3.2 PORTFOLIO GROUP QED KA HEI WONG, FREDERICK
TABLE OF CONTENTS SITE MAP
P. 3
SITE STUDIES P. 4 - P.5 CASE STUDIES AND FIRST TRIAL
P. 6 - P. 10
PROGRAM DESIGN MACHINE EXHIBITION
P. 11 - P.33
3 6
5
2 4 7
1
9
8
1. Terminal Two
6. Hilton Manchester
2. Radisson Blu Hotel
7. Clayton Hotel
3. Voyager House
8. BP Gas Station
4. Train Station
9. Crowne Plaza
5. Bus Terminal
10. Terminal One
10
3
North Entrance, Bus side
To T2 To T1
East Entrance, Rail side Circulation (Bus to T1 & T2) Pedestrian
Circulation (Rail to T1 & T2)
West Entrance, Roadside
Up level
Mobile
Feature outline
Bicycle
Rail
CIRCULATION AROUND THE TRAIN STATION (HORIZONTAL)
ENTRANCES OF THE TRAIN STATION
West Entrance (from roadside)
East Entrance (from rail side)
North Entrance (from bus side)
Metrolink (In between)
Railway (South side)
Bus Station (North side)
Atrium (Connects the elements)
The train station is a complex of the train station, bus station and the metrolink. Each part is sub-divided and it lacks an eective in between. A digital model is made to study the circulation.
27
Concept studies
DISASSOCIATION
T
he concept for disassociation puts the majority of the building part’s function between the two diametric worlds. The bars and the kitchen are mostly located on the platform, where the social spaces are designed at the entrance or exit of the platform and the train station. The connection between “places“ and “non-places“ is weak. It also fails to become an effective connection point between T1 and T2.
UNCOMFORTABLE
T
he places with different functions are mixed in planning without proper study of the circulation. The Main space is accessable through the bus side (north), the rail side (south) and the road side (west). A lot of service and commerical compound is put on the platform, that makes the main complex to be less appealing to vistors that does not take the train but take the bus or cars. The services are not put on one level, which causes uninconvience for the vistors who use the service. The luggage service is put on first floor, where the ticket service is on the ground floor. Whenever vistor uses the service, they have to travel across levels, it takes time and make them uncomfortable due to indirect pathing. Secondly, we have to get the bus tickets on bus, it takes extra time and feels clumsy with luggages in hand on the bus. The ticket service would be better organized if vistors are allowed to pre-order the tickets comfortablely well before the bus arrives.
Bus ticket selling machine is needed, and better with assistance in counters to promote people using public transport.
Uncomfortable travelling across levels when acessing services.
29
Proposal - First trials
Design Precident 1
South Elevation
Light - Church of the light
An architecture of duality Light & Dark, Solid & Void
Length modelled: 4.5 m out of 30m
Summer Sunpath Winter Sunpath
Tado Ando built this masterpiece of light in 1989 , it is a simple and small piece of architecture, but it greatly influenced the architectural culture in modern japan.
Design Focused: The Machine Exhibtion Space
Reasons for Section Selection (Light & Geometry) • The Church of the Light is located on the corner of two streeets at Ibaraki, inside a residential area. It has an area of 113 m², which is about the same size of a small house.
Exhibition Space (Light & Geometry)
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
• The Church of the Light demonstrated a unique space design that allowed the coming natural light to reflect and penetrate the surrounding walls at the designated period of the day, thus the identification of space changes throughout the day.
• Zen principle was adapted in this architecture, Ando construted a strong contrast between light and solid to defind the space within.
N
• The openings are designed to embrace the sun at different time of the day. Light is essential in church design as they are seen as descending from heaven by the catholics.
• The Aim of the plan layout of the exhibtion space aims at lighting up different part of the exhibtion area at different time, designed according to the activites within and the type of the exhibits.
Design Analysis
• The exhibiton space located behind a glass facade and next to a open space station, light is easily accessed from the sides. 15-Degree Angled wall
• The interiors walls of the exhibiton are made of polished smooth surface concrete to create a contrast of light and heavy and to define the space within effectively.
EVENING MORNING
AFTERNOON
Natural Light
Natural Light
Light at different time & daylight visualization
N
MORNING - 9am
AFTERNOON - 12pm
N 15-Degree Angled wall
Main Rectangular Box
N
N Main Rectangular Box Main Rectangular Box
15-Degree Angled wall
Morning Lights • A beam of light enters the cross slit windows facing the east in the morning, creating a beam of heavenly light at the opening, giving warm and blessing the catholics inside who are having a mass or singing their prayers to god.
