window and door frames using simple tools (Fig.1). In that moment, an idea presented itself to me. Drawing inspiration from the traditional window frames and the abandoned piles of rubbled brick, a construction method came together in my mind: a wall system that can be assembled by connecting modular wooden frames (3ft x 7ft or 90cm x 210cm) and infilling with rubbled bricks (Fig.3).
This simple construction method enables anyone to assemble the wooden frames very quickly and if a roof (a truss made of local paper tubes) is secured on top, and the wooden structure covered with a plastic sheet, people can immediately begin to inhabit the shelters. Afterwards, people can stack the rubbled bricks inside the wooden frames and slowly complete the construction themselves. I plan to build an experimental structure and test how much force the wooden frames can bear. The structural integrity of this temporary house lies primarily in the wooden framing, and although the walls are to be infilled with rubbled bricks, the masonry itself functions as a secondary structural system. In the case of a two-story building, one can add a plywood panel inside the wooden frame for structural strength.
ulme is often known as the inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England, immediately south of Manchester city centre. It has a significant industrial heritage. Historically in Lancashire. Hulme was a hugely deprived, run-down area with high crime and unemployment rates until the Hulme City Challenge was launched. This was a £37.5million government-led initiative that aimed to tackle every problem in the area, from clearing slum housing to reducing crime rates. Fifteen years later, Hulme is practically unrecognizable. The area is home to a huge variety of new housing, from townhouses and maisonettes to showpiece developments such as the Little Alex, which is designed to be as ecofriendly as possible. One particularly interesting building is Homes for Change, a housing co-operative on Old Birley Street.
Fig. 1
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The group discover that people living in hulme are in a close relation with their neighbours, and they love having cheap local produced food and share with their childrens and neighbours.There is not much community event in the district, so the group organised the “Apple and pumpkins day event“. From their event I discovered that there is a need for cheap local food and a market place for them to get it and for organising communal events. To a lot of people the airport is always a cold and mechanical place. By having an urban farm and a market for agricultural products in it gives the vistors and locals a sense of freshness. It also brings animals like bees and butterflies in place along with the urban farms and eventually changes the whole landscape by bringing life to the zone.
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From 2D to 3D, Flexibility & Hierachy
PAVILLION METHODOLOGIES, WEEK 7
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What we learned about FLEXIBILITY on SNAKE’s skeletons and habits S
nakes have much more bones than a normal human. It has 400 vertebrates and we human only has 33. The ribs of snakes are attached to the vertebrates loosely with tendon bindings, which give snakes tremendous flexiblity. In architecture, we can generate structural hierachy through designing smaller and lighter structural components like snake skeletions.We can remove the unnecessary parts of the structure to save precious material and to reduce construction waste. It can also provide a cheap scheme and an elegant form.
erterbrates of snakes By controling the length and hold the ribs like holding a set angle between each lateral bracings, we can control the of rings. angle that the structure bends. The structural rings (ribs) are thus that we can have a design suspened by the vertebrates that is flexible to any natural on the top, which resists ver- landscapes. tical motions but not horizontal shears or torsion. In this Our resources are running less form, the snake can bend and and less and our population is slip flexibility accroding to the increasing exponentially, such that the resource per capita is landscape. reducing day by day. It is esInspired by the snake skeleton, sential for us to find a cheap, the pavillion design consists of structurally safe and flexible a set of ring structures, resist- design. Learning from the ed by lateral bracings against snakes may be an option for us, where they have surrived wind load and impact forces. longer than we exisited.
The most significant habit that snakes developed during thousands of years of evolution is that they will hibernate to slow down their body mechanisms to reduce energy consumption. This habit allows them to stay alive with food rations in deserts and other extreme weather conditions. In architecture, we can create reactive designs that closes itself when there is little or no people around. We can also design skylights that reflects when the angle of incident is greater than a critical angle we desired to reduce solar input at noon. This can reduce energy spent on cooling and to reduce glare.
“Although structural design follows established formulas, the actual performance of a building is complcated by the passing of time, the behavior of the users, the natural elements and unnatural events.”
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PAVILLION TEST MODEL MAKING., WEEK 8
EAST ELEVATION 1:100
Testing the paper limits Cardboard strips are cut and bent at 42 deg to create dome rings. Structural and spacial properties were tested.
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fter the schematic ideas were layed out, test models were made to test the Idea and see how the structure is related to the contex three dimensionally. At first a testing model was made by white card in 1:10 to visualize the space within the pavillion, to see how people can get to the site and what activities can take place within.
Cardboard was chosen as the building material since it is exible , light, cheap and we can also use recycle materials. They are to be cut and fold by a Graphtec Flatbed Cutting Machine. They can do it very cheap and quick. The only limitation is that the cutting bed size is only around 1200 x 800 mm, so the design has to be cut into small details and joint together, such that joints are also to be considered.
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SOUTH ELEVATION 1:50
CROSS SECTION., WEEK 8
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MODEL BUILDING., WEEK 8
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MODEL BUILDING., WEEK 8
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MODEL BUILDING., WEEK 8
High Angled sun (intensive); Total internal reflection occurs and sunlight is deflected
Deflecting the lights Low angled sun are allowed to penetrate the tilted skylight into the atrium
Lights are deflected by total interal reflection to reduce solar gain and the energy required for cooling, effective usage of natural light is estimated to save 40% of energy used in lighting up the space within.
