Thesis Programming Book pt. 1 by Katelin Karlinchak

THE FUTURE AIRPORT a focus on passenger experience + technology

C ONTENTS THESIS STATEMENT + PROBLEM STATEMENT GOALS + OBJECTIVES SUMMARY OF THESIS TOPIC + RESEARCH

06 07 08

PART 1: THE BUILDING site analysis: prague site analysis: airport base building sun study + users plan prototypes

12 14 16 18 20

PART 2: THE RESEARCH code analysis adjacency matrix ada + environmental considerations original research color + materials research socio-economic research professional interviews

24 25 26 28 30 32 34

CASE STUDIES one two three four

38 40 42 44

SOURCES

OVERVIEW thesis statement, problem statement, goals + objectives, summary of thesis topic + research

T HES IS STAT EME NT Designing the airport for increased accessibility through the means of wayfinding, universal design and increased technology to improve passenger experience.

P RO B LEM STATE ME NT This thesis is a proposed design for a 100,000 square foot international airport located in Prague, Czech Republic. The site is the existing Prague Vaclav Havel Airport which is approximately 11 miles to the Prague City Center and is being redesigned for the Czech Republic National Government in response to a need for updated infrastructure, increased public safety and health measures, and the incorporation of new technological advancements. The airport contains two floors which will explore design within several areas including passenger specific areas, airline transportation centers and security check-points. These areas will focus on increasing accessibility and ease of movement to improve passenger experience and efficiency.

G OA LS + O B JE C TIVE S IMPROVE PASSENGER EXPERIENCE

use wayfinding symbols and color specific design tools for each terminal to allow for ease of movement for passengers. Provide each terminal with specific wayfinding and colors in order to easily find your gate or point of interest regardless of language.

INCREASE SPEED THROUGH TERMINAL

increase security measures and decrease navigation time through means of biometric screening to promote enhanced passenger experience. Biometric screening allows for ease of travel by cutting down security wait time and the stress of going through security measures.

INCREASE LEVEL OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE TERMINAL FOR PASSENGERS AND STAFF implement technology including wayfinding techniques, passenger recognition, and customer service devices. These will be implemented through Bluetooth enabled technology dots combined with an app to be guided through a terminal. A robot will be beta tested in the terminal to allow for enhanced customer experience and wayfinding assistance.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS AND PRACTICES WHICH PROMOTE WELLBEING

Implement WELL Building Standards in the categories of: air, mind, comfort, and light. LEED Building standards including: materials and resources, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, indoor environmental quality, and innovation will be implemented to promote sustainability and education about the environment.

USE COVID-19 SOCIAL DISTANCING PRACTICES TO KEEP PEOPLE SAFE Implement CDC Guidelines following the COVID-19 Pandemic to promote user safety and regain trust of airline passengers. Decisions will be made following the guidelines but will allow for flexibility for the future.

T H E SI S TO P IC + RE SE ARCH WAYFINDING: Looking specifically at wayfinding, I will be focusing on how to effectively guide users through the airport with a language barrier. Being an international airport, the Prague Halclav airport services more international flights than domestic, meaning that there is a greater language distribution.

KEY FACTORS: + LEGIBILITY

Signs should have a processing time between 5 - 8 seconds Suggested 40 - 75% is the limit for area covered on a sign Serif Fonts aid in legibility, but data suggests that there is not a significant difference Contrast aids in legibility and processing time

+ CONSPICUITY AND ILLUMINATION - Influenced by the visual complexity of the ambient environment - Glare or too much illumination can cause visual discomfort - Illumination is highly recommended in night or places with access to daylight at night

+ SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES - Daytime vs. nighttime impacts legibility distance - Complex surrounding environments lowers legibility distance and processing

SOURCES: Kilic, Didem Kan, and Ipek Kastas Uzun. “A Research Approach to the Wayfinding Behavior of Airport User.” The Value of Design Research , 24 Apr. 2015, ead.yasar.edu.tr/wp-content/ uploads/2017/02/EAD-11-DKK-IKU-Revised.pdf. Symonds, Paul. “Wayfinding Signage Considerations in International Airports.” Interdisciplinary Journal of Signage and Wayfinding, vol. 1, no. 2, 2017, p. 60., doi:10.15763/ijsw.v1i2.10.

TECHNOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION: I will be specifically focusing on using biometric screening to speed up security screening and boarding process’. In addition, I would also like to research an app to heighten the user experience and make it easier to navigate throughout the airport. In addition, to those measures I will also explore including technology throughout the airport including interactive touch screens and possibly AI Robots.

KEY FACTORS: + BIOMETRIC SCREENING benefits

- Guarantees accurate and convenient services at the same time in an efficient manner - Implementation relies on Airport Managers and passenger intention to use the technology - Privacy concerns could be overturned with Sustainable airport terminal practices + - Reducing screening time through Biometrics would boast passenger convenience and increase travel

+ ROBOTS - Can provide key assistance in boarding terminals where staff is normally not located - Human interaction can be beneficial when in a stressful situation, shy people will be geared towards the technology interaction

SOURCES: de Graeff, J.C. “Innovating Airport Passenger Terminals: Determining the Feasibility of New Terminal Concepts Based on Seamless Flow Technology.” TU Delft Repositories, 1 Jan. 1970, repository. tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid:4db140e9-253e-4a86-b0b1-3579a16da69d?collection= education. Kim, Cheong, et al. “The Intention of Passengers towards Repeat Use of Biometric Security for Sustainable Airport Management.” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 11, 2020, p. 4528., doi:10.3390/su12114528. Negri, Nathane Ana Rosa, et al. “Acceptance of Biometric Technology in Airport Check-In.” Journal of Air Transport Management, vol. 81, 2019, p. 101720., doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.101720. Wilkinson, Christer J. “Airport Staff Access Control: Biometrics at Last?” 2018 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), 2018, doi:10.1109/ ccst.2018.8585592.

BUILDING site analysis, base building, sun study + terminal users, plan prototypes,

S I T E A NA LYS IS : P RAGUE

Located in Central Europe, the Czech Republic is a land-locked country known for its hilly terrain and temperate climate. Home to over 1.3 million people, Prague stands as Czech Republic’s largest city and its capital.

THINGS TO DO AROUND PRAGUE 1

OLD TOWN SQUARE

ASTRONOMICAL CLOCK

SPANISH SYNAGOGUE

PRAGUE CASTLE

CHARLES BRIDGE

WENCESLAS SQUARE

JOHN LENNON WALL

PETRIN LOOKOUT

ST. VITUS CATHEDRAL

Founded during the Romanesque period, Prague’s architecture is known amongst many for its multiple UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A few of those sites being the Prague Castle, Old Town Square and Charles Bridge.

58 O 44 O

AVERAGE HIGH TEMP AVERAGE LOW TEMP

S I T E A NA LYS IS : VACL AV HAVE L 11 miles from Prague’s City Center, the Vaclav Havel International Airport is the main airport serving Prague and the surrounding Czech Republic cities. With two major runways and three terminals, Havel Airport has a large capacity meant for domestic, international, and cargo transportation. Terminal 1 is the international terminal containing 22 gates serving flights to North America, The Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

TOPOGRAPHY The Vltava River zigs its way through the Prague city center separating the city into two equal halves. The river flows through the surrounding mountainous region. With hills and mountains to the north and east, the airport remains relatively flat for the runways at an elevation of 1,247 feet above sea level.

TRANSPORTATION The Cezch Republic is known to have accessible transportation and walkable cities. If you are not able to walk to your destination Prague offers extensive tram stops as well as a metro that spans over the extent of the city and beyond. A central river that divides the city center in half, connects the two halves with multiple bridges that make seeing all of what Prague has to offer accessible.