Afternoon Lights • Natural light enters from the openings at the south openings located in the middle of the rectangular box, where it connects to the rotated wall.
Circulation N
NORTH ELEVATION
74+ 56
Circulation to use
Evening Lights • Natural light Bounces between the angled wall and the rectangular box, and then enters the church at the south slit window.
N
1. Natural light lits up the east side of the exhibition space in the morning.
2. In the afternoon, the south rooms are lift up.
EVENING - 5pm
DAYLIGHT VISUALIZATION - Sefaira model (average in a day)
Conclusion
37
Light Openings
19
Daylight Visualization
• The east side of the space is well lit whole day.
0
• Light can penetrate around 6m into structure (room depth) N
N
74+ 56 37 19
3. The East and west side rooms are lit up in the evenings.
0
• Curtains may be installed at S and SE to prevent overlit & glare. • Functioning machine shall be put under shade to prevent overheat.
Proposal
Design Precident 2
South Elevation
Water - CIRS Building
An architecture of Seven Net - Positives
1
The Centre of Interactive Research on Sustainability (CIRS) located at the University of British Columbia’s (UBC) is a symbol of urban sustainability development.
Reasons for Section Selection (Water & Sustainability) • Water is 100% supplied by rain water. 1
• Carbon dioxide emission in campus is reduced by 150 tons each year. • Energy consumption is reduced by 275 megawatt-hours per year.
2 3 4 5 6 7
N
• The architect Peter Busby developed a rainwater potable water system that provides onsite water source and educates the public the importance and the possibility of sustainability in our normal daily life.
Design Focused: Heat exchange and Rain water storage system 1. Heat Exhaust HEAT EXCHANGE CONCEPT
Warm Gas Exhaust from Trains and Machines
Design Analysis
Warm Water
POWER SUPPLY
2. Rainwater Cisterin
VENTILATION
3. Heat Exchange Room
BLACK & GREY WATER CYCLE
4. Domestic Hot Water Supply
WATER CYCLE
5. Solar Aquatics Biofiltration Cool Water
Cool Gas Exhaust
6. Pumps and Fans 7. Potable Processing
Water collection cycle
1 2 3
Bus Terminal (Drainage & Storage) • Rain Water collected from the train platform roof is directed to the low point of the roof structure, and then drained towards the collection channels located at the boundary of the terminal.
4 5 6 7
• A Hole is left at the junction of the roof beam structutre and the column structure. Rain water are drained through it.
Drainage Hole
• Drainage pipes are attached along the column strutures. They are attached to the column with stainless steel bolts and steel plates for support.
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
City Water Supply EOS building heatinging loop To UBC grid Ground source cooling loop
Drainage Channel
Drainage
1. Evacuated Tube Array
Conclusion
2. Heat Recovery
TERMINOLOGY - 7 Net Positives • Structural Carbon neutrality The building is constructed of wood, white bricks and neutral colored concrete, which reduces carbon emissions in construction.
3. Photovoltalc Array
• Net-positive energy Lighting and ventilating systems of the complex are monitored by latest information technology and constantly retifying itself according to the on site situation to reduce energy consumption.
• Low Operational carbon Different energy modelling processes are provided in comparison, which allows mre research oppurtunity and system testing for developing an effective energy supply and consumption approach.
• Promoting heath and productivity The CIRS uses a mixed mode of system which utilizing mostly natural ventilation.There are two mechanical air handling units that supplies fresh filtered air.
• Net-zero water Up to 100-cubic meter of rainwater are stored in a cistern underneath the building. They are filtered and serves the 2000 litres daily need of the complex.
• Promoting happiness There are manual operable windows that allows for air flow and temperature control. The systems keeps the environment comfortable and friendly to the users.
Drainage 4. Photovatalic Sunshade 5. Concrete Sunshade
• Manchester has a rainy and cloudy weather. The amount of rainwater that can be stored by the Cisterin is very significant. 100 % supply by rain water can be achieved.
6. Exhaust exchange from science laboratory 7. Washroom 8. Displacement Ventilation 9. Solar Aquatics Biofiltration 10. Bioswale and Groundwater Recharge 11. Rainwater Cisterin 12. Potable Processing
• Turning passive occupants into active inhabitants The narrow floor plates allow daylight penetration and creates a friendly space which stimulate inhabitants to be active and happy.