Snell’s Law & Total Internal Reflection L ike with reflection, refraction also involves the angles that the incident ray and the refracted ray make with the normal to the surface at the point of refraction. Unlike reflection, refraction also depends on the media through which the light rays are travelling. This dependence is made explicit in Snell’s Law via refractive indices, numbers which are constant for given media
An interesting case of refraction can occur when light travels from a medium of larger to smaller index. The light ray can actually bend so much that it never goes beyond the boundary between the two media. This case of refraction is called total internal reflection. For light travelling from glass to air, the critical angle is 41.3 deg, so the skylights are tilted at larger than 41.3 deg to horizontal to minimize solar gain and glare.
Low angled sunlight (loose) High angled sunlight (intensive) Semitransparent plastic films (recycled) Cardboard ring structures (columns)
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EXPLODED ISOMETRIC., WEEK 9
1:200 CONTEX PLAN WEEK 9
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PERSPECTIVES WEEK 10 View from gas station
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PROGRAM METHODOLOGIES, WEEK 10
URBAN FARM & MARKET The green areas near the airport is unorganized and there is inefficient commercial space within the region. The new complex aims to create some lively green areas within the zone and serves as a market for local agricultural products.
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ometimes regarded as a sign of developmental failure, a nuisance or simply nonsense, the truth is that urban agriculture has experienced a renaissance in recent years. Momentum has built around agglomerating social movements concerned with providing community access to fresh, locally grown foods. Urban planners are seeking innovative solutions to the social and environmental challenges imposed by an urbanizing world, and scientists are looking to urban ecosystems as providers of vital ecosystems services — such as food, heat-island control and water management — that are able to boost local well-being and reduce the ecological footprints of cities.
Manchester city has a lot of empty or unoccupied regions. If we can turn some of them into urban farms ,we can have lower priced food and agricultural products. Empty mills, warehouses and factories can be recultitvated into urban farms. They are close to people’s homes such that community wastes can be obtained easily as fertilizers rather than using chemical ones. The program can be a testing ground for urban farming and a commercial space for local agricultural products with the airport zones.
“The history of agriculture is the history of civilizations.”
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PROGRAM METHODOLOGIES, WEEK 10
Linking T1 & T2 The program also serves as a skylink between T1 and T2, improving the connectivity and links the two terminals as one
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n the previous commerce studies, we found out that the 2 terminals and the train station are located in a triangular plan, with the train station as the centre of the services.
T1, T2 & Train station
The 3 hotels are also located next to the train station, at a triangular plan.
3 Hotels
The two main carparks are also next to the train station; one at the north and the other one at the south. The 2 gas stations are located next to the carpartks.
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2 Gas stations Carparks
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N Fresh Flower Acce s s o r i e s & Crafts
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Bar
Acce s s o r i e s & Crafts Urban Farm
Kitchen
1:200
1:200
Resturant Pillars
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49
SECTIONS, WEEK 11
N
1:200
50
View from T2 Entrance
51
SOUTH SECTION 1:200
SECTION CUT 1:200
SOUTH SECTION IN CONTEX 1:200
52
53
PERSPECTIVES, WEEK 11
54
View from Train Station
55
FR ANK LLOYD WRIGHT'S SPACE MANAGEMENTS
IS SPACE MERELY THE SUM OF SPATIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MATER THINGS?
SPACE
ECOLOGIES
From form to formless
Sustainability, a way of envisions the prosperity of culture and nature.
Duplication
Di"erentiation DOES SPACE HAVE BOUNDARIES?
According to Turchin (cited by sharov, 2000), a metasystem transition requires the following 2 steps: 1. Duplication of the original system, and CREATIVE IDEAS OF FUTURE CITIES
2. Establishment of control over multiple copies.
CARBON DIOXIDE CUBES
However, control always changes system components in order
A solid form of carbon dioxide glass, amor-
to increase the performance of the entire system.
phous carbonia produced from exhausted CO2 using as a new building material
Architecture needs to learn from living systems; to maintain its stability while still allow change and adaptation to occur.
INTERDEPENDENCE
SHIP CITY
Components are designed to allow the system to remain sta-
A dynamic, responsive and buoyant armada
ble while at the same time enables the structure to constantly
Salingaros explains that “when components are joined to-
that movrd constantly and shifts on water.
change and transform itself (reactive architecture).
gether to form a complex system, properties emerge that cannot be explained except by reference to the functioning
STR ATIFICATION RUIN CITY
whole. The connections between the parts play a major role
If we see faces, then the faces are positive space and the white
House in Ebsworth Park, Missouri (USA) by Frank Lloyd Wright
is negative space.
d If we see a vase, then the faces are negative space and the white is positive space.
in the maintenance and evolution of the system.