B ASE B U ILDIN G

3D base building

1937 base building drawings

existing geometries

circulation diagram

First Floor Building Shell Scale: 1” = 100’-0”

S U N ST U DY

WINTER

SPRING

SUMMER

FALL

T ER M I N A L U S ERS THE BUSINESS TRAVELER + TRAVELS OFTEN + FOR BUSINESS INTERACTIONS + TRAVELS MOST DURING THE WEEK

THE INDEPENDENT TRAVELER + TRAVELS FOR PLEASURE OR TO VISIT FAMILY + TO FAR DESTINATIONS + TRAVELS ON THE WEEKENDS

THE FAMILY + TRAVELS WITH LOTS OF BAGGAGE + SPEND THE MOST TIME TRAVELING THROUGH AIRPORT + TRAVEL MOSTLY ON WEEKENDS

THE FLIGHT CREW + WORKS EIGHT PLUS HOUR SHIFTS + PASS THROUGH AIRPORTS + NEED IN BETWEEN LOUNGE TO FRESHEN UP

12' - 0" 12' - 0" 12' 12' -12' 0"- -0" 0"

P L A N P R OTOT Y P ES ALL PROTOTYPES AT 1’ = 3/32” SCALE

16' - 0" 16' - 0" 16' 16' -16' 0"- -0" 0"

63' 63'- 0 - 01/16" 1/16" 63' - 0 1/16" 63' - 0- 0 1/16" 63' 1/16"

CHECK IN: 1,000 SQ FT 34' 34'- 0" - 0" 34' - 0" 34' - 0" 34' - 0"

20' - 0" 20' - 0" 20' 20' -20' 0"- -0" 0"

25' - 0" 25' - 0" 25' 25' -25' 0"- -0" 0"

62' - 0" 62' - 0" 62' 62' -62' 0"- -0" 0"

20' 20'- 0" - 0" 20' - 0" 20' - 0" 20' - 0"

CHECK 400 SQ CHECK -KIOSKS: INKIOSKS: KIOSKS: 400SQ SQFT FTEACH EACH[4] [4] GATE GATE AREA: CHECK IN- -IN 400 FT 850 SQFT FTEACH GATEAREA: AREA:850 850SQ SQ FT EACH[26] [26] CHECK IN KIOSKS: 400 SQ FT EACH [4] GATE AREA: 850 SQ FT EACH [26] CHECK - IN KIOSKS: 400 SQ FTFT EACH [4][4] GATE CHECK - IN KIOSKS: 400 SQ EACH AREA: 850 SQ FTFT EACH [26] GATE AREA: 850 SQ EACH [26] 25' 0" 15' 25' - 0" 15'- 4" - 4" 25' - 0" 15' - 4"

CONCESSIONS: CONCESSIONS:GRAB GRAB++ +GO GO400 400SQ SQFT FT CONCESSIONS: GRAB GO 400 SQ FT CONCESSIONS, GRAB + GO: 400 SQ FT GRAB ++ GO 400 SQ FTFT CONCESSIONS: GRAB GO 400 SQ Level Level11 CONCESSIONS:

11 120 Level 1 3/32" 3/32" =1'-0" 1'-0" Level 1= 1= 3/32" 1'-0" 1 1 Level 3/32" 3/32"==1'-0" 1'-0"

15' - 4" 15' - 4"

16' - 0" 16' - 0" 16' 16' -16' 0"- -0" 0"

25' - 0" 25' - 0"

10' 10'- 0" - 0" 10' - 0" 10' - 0" 10' - 0"

CONCESSIONS: CONCESSIONS:BAR BAR400 400SQ SQFT FT CONCESSIONS: BAR 400 SQ FT CONCESSIONS, BAR: 400 SQ FT CONCESSIONS: BAR 400 SQ FTFT CONCESSIONS: BAR 400 SQ

62' - 0"

12' - 0"

40' - 0"

6] 10' - 0"

BAGGAGE CLAIM: 2,500 SQ FT BAGGAGE CLAIM: 2500 SQ FT EACH [4]

RESEARCH code analysis, adjacency matrix, materials and color research, original research, socio-economic research, professional interviews