• A sharp dip is designed on the tip of the roof structure. It breaks the service tension of water and force them to drop off on the edge of the roof, which prevents water from accumulating of the curved roof structure.
• Heat released by the trains, the latent heat of the machines, the exhaust gas from the kitchens and combustion engines can be reliable sources of warm exhausted gas for heat exchange. • The drainage channels are covered by metal lits with holes on it to prevent blockage and drainage clog by rubbish.
POWER SUPPLY VENTILATION
13. Pump and Fans
BLACK & GREY WATER CYCLE
14. Heat Exchange Room
WATER CYCLE
15. Domestic Hot water Supply
• Drained rain water are to be filtered and disinfected underground before stored in the cisterin. Excessive water are drained away through city water drainage system.
Proposal
Design Precident 4
Curved pre-cast concrete Walls with titanium oxide
Geometry - Jubilee Church
South Elevation
The Crown Jewel of Vicariato di Roma’s Milennium project Richard Meier designed this socially “revive“ architecture for 8,000 residents in Tor Tre teste area in 1996 us- Exploded east elevation of the Jubilee Church ing the latest technology titanium oxide at the time.
Reasons for Section Selection (Light & Geometry) • The Jubliee Light are designed to minimize the thermal peak load inside, and the walls from segments of spheres. • The curved walls are facing the south because the most sunlight comes from the direction, and shading towards south minimize the excessive heat gain of the interior, thus reducing the amount of energy being used in cooling and air conditioning.
Main source of diffused light is the glass roof between the shells, but in early morning and late afternoon the sunlight penetrates the entrance facade and the altar facade, giving spectacular atmospheric effects.
N
• The geometry and the large thermal mass of the conrete walls also controls internal heat gain that reduces temperature variation. The three curved walls has the same centre of radius.
35 deg 20 deg 30 deg
50 deg
Top Steel framed glazing
30 deg N
N
40 deg
15 deg
Double and Single skin facade (Light & Geometry)
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
• In Richard Meier’s design, he uses concentric circle for drawing walls. Then he link the walls with glazings to create the geometry for minimum heat gain for interior. However, his case works well in Italy, but not in Manchester. Italy has a mediterranean climate, where sunlight is especially strong in summer. That’s why he shaded the south direction with curved walls to prevernt overheat and glare.
Initial Idea: Concentric circle (Double skin facade)
Glazing
• In Manchester, we want to obtain more sunlight than in Italy. The weather is cloudy and cold in winter. In such case, using a double skin facade is losing too many natural light and heat in winter, and we do not want to shade the south direction.
Design Analysis 45 deg
Design Focused: The west facade
Top Steel framed glazing
N
15 deg
•Thus the circles are shift sidewards a bit to create a single skin facade for the south to increase the amount of natural light and heat gain. The materials used are switched to steel and glass instead of precasted concrete for their transparency.
N
to Top of walls to Glazing Using a similar principle of the Jubilee Church, a double skin facade is created .
Geometries - Single skin facade towards South
Glazing
Top Steel framed glazing • The top steel framed glazings are pitched at an increasing angle not only for intersting geometry, it also reduces the amount of solar heat gain at noon (overhead), which lowers the amount of energy spent in air conditioning and cooling of the space.
Circulation Interior circulation
Remark • When the titanium dioxide on the concrete wall absorbs ultraviolet light, it breaks down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete.
N
• The mounting wave like walls gives a feeling of lightness and suggests movement of the inhabitants inside.
N
Double Skin Facade Single Skin Facade
Proposal
Design Precident 5
South Elevation
Mass - Milwaukee Art Museum A strong architectural statement in an exciting yet functional building Santiago Calatrava built this “glowing lantern“ on the downtown lakefront, that radiates light in all directions.
Reasons for Section Selection (Mass & Material)
Length modelled: 48 m out of 180m
MAIN STRUCTURAL FRAME & LOAD PATHS
Dead Loads & Live Load Wind Loads
Design Focused: The Train Platform
• The Milwaukee art museum has a long span and relatively light structure.the main strucutre are the concrete ring structures, laterally reinforced by rafters. This type of structure function especially well for train station and bus terminals, which demands a long span structure for effective circulation.