Troubled buildings being turned into grand
"All the I have ever ever built,built, largelarge and small, are fabricat"Allbuildings the buildings I have and small, edare upon a unit system." fabricated upon a unit system." Frank Lloyd Wright
positive and negative, as a simbol for light and dark, good and
Space is more than a simple vaccum around us, it
historic parks and recreational spaces FLUCTUATIONS
In traditional Chinese philosophy, the yin-yang made out of
In architecture, we can suggest that once a building is con-
can be in both physical or logical forms, or even
The square, rectangle, octagon, triangle, hexagon, parallelo-
evil, man and woman.
structed as a complex system, it will be perceived and con-
formless
gram, circle, spiral, and arc are keys to the consistent and sys-
Pattern in the yin-yang was organised to represent emptiness
tematic quality underlying all of Wright's work. They allow an
and fullness, and there is a balance between the two compet-
ordering of space that encompasses both composition and con-
ing forces.
ceived di"erently according to its context and to the people that interact with it. A building which will be able to change
PHYSICAL
LOGICAL
constantly in relation to natural and cultural processes that interact with it will be a building that is constantly created and re-created not by a single designer but by endless amount of
- Can be measured.
- Cannot be measured
- Describes spacial elements
- Describes spacial relations,
and individual characteristics
forces and users that come into contact with it.
- Concrete
potentials & meanings - Abstract
- Formal, Dimensional, Physical
- Code based, logical, Social
- Visible
- Invisible
- Easy to measure & talk about
- Di$cult to measure & talk
‘Ecology’ is the study of living systems and their relations to
struction. Using nature as his mentor and geometry as his tool he developed what he called organic architecture. In Western philosophy, Nobel prize in Physics winner Werner He used number, geometry, proportion, pattern, hierarchy and
Heisenberg propose an idea ovea over space interactions.
orientation in all of his work. Wright used geometry as a formative idea with the concepts of plane and solid geometry determining the built form.
"The world thus appears as a complicated tissue of events, inwhich connections of di#erent kinds alternate or overlap or combine and thereby determine the texture of the whole."
about
one another. A living system is an integrated whole whose
- Discursive & static
- Non-discursive & dynamic
This structural vocabulary that he developed consists of a 3D
properties emerge from the relations between its individual
!eld of lines through which the elements of the building are lo-
parts. Each part re!ects the whole but the whole is always
cated enabling the voids to be integral to the whole and equally
Architecture
di"erent from the mere sum of its parts.
Gregory Bateson, an expert in social science also proposed his idea on how patterns a#ects space formations.
meaningful. Architecture was, after all, the space. Wright used a range of geometric grammars in
"We have been trained to think of patterns, with the exemption
nents together form the whole through a hierarchical struc-
Living systems are structured hierarchically. They consist of
which the controlling geometric unit ordered the
of those in music, as !xed a#airs. Patterns are as a dance of
di"erent levels which interact with one another.
plan and drove the detail development.
interacting parts and only pegged down by various sorts of
ture of construction – each part of the system has its own
In architecture, a non-living system (buildings), the compo-
function and is built speci#cally to perform this function. The interaction between the components serves the whole but
Architectural design emerge out of the interaction between its
we cannot say that the whole emerges from the interactions
properties and di"erent layers. It can either be a ‘top-down’
between the parts.
hierarchical structure or a ‘bottomup’ hierarchy.
physical limits by those limits which organisms characteristiNature
Experiences
cally impose." Units he used can be equilateral triangles, or four foot squares or a series of circles.
Culture
58
59
TERRITORIES
REFERENCES
A representaion of architectural space and form within a multi- and trans-disciplinary framework
SURFACE TO NAME APPEAR ANCES The milan o"ce of Dolce & Gabbana WOOD Gives a cost, warmth feeling and domesticity
An excellent example of a performative envelope is the glass facade of the Milan o"ce of Dolce & Gabbana. The façade of the building is completely sheathed in glass, its tight rhythm
ALUMINIUM
marked out by vertical louvers in opal glass. Its rhythm
Gives a feeling of modern and light weight
marked out by a series of vertical blinds in opal glass. In daytime, pedestrians can look at the textiles inside through the glass louvers at a close distance. At night, the
CER AMICS
building appears to be closed when we observe the structure
Gives a clean, elegant and a feeling of do-
at a further angle across the main street.
mesticity A reactive open and closing visual e!ect is created by simply increasing the visual depth of the glass facade. GLASS Can show both opaquency or transparency
SENSES AND APPEAR ANCES
RELATIONS OF PART TO WHOLE IN ARCHITECTURE In designing the ENEL Pavilion for Expo 2015, the concept of “energy sharing” become an architectural theme, with the creation of a virtual volume: a place, generated by a grid onto which 650 polycarbonate vectors are grafted. The Pavillion was designed on a grid developed on a smart energy grid controlled by a centrallize system. Each point on the smart grid and linked and react in a whole system to save energy. In such case, the #eld can be seen as a material condition, not a metaphor. Field conditions are considered in organization, matter and making, going beyond the conventional
ARCHITECTUR AL BOUNDARIES
opposition of construction and form making.