C ODE A N A LYS IS OCCUPANT CLASSIFICATION: ASSEMBLY A-3 AREA

OCCUPANCY FACTOR

SQUARE FOOTAGE

OCCUPANT LOAD

BAGGAGE CLAIM

20 GROSS

10,000 SQ FT

500 OCCUPANTS

BAGGAGE HANDLING 300 GROSS

12,000 SQ FT

40 OCCUPANTS

CONCOURSE

100 GROSS

36,400 SQ FT

364 OCCUPANTS

WAITING AREA

15 GROSS

22,600 SQ FT

1,506 OCCUPANTS

TOTAL NUMBER OF OCCUPANTS: 2,410 OCCUPANTS Diagonal Egress: D = 250’ 1/2D = 125’ Fire Rated Stair Exits Maximum Distance apart: 250’ This building is Sprinklered Maximum Travel Distance is 75’ Maximum Dead End Corridor: 90’ PLUMBING WATER CLOSETS LAVATORIES WATER FOUNTAINS SERVICE SINKS

MEN 5 3 3 1

FEMALE 5 3

I NDOOR ENVIRONMENT CONSIDERATIONS + THERMAL CONTROL

- Constant passenger movement allows for warm/cold air to easily pass to the exterior of the building, air locks and efficient HVAC systems are needed, multitude of passengers means that the ideal temperature is needed [68 - 76 degrees Fahrenheit]

+ ACOUSTICS - Tall ceiling heights and vast wide - open space means that acoustical rest will be needed in the space, an access of acoustical solutions should be placed throughout

+ INDOOR AIR QUALITY 24

- From COVID-19 regulations, HVAC systems that are constantly regulated are needed in order to prevent the spread of disease and infection from the thousands of people entering into the space

A DJ ACENCY MAT RIX

SQUARE FOOTAGES + SPACE ALLOCATIONS Entrance Check - In Kiosk Baggage Drop Staff Service Desk Airport Facilities Baggage Circulation Staff Support Staff Check - In Security TSA Staff Support Concessions Gates [26] Info Center Boarding Pass Control Customs Baggage Claim VIP Lounge Boarding Space Restrooms TOTAL:

1,000 sq ft 2,600 sq ft 1,000 sq ft 4,000 sq ft 3,000 sq ft 3,000 sq ft 3,000 sq ft 3,000 sq ft 11,000 sq ft 2,000 sq ft 14,000 sq ft 20,000 sq ft 100 sq ft 200 sq ft 8,000 sq ft 10,000 sq ft 7,500 sq ft 4,600 sq ft 2,000 sq ft 100,000 SQ FT

MAIN CONCOURSE DEPARTURES ARRIVALS STAFF

A DA CO N S IDERATIONS DOOR CLEARANCES: Push Side:12” Pull Side: 18” ADA Door Width: 36”

front approach, pull side

front approach, push side

RESTROOMS

toliet compartment

seat height + grab bars

TURNING CLEARANCES:

CLEAR FLOOR SPACE:

forward

backward

toilet paper dispenser

LEED + W EL L CO NSIDE RATIONS LEED IMPLEMENTATIONS: LEED VERSION V4.1 + TENANT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES

- Educating Tenants [specifically the concessions tenants] on sustainable design and construction to implement into their designs

+ INDOOR WATER USE REDUCTION

- Reducing water consumption through the use of signage and water efficient toilets and sinks

+ WATER METERING

- Tracking water consumption and use while displaying usage statistics to the public

+ MINIMUM ENERGY PERFORMANCE

- Reducing energy consumption and providing higher efficient energy options

+ BUILDING-LEVEL ENERGY METERING

- Tracking energy consumption and use while displaying usage statistics to the public

+ OPTIMIZE ENERGY PERFORMANCE

- Reducing energy consumption and providing higher efficient energy options

+ STORAGE AND COLLECTION OF RECYCLABLES

- Providing multiple recyclable receptacles throughout the space to encourage recycling

+ MINIMUM INDOOR AIR QUALITY PERFORMANCE

- Providing cleaner air through energy efficient means

+ LOW EMITTING MATERIALS

- Specifying materials that were sustainability sources and low-emiting for VOC’s

+ DAYLIGHT AND QUALITY VIEWS

- Providing users with significant access to daylight and a connection to nature to improve their wellbeing

WELL IMPLEMENTATIONS: WELL 2020 Q3 VERSION + NOURISHMENT

- Providing healthy options and information about healthy eating specifically in the concessions

+ LIGHT

- Including circadian light design, reducing glare, and enhanced lighting design

+ COMFORT

- Accessible design, ergonomics, thermal comfort, and acoustical considerations

O R I G I NA L RES EA RCH SURVEY ORGANIZED AND CONDUCTED WITH JULIA SORENSON AND ANGELICA HOELZLI

+ Focused on sustainability and its effects on human behavior with regards to signage and one’s overall perception of the space + Released a study that contained 10 questions inquiring about participants’ view of sustainability and the implementation of sustainable measures within a space and how that relates to one’s perception and behavior + Study involved 40 participants ranging in age from 19-56

RE S P O N SES How likely are you to be influenced by signage?