Changing Exhibiton Gallery
Gallery
Train Platform (Mass & Material) • The way that the long span roof was supported by the central structural “trees” double major is facinating. Instead of using a pair of straight columns in mid span, Richard Rogers set up pillars shaped open at the top H, are off the ground in reinforced concrete and at the end of the opening. These pillars allows longer spaning the strcutures with less columns.
Parking garage
• The 17 Steel A-frames located at the grand entrance are welded together, forming a tarsparent, strong and light structure. • The A-frames are placed on an oval-shaped ring beam, where they are top off by a three-piece steel spine.
Beam
Soil
Roof and ceiling slab
Metal Deck
Columns
Fill
Concrete slab and walls
Mud slab & Water proof membrane
DEFLECTION DIAGRAM
ROOF AND CEILING SLAB
IDEA DEVELOPMENT (Synergy with TECH 1 Case Study)
ROOF I-BEAMS (bolted and welded)
Skylight
Barajas airport section
H - Column
• By using an inverted A- shape structure in the mid-span, the floor spreading caused by the side columns and the roof offset the opposide one, hence creating a stable plan geometry. • However, each concrete ring is weak against torsion and shear forces from the main surface. So two ring structure are designed to be a pair, such that each one can brace each other against torque and torsion by increasing it’s structural depth.
Raft footing
Minimalist form from structure
SLABS
Conclusion
• The patterns of the beams and columns are developed from a load analysis.
COLUMNS
Positive Moment member Negative Moment member
RAFT FOUNDATION
• The idea for a “stable“ structure is to have a “Heavier“ base and a “Lighter“ frame on top.
Design Analysis
• The steel channel bracing used above the concrete H base are cold-formed to give extra strength. Antifire coating is applied on the steel surface.
1. Roof Slab : Shield rain and sun
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC 1 2
2. Transfer beam: Balance the axial load 3. Reinforced Concrete Beam: Support roof structure 4. Reinforced Concrete column: Support beam and roof
3 4
5. 150mm Concrete slab: Support people and objects
Columns can be more slender if they are pitched to the ground instead of being straight.
6. Metal deck: Formwork for concrete cast Concrete column to foundation joint
7. Ceiling slab: shield rain and sun 8. Reinforced Concrete beam: Support above structure 9. Transfer beam: Stabilize the main beams
5 6 7
10. Reinforced Concrete side wall: Support above structure and soil load 11. Reinforced concrete top slab: Support people and objects 12. Fill: Flaten the floor & absorb shock
8 13. Struct. mat: Formwork for floor slab cast
9 10
14. Mud Slab: Prevent subgrade soil being disturbed by precipitation
11
15. Soil
12 PRIMARY STRUCTURE
13 14 15
SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
The simplicity of design opens the possiblity of future expansion.
Proposal
Design Precident 3
South Elevation
Air - US Mint, San Francisco
A New definition of old architecture; the new era
Length modelled: 90 m out of 90m
The Old US Mint was opened in 1854 during the period of gold rush. It is an example of old civic building with an atrium in the middle in Greek Revival style.
Design Focused: The enclosed atrium
Reasons for Section Selection (Ventilation strategies) • The Old Mint has a central atrium that connects the two wing structures. It was built around a completely enclosed central courtyard, which is the same case as my case. The train station site has two main functional spaces, the train station and the bus terminal. A well ventilated atrium that links the two main functional spaces is highly preferable.
Atrium (Ventilation & Circlation) • There are certain constraints of my design than the Old Mint. The old mint is an office building and my design is more of a public space and an exhibition space.
N
• The old mint is around the same size as the train station site and it’s building height is around the same as my exhibtion space project.
• Spaces of similar type of activities are grouped together to reduce the amount of “dead space“ within the zone, thus it is possible to have a wider passage between the major functional zones. With less corners and obstacles, the more effective the ventilation and circulation can be.
• The old mint is a perfect example of application of cross ventilation principles, which is also the main source of natural ventilation in my project.
Design Analysis
• The exhibiton space is a private space, where the bus terminal and the train platforms are public spaces. The atrium acts as the transition space inbetween, and an area to draw in fresh air for the two transportational spaces.
Ventilation at an elevated level
Cross Ventilation • Flows go from the highest pressure areas to the lowest pressure areas.
IDEA DEVELOPMENT
1/F: Skylink to T1 & T2
More direct sunlight occur at winter, resulting in more heating of the interior space.