UBC. CA. [Online] Available at: http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/courses/m309-01a/chu/Fundamentals/snell.htm [Accessed 20 11 2015]. The Physic Classroom [Online] http://www.physicsclassroom.com/reviews/refrn/refrnans3.cfm/ [Accessed 20 11 2015]. Digimap. [Online] Available at: http://digimap.edina.ac.uk/ [Accessed 15 11 2015]. Bing map.. [Online] Available at: http://www.bing.com/?scope=web&mkt=en-GB&FORM=INCOH1&pc=IC05 [Accessed 20 11 2015]. AR Architects. [Online] Available at: http://ar-arch.co.uk/ [Accessed 1 12 2015]. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/08/deadly-sandstorm-sweeps-lebanon-and-syria [Accessed 3 12 2015]. SCHMIDHUBER / Milla & Partne. [Online] http://www.messefrankfurt.com/content/dam/corporate/expo2015/01_EXPO-Milano-2015_Inhaltspapier_en.pdf [Accessed 2 12 2015]. enelsharing.enel.com. [Online] Available at: http://enelsharing.enel.com/en/expo-2015-en/padiglione-enel-smart-energy/ [Accessed 15 11 2015]. Shigeru Ban Architects. [Online] Available at: http://www.shigerubanarchitects.com/works/2015_nepal_earthquake-2/index.html [Accessed 16 11 2015]. Vale, Lawrence J., 1959 Architecture, power and national identity Unwin, S. (2009) Analysing architecture. 3rd ed. London: Routledge Elam, K. (2001) Geometry of design. New York: Princeton Architectural Press Tschumi, B. (1994) Event-cities (Praxis). Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Ballard Bell, V., and Rand, P. (2006) Materials for architectural design. London: Laurence King Deplazes, A. (2005) Constructing architecture: materials, processes, structures: a handbook. Basel: Birkhauser Ward, Ian Energy and environmental issues for the practising architect Miodownik, Mark Stuff matters : the strange stories of the marvellous mater Lefteri, Chris , J. Materials for inspirational design / Chris Lefteri Kula, Daniel Materiology : the creative’s guide to materials and technologi
Neutural responses
Material boundary
Virtual boundary
Boundary is a zone of actim, where the laws of physics are
Architecture
Luminance
Human senses only reponds to changes.
manifest at their most fundamental and potent level. Philp Beesley, a famous architect in Canada stated that the It can be either formed by an actual material, like a mass
purpose of tangibility is not to create the space of appear-
concerete wall, or as a virtual boundary created by lights
ance, but to create the appearance itself. Architecture is no
and shadows, sound or even temperature di!erences.
longer object and the boundaries are no longer surfaces.
Nature
Experiences
Energy
60
61
Proposal
BA Year 3 Technology 2
South Elevation
Light - Church of the light
An architecture of duality Light & Dark, Solid & Void
Length modelled: 4.5 m out of 30m
Summer Sunpath Winter Sunpath
Tado Ando built this masterpiece of light in 1989 , it is a simple and small piece of architecture, but it greatly influenced the architectural culture in modern japan.
Design Focused: The Machine Exhibtion Space
Reasons for Section Selection (Light & Geometry) • The Church of the Light is located on the corner of two streeets at Ibaraki, inside a residential area. It has an area of 113 m², which is about the same size of a small house.
Exhibition Space (Light & Geometry)
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
• The Church of the Light demonstrated a unique space design that allowed the coming natural light to reflect and penetrate the surrounding walls at the designated period of the day, thus the identification of space changes throughout the day.
• Zen principle was adapted in this architecture, Ando construted a strong contrast between light and solid to defind the space within.
N • The openings are designed to embrace the sun at different time of the day. Light is essential in church design as they are seen as descending from heaven by the catholics.
• The Aim of the plan layout of the exhibtion space aims at lighting up different part of the exhibtion area at different time, designed according to the activites within and the type of the exhibits.
Design Analysis
• The exhibiton space located behind a glass facade and next to a open space station, light is easily accessed from the sides. 15-Degree Angled wall
• The interiors walls of the exhibiton are made of polished smooth surface concrete to create a contrast of light and heavy and to define the space within effectively.
EVENING MORNING
AFTERNOON
Natural Light
Natural Light
Light at different time & daylight visualization
N
MORNING - 9am
AFTERNOON - 12pm
N N
15-Degree Angled wall
Main Rectangular Box
N Main Rectangular Box Main Rectangular Box
15-Degree Angled wall
Morning Lights • A beam of light enters the cross slit windows facing the east in the morning, creating a beam of heavenly light at the opening, giving warm and blessing the catholics inside who are having a mass or singing their prayers to god.
Afternoon Lights • Natural light enters from the openings at the south openings located in the middle of the rectangular box, where it connects to the rotated wall.
Circulation NORTH ELEVATION
N
74+ 56
Circulation to use
Evening Lights • Natural light Bounces between the angled wall and the rectangular box, and then enters the church at the south slit window.
N
1. Natural light lits up the east side of the exhibition space in the morning.
2. In the afternoon, the south rooms are lift up.
EVENING - 5pm
DAYLIGHT VISUALIZATION - Sefaira model (average in a day)
Conclusion
37
Light Openings
19
Daylight Visualization
• The east side of the space is well lit whole day.
0
• Light can penetrate around 6m into structure (room depth) N
N
74+ 56 37 19
3. The East and west side rooms are lit up in the evenings.
0
• Curtains may be installed at S and SE to prevent overlit & glare. • Functioning machine shall be put under shade to prevent overheat.