Question was distributed in a multiple answer choice format, possible answers included: Very Likely - I will take the stairs Unaffected - Would not sway my decision Not Likely - I would still take the elevator or my original decision Other - please specify

Out of 40 responses - 25 [64.1%] participants said that signage pointing to or encouraging using the stairs would influence their decision.

How likely is it that a sustainably designed environment will affect your overall sense of wellbeing? Question was distributed in a multiple answer choice format, possible answers included:

Positive Perception - Feeling of safety and security Neutral Effect - Typically disregard Negative Effect - Sense of Uncomfort Other - please specify

Out of 40 responses - 37 [92.5%] participants said that sustainably designed spaces would positively affect their wellbeing in a space. Also of note: no Negative Effect responses. 28

Circadian lighting takes your energy levels throughout the day and adjusts the lighting to match these energy cycles. Do you think this would have a positive impact on your experience and energy levels? Question was distributed in a multiple answer choice format, possible answers included:

Very Likely - I would have more energy + would benefit Unaffected - I would probably not notice Not Likely - Would do the opposite/not affect my energy levels Other - please specify

Out of 40 responses - 32 [80%] participants said that circadian lighting would improve their day. Also of note: no negative responses.

If there were informational resources in a space describing the sustainability measures found in the space, how interested would you be in learning more? Question was distributed in a multiple answer choice format, possible answers included:

Very Likely - I would be interested in reading the information Neutral Effect - I might glance at the information Negative Effect - I do not care about sustainability efforts Other - please specify

Out of 40 responses - 24 [60%] participants said that they would read the informational resources if they were supplied. Also of note: 40% were neutral.

CONCLUSION:

Tactile elements (materials and resources) are most important to be sustainable to the public. Also having a high importance are aspects that the user feels they can control or can visibly see is important in creating a sustainable space.

RESPONSE:

Allow for the user to be able to visibly see and have some control in sustainable efforts being made. This will further emphasize their willingness to then use these methods in their own lives, to promote and teach environmentally conscious decisions. Sustainably designed spaces can change a users perception through teaching awareness. 29

M AT E RIA L S + CO LOR RE SE ARCH + MATERIALS Architects during the renaissance period in Western Europe followed the principles of Vitruvius and in the modern period following the renaissance, architects looked to Le Corbusier's principles of minimalism. Using color sparingly was the trend during these architecture movements which accounts for most buildings being comprised of neutral limestone and sandstone. Western Europe is known for its masonry and historic buildings. Most of these buildings are centuries old and convey important architectural feats to society. Specific to Prague is natural sandstone and Opuka. Lining the famous bridge connecting the two city centers, the Charles Bridge is lined with natural sandstone locally sourced from the surrounding regions. In addition, many buildings located in the city centers are lined with Opuka, which is a Marl Stone. Opuka was sourced locally to the region back in the renaissance period but has since been scarce throughout the region. Most monasteries located in Prague are built from Opuka while most other buildings feature the natural sandstone with red tiled roofs and cobblestone pathways.

+ COLO R During the European renaissance, artists focused on creating canvas’ and paintings that would stand the test of time. One main form of art during this time was murals painted on ceilings and walls. To prevent fading artists used mosaics. Mosaics were seen heavily decorating churches ceilings and buildings of importance. In addition, stained glass also decorated buildings and churches of importance during this time. Medieval and renaissance glass makers primarily used blue pigment and stain as they believed that the color blue would “strike the eye most strongly as daylight fades.” The theory of blue color was that it conveyed importance thus all royalty and important figures during this time were painted and seen in blue pigment. Some basic color theory throughout Western Europe is mainly focused on the color red. Red is known to symbolize excitement, energy, passion, love and danger. It is also known to have ties to communism because of the color being the main symbol and color on the communist flag. This is mainly seen in Russia and red is known to have heavy ties and importance in Russia as it is the main symbol of many movements and revolutions.