12:00 pm - Summer 6:00 pm Summer 12:00 pm Winter
G: Atrium
UG: Train Platform
Train plaform as a open space which creates a strong cross-breeze that serves to ventilate the entire atrium inside.
Glazing and metal surface facade allows for extra heating of the interior space so as to accentuate the ventilation process.
ATRIUM SPACE
Conclusion • The interruptions in air flow is minimized by widening the main cirulation path.
• The velocity depends on the root square of the pressure gradient. • Most of the time, indoor air quality is worse than the most polluted outdoor air, so effective ventilation is essential for health.
• The airflows are designed to run in straight line rather than running at corners in order to be more effective.
• In average, cabon-based gaseous pollutants (VOCs) are 2 to 5 times higher in indoor air rather than outdoors. • High humidity develops an uncomfortable environment. Good ventilation strategy reduce the amount of moisture in iar, thus lowering the humidity within a space.
• Similar space are grouped together for better planning.
• In the Old Mint, the ventilation strategies has a good synergy with the water treatment strategies. N
Cross Ventilation
Cross Ventilation cools and the interior spaces and bring in fresh air.
• Air is heat up under the atrium, and rises.
Canopy harvests rain and fog to irrigate roof gardens Greywater is used for toilet flushing.
East Facade is closed to prevent noise and pollution from the Mi ssion Street (lots ofcars)
N
West Facade connects to the plaza and increase natural ventilation
Heat area (human and machines)
• The rising air creates a low pressure zone at the atrium, which sucks air from the sides. Since only the direction facing the bus terminal and train platform are not enclosed, a convection current is created.
Water collection area
• The convection current brings away excessive heat and water moisture.
Air Movement Water flow
Cistern in countryard captures rain water
Radiant heating in the raised floors, built over historic ones.
To plaza system
irrigation
Atrium at an accending level from south east towards North West.
Easy to prefabricate (ETFE atrium dome) Exploded Isometric (ETFE roof structure development)
• The ETFE dome is developed on Buckminster Fuller’s geodesic dome and the water molecule in atomic scale. The main modular structure is formed by combining modular units of hexagonal structures to provide a stable and minimal light strcuture to the roof and the facade ETFE Panels.
ETFE panels
Top Chord beams
Primary Hexagonal Ring structure
Engineer’s Advices Triangular Geometries
•The structural network of the ETFE panels consist of two concentric spherical networks with a prescribed radius difference or structural depth between them. Here, external and internal networks are interconnected with a set of lines called diagonals, thus giving rise to a double-layered spherical network with a three-dimensional carrying behaviour.
D
•The external grid is a hexagonal network with triangular ETFE panels, which referred to as “Primary rings”, whereas the internal grid consists of triangles and is consequently called “Secondary rings”. Case 1 Less wind braced
Case 1 Stronger wind braced O1
A
H2O Molecule Ring (ICE) H1
O2
O1
H1
Inner plane
O3
O2
H2
H2
O2
O1
H2
H1
H7
H8
B
H9 O3
O3
O6
H3
H12
H6
• A triangle is the 2D geometry with the least sides, the more simple the geometry is, the more stable it is. He advised me to look at objects and animals that exist in nature. One example that I found was the bee hive. It is a vertical sheet of wax, composed of a double layer of hexagonal cells projecting in both directions fro the centre.
H4 O5
Hexagonal Oxygen ring
Arches
O5
H5
O4
Bowl Node
Reproduction of Basic Hexagons in Buckminster Fuller’s Gedesic dome through Reflection and Rotation
H3
H6
O6
Supports
Dvantages of triangular geometries
H3
Triangular Hydrogen Net
O4
H5
H4
Hexagonal Oxygen ring
H11
H10
Hexangonal structures (the bee comb)
Triangular Hydrogen Nets X3
X3
Secondary Triangular Net structure
C
O2
O1
Concentrically positioned in sphere
O2
O1
O3
O3 H2
H2 H6
H6
H8 H12
Exterior facade and roof element (West side corridor)
1. Main Bowl Node : Brace the ETFE panels and secondary beams 2. ETFE panels: Shield the sun, rain and wind, semi-tra nsparent 3. 152x89x16 UB: Support the ETFE panels, main beam
H3
H3
O4
H10
O4
O6
O6 O5
O5
Characteristic Hexagons (O1:O6)
The modular structure is derived from molecular Ice Structure.