Proposal
BA Year 3 Technology 2
South Elevation
Water - CIRS Building
An architecture of Seven Net - Positives
1
The Centre of Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) located at the University of British Columbia’s (UBC) is a symbol of urban sustainability development.
Reasons for Section Selection (Water & Sustainability) • Water is 100% supplied by rain water. 1
• Carbon dioxide emission in campus is reduced by 150 tons each year. • Energy consumption is reduced by 275 megawatt-hours per year.
2 3 4 5 6 7
N
• The architect Peter Busby developed a rainwater potable water system that provides onsite water source and educates the public the importance and the possibility of sustainability in our normal daily life.
Design Focused: Heat exchange and Rain water storage system 1. Heat Exhaust HEAT EXCHANGE CONCEPT
Warm Gas Exhaust from Trains and Machines
Design Analysis
Warm Water
POWER SUPPLY
2. Rainwater Cisterin
VENTILATION
3. Heat Exchange Room
BLACK & GREY WATER CYCLE
4. Domestic Hot Water Supply
WATER CYCLE
5. Solar Aquatics Biofiltration Cool Water
Cool Gas Exhaust
6. Pumps and Fans 7. Potable Processing
Water collection cycle
1 2 3
Bus Terminal (Drainage & Storage) • Rain Water collected from the train platform roof is directed to the low point of the roof structure, and then drained towards the collection channels located at the boundary of the terminal.
4 5 6 7
• A Hole is left at the junction of the roof beam structutre and the column structure. Rain water are drained through it.
Drainage Hole
• Drainage pipes are attached along the column strutures. They are attached to the column with stainless steel bolts and steel plates for support.
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
City Water Supply EOS building heatinging loop To UBC grid Ground source cooling loop
Drainage Channel
Drainage
1. Evacuated Tube Array
Conclusion
2. Heat Recovery
TERMINOLOGY - 7 Net Positives • Structural Carbon neutrality The building is constructed of wood, white bricks and neutral colored concrete, which reduces carbon emissions in construction.
3. Photovoltalc Array
• Net-positive energy Lighting and ventilating systems of the complex are monitored by latest information technology and constantly retifying itself according to the on site situation to reduce energy consumption.
• Low Operational carbon Different energy modelling processes are provided in comparison, which allows mre research oppurtunity and system testing for developing an effective energy supply and consumption approach.
• Promoting heath and productivity The CIRS uses a mixed mode of system which utilizing mostly natural ventilation.There are two mechanical air handling units that supplies fresh filtered air.
• Net-zero water Up to 100-cubic meter of rainwater are stored in a cistern underneath the building. They are filtered and serves the 2000 litres daily need of the complex.
• Promoting happiness There are manual operable windows that allows for air flow and temperature control. The systems keeps the environment comfortable and friendly to the users.
Drainage 4. Photovatalic Sunshade 5. Concrete Sunshade
• Manchester has a rainy and cloudy weather. The amount of rainwater that can be stored by the Cisterin is very significant. 100 % supply by rain water can be achieved.
6. Exhaust exchange from science laboratory 7. Washroom 8. Displacement Ventilation 9. Solar Aquatics Biofiltration 10. Bioswale and Groundwater Recharge 11. Rainwater Cisterin 12. Potable Processing
• Turning passive occupants into active inhabitants The narrow floor plates allow daylight penetration and creates a friendly space which stimulate inhabitants to be active and happy.
• A sharp dip is designed on the tip of the roof structure. It breaks the service tension of water and force them to drop off on the edge of the roof, which prevents water from accumulating of the curved roof structure.
• Heat released by the trains, the latent heat of the machines, the exhaust gas from the kitchens and combustion engines can be reliable sources of warm exhausted gas for heat exchange. • The drainage channels are covered by metal lits with holes on it to prevent blockage and drainage clog by rubbish.
POWER SUPPLY VENTILATION
13. Pump and Fans
BLACK & GREY WATER CYCLE
14. Heat Exchange Room
WATER CYCLE
15. Domestic Hot water Supply
• Drained rain water are to be filtered and disinfected underground before stored in the cisterin. Excessive water are drained away through city water drainage system.
Proposal
BA Year 3 Technology 2
South Elevation
Air - US Mint, San Francisco
A New definition of old architecture; the new era
Length modelled: 90 m out of 90m
The Old US Mint was opened in 1854 during the period of gold rush. It is an example of old civic building with an atrium in the middle in Greek Revival style.
Design Focused: The enclosed atrium
Reasons for Section Selection (Ventilation strategies) • The Old Mint has a central atrium that connects the two wing structures. It was built around a completely enclosed central courtyard, which is the same case as my case. The train station site has two main functional spaces, the train station and the bus terminal. A well ventilated atrium that links the two main functional spaces is highly preferable.
Atrium (Ventilation & Circlation) • There are certain constraints of my design than the Old Mint. The old mint is an office building and my design is more of a public space and an exhibition space.
N
• The old mint is around the same size as the train station site and it’s building height is around the same as my exhibtion space project.
• Spaces of similar type of activities are grouped together to reduce the amount of “dead space“ within the zone, thus it is possible to have a wider passage between the major functional zones. With less corners and obstacles, the more effective the ventilation and circulation can be.
• The old mint is a perfect example of application of cross ventilation principles, which is also the main source of natural ventilation in my project.