S O C I O - ECO NO MIC RE SE ARCH Serving as one of the main connection hubs for Europe, Vaclav Havel Airport is one of the busiest international airports in its region. With three terminals serving over 71 airlines, the Prague airport has seen an increase in passenger traffic and flights within the past decade. Within the past year, Vaclav Havel has experienced a 6% increase in the total number of passengers and flights. The airport experienced a million more passengers than the previous year which provides its 6% increase totaling to over 17,800,000 million passengers. While the total number of passengers has increased, the number of flights surprisingly decreased. This is due to the increase in long-haul flights leaving from Havel with a higher occupancy rate. With over 15 long-haul flights in Havel’s schedule, two more additional long-haul flights have been added traveling to Chicago and Hanoi. In addition, in 2019, Havel saw an increase in revenue and flights due to the addition of United joining its list of operating airlines. In 2019, Havel experienced a total of 154,777 flights coming to and from the airport, with most of those flights being to international locations. Breaking down the passengers, 8,170,393 were local passengers coming from the Prague regional area and bordering countries. Transfer passengers totaled 178,994 for Havel’s traffic, meaning that most of Prague’s passengers come from the surrounding area. This data shows that the majority of transit happening in the Havel airport comes from the regional population traveling to international destinations.

FLIGHT DESTINATIONS

FLIGHT LOCATIONS

AMSTERDAM [759,011] CHARLES DE GAULLE [740,439] MOSCOW [696,232] FRANKFURT [527,836] DUBAI [469,029]

INTERNATIONAL FLIGHTS [148,360] DOMESTIC FLIGHTS [4,150]

PASSENGER NATIONALITY

INTERNATIONAL PASSENGERS [17,800,844] DOMESTIC PASSENGERS [975,451]

PRAGUE DEMOGRAPHICS:

1,305,737 MILLION PEOPLE IN PRAGUE

WOMEN [676,991] MEN [647,286]

18-64 YEARS [833,006] 65+ YEARS [251,166] 0-17 YEARS [240,105]

TERMINAL 1 Terminal 1 focuses on international and long-haul flights departing to the UK, Ireland, North America, the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. + + + + + +

BRITISH AIRWAYS CSA CZECH AIRLINES DELTA AIRLINES EASYJET EMIRATES KOREAN AIR

TERMINAL 2 Terminal 2 serves as the domestic terminal with flights departing to countries included in the European Union. + + + + + +

TAP PORTUGAL AIR FRANCE AUSTRIAN AIRLINES KLM LUFTHANSA VUELING

TERMINAL 3 Terminal 3 is the smallest of terminals within the airport handling cargo and private or chartered flights domestically and internationally.

59.100 EUROS IS THE GDP PER CAPITA

75%

PEOPLE EMPLOYED IN THE SERVICE INDUSTRY

41,450

CZK IS THE AVERAGE WAGE

PR O FESSIONAL INTERVIE W

MAX B L ASS I C

Max Blassic is a commercial pilot flying for Southwest over the past 30 years. Blassic operates out of Baltimore Washington International [BWI] and flies the West Coast route including: California, Phoenix, Seattle and Vegas. Flying for 13 days out of the month, Blassic will travel through 50 airports in any given month. His pilot viewpoint and knowledge, as well as his frequent travel distentions make him an excellent point of reference for this project. Interview conducted on October 11, 2020 6 questions asked Duration: 1 Hour

MAIN TAKE - AWAYS: + FOCUS ON THE TARMACS AND RUNWAYS TOO - TAKE EVERYTHING INTO ACCOUNT + DENVER INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IS ONE OF THE BEST PLANNED AIRPORTS IN TERMS OF TERMINAL AND RUNWAY DESIGN, IT IS THE EPITOME OF EFFICIENCY