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
4. 127x76x13 UB: Brace the main beams SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
5. Secondary Bowl Node: Brace the Secondary beams 6. Concrete Pedestal: Main structural frame and column
Reasons for having a perfect hexagonal structure
7. Upward roof ridge: breaks water surface tension and prevnt them accumulating on the roof, main drainage zone 8. Pad footing: Transfer load to the ground Hydrogen ion
1
• Leaving no gaps that would need extra wax for patching. There are only 3 geometrical figures with equal sides that can fit on a flat surface without leaving gaps: the equilateral triangles, squares and hexagons.
Oxygen ion
2 3 4 5 6
Tetrahedron structure of Ice (H2O) Molecular bonding Hydrogen bonding
Modular structure development • The Secondary Net structure is obtained from the corresponding elements in the Primary hexagonal structures. The intermediate bowl nodes (red dots) are derived at 106.6 degree to each other. The secondary bowl nodes connects the secondary beams which braced the primary hexagonal structure against lateral loads, shear forces and torsion. 7
8
• Fig. 20 presents the minimal energy paths with minimal material consumption in the frame. Hence creating an economical structure with a visually attractive appearance.
Hexagons
Squares
Triangles
• According to the Roman, Marcus Terentius Varro, A hexagonal geometry would have the smallest total perimeter. Hence the structure can be compacted and less material is needed to construct it.
Main design strategies 1. Start with a hexagonal structure. 2. Compact a structure and develop an economical pattern that can brace the structure with minimal material and aesthetical 3. Consider the way of people using the architecture, and improve the patterns from it. 4. Relate the pattern with light and heating stratgies, and improve the form from it.
Insiration from cells Space rationalizing
Underground floor circulation and functions The Roadside entrances and the atrium From Bus Terminal
Exhibition Starting Point
Up to 1/F
Effective space relations • The columns were then linked and formed interior spaces. They are allocated into different fuctions acording to 3 main ideas. 1. Circulation - it is key to know where and how people move around the spaces, how they can get to the bus terminals, the train platform, the Exhibition spaces, T1 and T2 effectively, without the need of signs and road directions. 2. Space relations - according to the space relation diagrams, some spaces like the fire escape has to be easily reach to the main exhibition spaces. Some space like pant rooms shall be put close to the main power usage spaces, as the railway platforms, the exhibition areas and the main power grid. Spaces work like cells and they cannot function effecticely when they are put together chaoticly. 3. Solar Geometries- the site is big and the interior is not able to be lit from the sides, it has to be lit from sky lights, so double height spaces are to be planned. Area in the middle of the space should have highest glazed ceiling to recieve skylight.
Column Grid
The conference rooms is a double height space and put on the south for adequate natural lighting. Most People arrive by train, the second is by bus. The atrium acts as a link between all functions, and most people travel through. It needs good lighting, so it is a double height space.
Reception Decks
Visitors Route
Travellers Route From Train Platforms
Shops Resturants
Fire Escapes
Washrooms
Exhibtion Spaces
Conference Room
Services (Water, Heating & electricity) From Road side
The Planning was start from the column locations, they were linked to form spaces and then assigned to different fuctions according to circulation and functional needs. It was started on G/F because it is where the atrium locates. It is the most important place in the area as it not only give people direction where to go, it also connects all the spaces and act as a place for ventilation and convection.
Schematic Development
1 Reflection
The theme of the exhibition that I chose was machines, the first machine that comes to my mind is the turing machine.
Effective long span structure • In order to have an effective long span structure with flexible internal space, column grid frame structure is chosen in this project, they are then linked by structural or pirapet walls to form the interior spaces. Each columns connects the centre of the hexagons for maximum horizontal to vertical load bearing capabilities, and they directs the loads to the foundations and to ground.
The Turing machine is a symbol of Manchester’s early victories in the history of machine development. It was taken as a metaphor in the design process. The arrangement of level difference not only represents the change of Manchester as a city, it also provides an oppourtunity for us to obtain side lights when used as a form.
15 deg pitched roof
Natural Light 2 3 4 5
Inspired by the Ice molecular strucutre, the structural rings were applied to ETFE roof. ETFE is transparent and light, so only a primary hexagonal frame laterally braced by a set of thin triangular steel angles. The higher roof structure at the sides can create a higher ceiling, hence increases the day light intake. the change of pitched angles of the ETFE also reduce the amount of reflection on the panels and increases solar efficency. The roof is pitched at 15 deg. according to the site dimensions and solar geometries.