Design Analysis
• The exhibiton space is a private space, where the bus terminal and the train platforms are public spaces. The atrium acts as the transition space inbetween, and an area to draw in fresh air for the two transportational spaces.
Ventilation at an elevated level
Cross Ventilation • Flows go from the highest pressure areas to the lowest pressure areas.
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
1/F: Skylink to T1 & T2
More direct sunlight occur at winter, resulting in more heating of the interior space.
12:00 pm - Summer 6:00 pm Summer 12:00 pm Winter
G: Atrium
UG: Train Platform
Train plaform as a open space which creates a strong cross-breeze that serves to ventilate the entire atrium inside.
Glazing and metal surface facade allows for extra heating of the interior space so as to accentuate the ventilation process.
ATRIUM SPACE
Conclusion • The interruptions in air flow is minimized by widening the main cirulation path.
• The velocity depends on the root square of the pressure gradient. • Most of the time, indoor air quality is worse than the most polluted outdoor air, so effective ventilation is essential for health.
• The airflows are designed to run in straight line rather than running at corners in order to be more effective.
• In average, cabon-based gaseous pollutants (VOCs) are 2 to 5 times higher in indoor air rather than outdoors. • High humidity develops an uncomfortable environment. Good ventilation strategy reduce the amount of moisture in iar, thus lowering the humidity within a space.
• Similar space are grouped together for better planning.
• In the Old Mint, the ventilation strategies has a good synergy with the water treatment strategies. N
Cross Ventilation
Cross Ventilation cools and the interior spaces and bring in fresh air.
• Air is heat up under the atrium, and rises.
Canopy harvests rain and fog to irrigate roof gardens Greywater is used for toilet flushing.
N
East Facade is closed to prevent noise and pollution from the Mi ssion Street (lots ofcars)
West Facade connects to the plaza and increase natural ventilation
Heat area (human and machines)
• The rising air creates a low pressure zone at the atrium, which sucks air from the sides. Since only the direction facing the bus terminal and train platform are not enclosed, a convection current is created.
Water collection area
• The convection current brings away excessive heat and water moisture.
Air Movement Water flow
Cistern in countryard captures rain water
Radiant heating in the raised floors, built over historic ones.
To plaza system
irrigation
Atrium at an accending level from south east towards North West.
Proposal
BA Year 3 Technology 2
Curved pre-cast concrete Walls with titanium oxide
Geometry - Jubilee Church
South Elevation
The Crown Jewel of Vicariato di Roma’s Milennium project Richard Meier designed this socially “revive“ architecture for 8,000 residents in Tor Tre teste area in 1996 us- Exploded east elevation of the Jubilee Church ing the latest technology titanium oxide at the time.
Reasons for Section Selection (Light & Geometry) • The Jubliee Light are designed to minimize the thermal peak load inside, and the walls from segments of spheres. • The curved walls are facing the south because the most sunlight comes from the direction, and shading towards south minimize the excessive heat gain of the interior, thus reducing the amount of energy being used in cooling and air conditioning.
Main source of diffused light is the glass roof between the shells, but in early morning and late afternoon the sunlight penetrates the entrance facade and the altar facade, giving spectacular atmospheric effects.
N
• The geometry and the large thermal mass of the conrete walls also controls internal heat gain that reduces temperature variation. The three curved walls has the same centre of radius.
45 deg
50 deg
Top Steel framed glazing
30 deg N
N
40 deg
Top Steel framed glazing
N
15 deg
15 deg
Double and Single skin facade (Light & Geometry)
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
• In Richard Meier’s design, he uses concentric circle for drawing walls. Then he link the walls with glazings to create the geometry for minimum heat gain for interior. However, his case works well in Italy, but not in Manchester. Italy has a mediterranean climate, where sunlight is especially strong in summer. That’s why he shaded the south direction with curved walls to prevernt overheat and glare.
Initial Idea: Concentric circle (Double skin facade)
Glazing
• In Manchester, we want to obtain more sunlight than in Italy. The weather is cloudy and cold in winter. In such case, using a double skin facade is losing too many natural light and heat in winter, and we do not want to shade the south direction.
Design Analysis 35 deg 20 deg 30 deg
Design Focused: The west facade
•Thus the circles are shift sidewards a bit to create a single skin facade for the south to increase the amount of natural light and heat gain. The materials used are switched to steel and glass instead of precasted concrete for their transparency.
N
to Top of walls to Glazing Using a similar principle of the Jubilee Church, a double skin facade is created .
Geometries - Single skin facade towards South
Glazing
Top Steel framed glazing • The top steel framed glazings are pitched at an increasing angle not only for intersting geometry, it also reduces the amount of solar heat gain at noon (overhead), which lowers the amount of energy spent in air conditioning and cooling of the space.
Circulation Interior circulation
Remark • When the titanium dioxide on the concrete wall absorbs ultraviolet light, it breaks down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete.
N
• The mounting wave like walls gives a feeling of lightness and suggests movement of the inhabitants inside.
N
Double Skin Facade Single Skin Facade
Proposal
BA Year 3 Technology 2
South Elevation
Mass - Milwaukee Art Museum A strong architectural statement in an exciting yet functional building Santiago Calatrava built this “glowing lantern“ on the downtown lakefront, that radiates light in all directions.