MAJOR QUESTIONS: Being a pilot, how easy or difficult is it to navigate and check into an airport? What would you change about the check in process strictly related to staff? “There is a giant database where you get a [personal] card that's encrypted with your information, you scan the card, your picture comes up, and verify with two different IDs if it's you. No screening, but there is sometimes random screening. Random screenings have found that there has been flight attendants bringing coke onto the planes. Because of this, there is a lot I would change. There's a lot of loopholes in the system and the government regulates the screening process. Workers on the ramps and tarmacs don’t get screened, because they don’t go onto the actual plane. Someone is going to do something bad sometime soon.” What is one thing that you find successful or unsuccessful about airport design?

“A lot of it depends on how many people use that airport per year. Very small airports are convenient. International airports creates backups. Denver has one massive main terminal that everyone goes into. Everyone gets screened there no matter what airline you are on, this creates efficiency. Efficiency in space needed. DCA has eight different terminals, connected by hallways, their footprint is too small. Denver’s massive terminal has connected all the terminals there. Four separate terminals connected by a tram. Dulles was the first one to come up with the theory, Denver perfected it. There was controversy over San Jose asking for more flights. They doubled the landing fees, but you make things cheaper then ask for more flights. Everything gets cheaper the more you do it. Come in with 20 flights instead of 5 flights. Now the airport needs and has more parking because of the mass amount of people. More revenue in parking and the shops in the place. “Southwest Effect” - if you make things cheap and the airline offers more flights, revenue goes up. ”

P R O FE SSIONAL INTERVI E W

TOM SM A L L

Tom Small was a customer service airline personnel for many years before becoming a Personnel Administrator. Small worked as the staff member in charge of all personnel FAA required procedural training. Small worked directly with the airport facility owner and was assigned to the planning and operations board during the renovation and addition of the new terminal at DCA. He worked directly with and served as a liaison between US Airways and the airport authority. Interview conducted on October 16, 2020 5 questions asked Duration: 55 Minutes

MAIN TAKE - AWAYS: + BIOMETRIC SCREENING WOULD BE CRUCIAL TO IMPROVING THE PASSENGER EXPERIENCE, DATA PRIVACY WOULD BE A CONCERN + DUAL BOARDING GETS WITH TWO SEPARATE BRIDGES WOULD MAXIMIZE APRON SPACE AND ALLOW FOR FASTER BOARDING

MAJOR QUESTIONS: What is something that you would change when it comes to the design of an airport? “Airline employees are always on their feet. Materials were selected for the ground are normally very hard. For someone standing on their feet for 6-7 hours of their day, that is hard on their bodies. One thing being a better material and to understand some ways to make the employee work area more forgiving on ergonomics. Understanding shading and glass reflection from outside light, for employees, it is difficult to see what they are doing. Good for user experience, but causes eye strain for employees. Designers should have an appreciation of economics for employee and employee engagement. Another thing is placement of locations for infrastructure. Understanding that good coordination early on between end user and overall developer on where items should go is crucial. In today’s environment, ventilation is huge. Doors are always opening and closing, that poses challenges in summer and winter. Consideration of the interaction between interior and exterior of the building.” What is something that you would change when it comes to wayfinding specifically in the terminals? “Always used to joke about someone missing a flight because they did not see the sign. When people walk through the doors, common sense gets sucked out of their brain. I think there needs to be signage and wayfinding that is easy to understand, language neutral [to the degree that it can be], and has to be a number system. Try and stay away from using the same numbers with a different terminal number in front of it. Sequential and color specific terminal signage instead of repetitive numbers. With color based signage you know if you are getting to the right place.” 35

CASE STUDIES jackson atlanta airport, munich international airport, miami international airport, gagarin international airport