1. Main concrete frame : Structural load bearing
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
2. Main Steel angle beam: Support the roof structure
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
3. Transfer beam: Brace the Main steel hexangons 4. Bowl Nodes: Brace the transfer beams 5. 16mm Thk ETFE Sheets: Enclose the space, tansparent
TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
Underground oor circulation and functions The Railway and Metrolink platforms
This oor is where the most people arrive and leave the airport. Circulation are desired to be quick and direct. People waiting for the bus and trains are put on the north facing the platforms such that they can see the train leaves or coming. The waiting crowd and moving crowd are designed to be sperated to avoid collision.
CIRCULATION WATER FLOW WASTE FLOW To Terminal Road North EXHIBITON SPACE
To Terminal Road North
Travellers and Vistors Route
Rain water Drainage
Washrooms
Waiting Rooms
Cafe
Services (Water, Heating & electricity) (details on next section)
Solar Analysis
Underground floor circulation and functions Solar Geometries The Exits and Entrances for flights
SUMMER SUN WINTER SUN
Solar Angle analysis • The winter sun is at around 0 to 15 deg, and mostly only come from the south, the summer sun is at around 40 deg and come from all directions except north, so in the design , most openings should be facing the south to obtain maximum sunlight.
From G/F
Solar Shades Exhibition End Point
Visitors Route
Travellers Route Office Gift Shop
Fire Escapes
Washrooms
Exhibition Spaces
Conference Room
Services
Utilizing the shade • In contex, most building are short and less than 8 floor height, and the site area is big and open, such that side light can be obtained on the sides. However as the sunlight can never get through 6m into the building, the core structure has to use skylights. Fuctions like waste collection , rain water collection and washrooms can be put on the shades
Main design strategies • Obtain maximum effective daylighting. • Provide a clear circulation path. • Design a light structure.
Ground floor Service Plan T The Roadside Entrances
Rain water are drained on the ridge of the roof, and then carried along vertical pipes to the underground rain water cisterin. Manchester is rainy so the system can collect enough water for washrooms and resuturants in the building. (details of next page )
Heat Recovery is an excellent choice here to save the exhausted heat from the Machines and reuse them to heat up the space when needed. Waste Disposal Shall be close to the kitchen and opens to the main road. The column locations are excellent for holding up artificial lights, as spaces are plan around them
Waste disposal
Plant rooms (5% of total area) Artificial lights Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Warm gas ) Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Cooled gas ) Drainage
Materiality and Services T The Roadside Entrances
1 2
3 B 4
5 6 A
7
A) VERTICAL CONNECTIONS
B) HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS
1. Drainage duct on roof : Carry water to drainage pipes
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
2. Drainage pipes: Drain away water on roof to cisterin
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
3. Steel Rack: Hold the drainage pipe on the columns Extruded clamping profiles with intergrated gutter bgutter levelsetween required falls formed with
4. Concrete Main Frame: Support the Roof, floors and the pipes attached 5. Bowl Node: As a break point to break water surface tension, force them to drop on ground for drainage
16 mm ETFE SHEETS
16 mm ETFE SHEETS
6. Tip on Roof Ridges: Break surface tension and make them fall back on the drainage duct 7. Water Collection point: Drain water underground to a central cisterin for storage.
Aluminium extrusion
Hexagonal Structural Steel Lattice frame
Primary Steel Work
Rainwater, infiltration system & electrical service routed internationally under the structual frame
Sketches on structures
TERRITORY STRUCTURE QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE
Exploded Isometric Primary Hexagonal frames
Main Frame
ETFE Panels
Roof
ETFE panels
Primary column structure Secondary transfer beams
Secondary transfer beams Lateral Bracing
Glazing Screen
Primary column structure
Secondary transfer beams
ETFE panels
Primary Hexagonal frames
Concrete main fram over rail way
Ground oor Service Plan The Railway platforms
Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Warm gas ) Heat Exchange and under ground Radiant Heating (Cooled gas ) Drainage
Ground oor Service Plan The Railway platforms
Exploded Isometric of structures
South Elevation 1 : 200
East Elevation 1 : 200
West Elevation 1 : 200
North Elevation 1 : 200
A
B
B
A
PERSPECTIVES
ENTRANCE
EUROPEAN EXHIBITION ROOM 1
BUS TERMINAL
SECTIONS 1 :50
1 :50 Section AA
1 :50 Section BB