Reasons for Section Selection (Mass & Material)
Length modelled: 48 m out of 180m
MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & LOAD PATHS
Dead Loads & Live Load Wind Loads
Design Focused: The Train Platform
• The Milwaukee art museum has a long span and relatively light structure.the main strucutre are the concrete ring structures, laterally reinforced by rafters. This type of structure function especially well for train station and bus terminals, which demands a long span structure for effective circulation.
Changing Exhibiton Gallery
Gallery
Train Platform (Mass & Material) • The way that the long span roof was supported by the central structural “trees” double major is facinating. Instead of using a pair of straight columns in mid span, Richard Rogers set up pillars shaped open at the top H, are off the ground in reinforced concrete and at the end of the opening. These pillars allows longer spaning the strcutures with less columns.
Parking garage
• The 17 Steel A-frames located at the grand entrance are welded together, forming a tarsparent, strong and light structure. • The A-frames are placed on an oval-shaped ring beam, where they are top off by a three-piece steel spine.
Beam
Soil
Roof and ceiling slab
Metal Deck
Columns
Fill
Concrete slab and walls
Mud slab & Water proof membrane
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
ROOF AND CEILING SLAB
IDEA DEVELOPMENT (Synergy with TECH 1 Case Study)
ROOF I-BEAMS (bolted and welded)
Skylight
Barajas airport section
H - Column
• By using an inverted A- shape structure in the mid-span, the floor spreading caused by the side columns and the roof offset the opposide one, hence creating a stable plan geometry. • However, each concrete ring is weak against torsion and shear forces from the main surface. So two ring structure are designed to be a pair, such that each one can brace each other against torque and torsion by increasing it’s structural depth.
Raft footing
Minimalist form from structure
SLABS
Conclusion • The patterns of the beams and columns are developed from a load analysis.
COLUMNS
Positive Moment member Negative Moment member
RAFT FOUNDATION
• The idea for a “stable“ structure is to have a “Heavier“ base and a “Lighter“ frame on top.
Design Analysis
• The steel channel bracing used above the concrete H base are cold-formed to give extra strength. Antifire coating is applied on the steel surface.
1. Roof Slab : Shield rain and sun
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC 1 2
2. Transfer beam: Balance the axial load 3. Reinforced Concrete Beam: Support roof structure 4. Reinforced Concrete column: Support beam and roof
3 4
5. 150mm Concrete slab: Support people and objects
Columns can be more slender if they are pitched to the ground instead of being straight.
6. Metal deck: Formwork for concrete cast Concrete column to foundation joint
7. Ceiling slab: shield rain and sun 8. Reinforced Concrete beam: Support above structure 9. Transfer beam: Stabilize the main beams
5 6 7
10. Reinforced Concrete side wall: Support above structure and soil load 11. Reinforced concrete top slab: Support people and objects 12. Fill: Flaten the floor & absorb shock
8 13. Struct. mat: Formwork for floor slab cast
9 10
14. Mud Slab: Prevent subgrade soil being disturbed by precipitation
11
15. Soil
12 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
13 14 15
SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
The simplicity of design opens the possiblity of future expansion.
BA Year 3 Technology 2 Barajas Airport Madrid A Palace of fun as well as an airpot
Length modelled: 80m out of 520m
1
2
Richard Rogers won the 2006 Stirling prize with his 1.2km -long spanish building , tackling the sheer scale and complexity.
Reasons for Section Selection (Const. & Struct.)
4
• The way that the long span roof was supported by the central structural “trees” double major is facinating. Instead of using a pair of straight columns in mid span, he set up pillars shaped open at the top H, are off the ground in reinforced concrete and at the end of the opening. This pillars allows longer spaning the strcutures with less columns.
3
• A top atrium can be found in the middle of the zone that is intersting, in which my own project has a large atrium under a covered skylink.
9
5 6
8 7
10
• The simplicity of design opens the possibility for future expansion. Studying the configurations integrations of envelop on the roof allows us to understand how hierachy can be achieved by understanding the load paths and reducing the unnecessaries parts of the supporting structure. A long span structure is mostly a light structure.
11
• My project also located next to an airport. 12 Dead Loads & Live Load MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & LOAD PATHS
Wind Loads
1. Low Energy Glazing 2. Sheet Aluminium Roof
ROOF STRUCTURE
3. Steel Roof Bracing
ROOF I-BEAMS (bolted and welded)
4. Steel Crosslinks between bracings 5. Bamboo strips finish 6. Major steel roof components (bolted I-beams)
Y-SHAPED PROP
7. Cable “kipper” truss and compression joints 8. Low Energy Glazing
SLABS
9. Y-shaped prop for roof structure
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
10. Prestressed concrete beams
COLUMNS
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
11. Insitu concrete slabs, columns and beams 12. Insitu foundation
RAFT FOUNDATION
TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
Structural Analysis PRIMARY FRAME
FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS
FOUNDATIONS BRACINGS
Bolted I-beams core structure
Posts and Beams
AND
ROOF-
Prestressed I-beam bracing
Steel skylink
2 way slabs 18x9m
Raft footing
Primary frame Floor and roof structures • The structural design is is based on three ideas: the cor- • The secondary beams that spans across the larger primrugated roofs, columns in pairs, and a range of rainbow ary structure and the make up the floor and roof structucolors ranging from dark blue to red to yellow. A flexures. 200mm floor slabs spans below a layer of screed ible and loose modular system with a repeating pattern and a layer of stone paving. The screed is mixed at a ratio of 18x9m structural grid that allowed a wide distribution of 1:3 of cement to sharp sand, with a minimum thickof space was used. Each module was seperated at a ness of 40mm. At the locations with underfloor heating distance of 18m. The distance was set by pillars shaped pipes the minimum thickness is increased to 65mm. open at the top H, are off the ground in reinforced con• Stone paving was chosen because of it’s fine texture and crete and at the end of the opening is open to both sides long lasting life span. They may last even longer than us ! by two inclined structural steel tubes which decrease The stone that Roger chose was the “York“ stone, which their diameter as they approach the corrugated plate which is the most common used one in the UK, which were used supports the large roof and which are secured by bolts. to pave and roads of London. They are hewn from the The structure below are supported by a simple frame of Pennine grits of northern England and famous for quality. posts and beams at 18x9m.
• The primary I-beams on the roof are braced by crosslinks formed by the secondary I-beams. They are bolted on the sides to resist torsion and shear of the Primary beams. The crosslinks are then braced by a set of smaller size longitudinal roof components on top. Foundation • The whole structure rests on a serious of raft footings, conected to a set of column at the distance of a module, which is 9m in width. The Loads of the structures above are transferred by the slender columns into the concrete bases. The foundation has a higher surface area than the columns, so it reduces the punching shear on the ground which prevents the building from settling.
Construction sequence
1. First of all the foundation were cast in-situ.
2. Next Reinforced concrete columns and beams were cast.
3. Floor slabs were then cast in-situ.
4. Four inclined steel branch props were then attached to the concrete trunk of each model.
5. Four inclined steel branch props were then attached to the concrete trunk of each model.
6. Two Y-shaped props were then grounded to support the ends of the roof of each module.
7. Then the primary roof structure was craned into place, bolted and welded.
8. Steel cross links and bracings were set up on the main frame.
9. The sky light ring structure were then installed, bolted and welded.
10. The corrugated roof surface was installed on the primary structures.
11. Steel skylinks along side of each module were then installed.
12. Glazings were installed and tested at last.
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Environmental Design SUN PATHS & ANGLES (AVG)
Length modelled: 80m out of 520m NOON DAYLIGHT DIAGRAM Filtered by the circular skylight and the screens SUMMER SUN MORNING
EVENING
sunrise 07:42 65° sunset 21:30 295°
Reflected by the deep roof overhangs and the bries soleils external shadings
Reflected by the deep roof overhangs and the bries soleils external shadings
WINTER SUN sunrise 07:42 65° sunset 21:30 295°
Solar Control • The building has only 14 % of total surface facade faces south, most of the them faces east and west, which is a perfect orientation in madrid to optain amibent natural light to the interior and to prevent excess heat gain. The space are further protected by the deep roof and the bries soleil external shading.
Intergrated Envelop Detail (Fig.2) Daylight Visualization Diagram (Fig.1)
VENTILATION
Cool air heat up by sun
Ventilation • Fig 3 shows the ventilation strategy, cool air is drained from sides and from the pipes below the floor (blue arrows), then it is heat up under the sun and thus rises within the structure. They are then drained away (orange arrows).
2/F
Warm air Cool air Sunlight Warm air drained away
1/F
ELECTRICAL SERVICE
G/F Fig.3 Fig.1
INTERNAL DAYLIGHTING • The above diagram shows the internal daylight levels at the connection of two rows of modules (only including above ground floors). We can see that there is most daylight on 2/F, brought down directly from the roof lights. It is then filtered by a set of light filled “canyons“at the connection between modules. Light on G/F is more intense than that of 1/ F because the roof blocks part of the low angled sunlight coming from the sides from reaching 1/F.
Powerblock
DRAINAGE
Rainwater flow to lower position on the roof and drained away
Electric circuit • Electric circuit are put into cutouts of the floor slabs between primary and secondary beams. The cables were put into the construction formwork before the reinforced concrete slabs were cast in-situ.
Drainage • Floor level next to drainage openings on the floor slabs are 150mm lower than the rest, such that water can flow to the openings.
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11 12 13
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SECONDARY STRUCTURES
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURES
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3. Composite wood board
2. 115 mm Mineral-wool insulation
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13. Cast stainless steel compression bar
4. Vapour Barrier
18. Aluminium cover strip
6. Rock wool
19. Stainless steel bolt
7. Bamboo strips
20. Anodized Aluminium section
10. Low E glazing
TERRITORY STRUCTURES
11. Cavity between double glazing
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PRIMARY STRUCTURES 18 19 20 21 22
PRIMARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE
Fig.2
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
8. Primary steel beam 16. Reinforced Concrete slab 21. Reinforced concrete edge beam 22. Steel reinforcement
3. Composite wood board 13. Cast stainless steel compression bar
14. Stone paving 15. Insulated Screed
18. Aluminium cover strip 19. Stainless steel bolt 20. Anodized Aluminium section
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