HA R T SFIELD-JAC KSO N AIR PO R T

LOCATION FIRM SQUARE FEET YEAR BUILT FOCUS

2.2

ATLANTA, GEORGIA - TERMINAL F STEVENS WILKINSON ARCHITECTS 45,000 SQ FT 1981 BIOMETRIC SCREENING

MILLION

TOTAL PASSENGERS DEPARTING FROM TERMINAL F AT ATL AIRPORT

FACIAL RECOGNITION SELF-SERVICE CHECK-IN KIOSKS

WHERE FACIAL RECOGNITION IS AVAILABLE

KIOSKS

GATES

CASE STUDY 1

1.3 MILLION

DELTA PASSENGERS DEPARTING FROM TERMINAL F AT ATL AIRPORT FACIAL RECOGNITION BAGGAGE DROP DESKS

BAG DROPS

MINUTES

AVERAGE BOARDING TIME SAVED WHEN USING FACIAL RECOGNITION

Delta Airlines was the first company to implement Biometric Facial Recognition Screening in the United States. One of their busiest airports in the US, Hartsfield - Jackson Airport in Atlanta, was the site of their test-run for implementing this new form of technology and screening process. Using Facial Recognition, passengers are tracked and can opt to use the process at every step of the boarding process including: check-in, dropping off baggage, identification at TSA, and boarding at the gate. With less than 2% of passengers opting out of the screening process, Biometric screening has saved passengers an average of 2 seconds per passenger with a total of 9 minutes when boarding the plane.

1 | ONLINE CHECK-IN 2 | CLICK “LOOK”

3 | GREEN CHECK 4 | BOARD FASTER

HOW IT WORKS: Passengers are prompted at online check-in 24 hours before boarding to select either facial recognition boarding or standard boarding. Once passengers select facial recognition boarding, they’re prompted to enter their passport and boarding information. From this, a customer manifest is collected including a photo, name, and general information found on your passport to be sent to the airport security system and Customs and Border Protection. Once the passenger arrives at the airport, they’re directed to the check-in kiosk to begin the facial recognition sequence by taking a current photo to be identified by the airport system. The photo is sent to the manifest to sort through the passenger manifest to find the exact match to be verified for entry. Once the system matches the photo, the passenger can proceed through the baggage drop, TSA security and boarding all by using their face instead of a boarding pass. Thus cutting down on paper and promoting sustainability. Future improvements to the system allow for TSA screening to be cut completely opting for walk through biometric screening areas using sensors and heat sensing technology.

1| CUSTOMER MANIFEST

5 | GREEN CHECK

2 | PHOTO GALLERY

6 | CBP VERIFICATION

3 | PASSENGER PHOTO

7 | PROCEED

4 | DE-IDENTIFY

39 floor plan

MU NICH INTERNATIO NA L A IR PO R T

LOCATION FIRM SQUARE METERS YEAR BUILT FOCUS

HOURS

CASE STU DY 2

MUNICH, GERMANY - TERMINAL 2 KOCH + PARTNERS 260,000 SQ M 2003 HUMANOID ROBOT OF BATTERY LIFE IN JOSIE TO PROVIDE FOR PASSENGER SUPPORT

120 CM TALL

THE HUMANOID ROBOT STANDS AT 120 CM TALL WITH WHEELS TO MOVE AROUND THE TERMINAL

Lufthansa and Munich Airport joined forces with International Business Machines [IBM] to create the humanoid robot to improve passenger experience. Josie Pepper, the name of the humanoid robot given by airport staff when she first arrived, roams the non-public area of Terminal 2 at Munich Airport to answer passenger questions and direct them to their correct gate. The robot uses Artificial Intelligence to view and register the passengers’ questions and face in order to provide a similar experience to a staff member. Using cloud technology and WiFi, the robot processes the given information, sends it to the server for information processing and cross-referencing with airport information, then relays it back to the passenger with both verbal and written text. This written text provides deaf or hard of hearing passengers with equal access. Josie can only speak English in this preliminary trial but the addition of German is in the developing stages.

THE AIRPORT Standing 25 miles from the city-center, Munich Airport is the second busiest airport in Germany aside from Frankfurt airport. The airport not only serves as a transportation hub but features a mini city-center with its centrally located Munich Airport Center which features amenities such as an ice skating rink and stage to accommodate cultural activities year round. The city center also contains a shopping mall, grocery shops, a medical center and tourist attractions to provide for the ideal layover entertainment. The airport itself contains 50 gates which span over two terminals connected by the airport center. Munich’s main airline carrier is Lufthansa, which operates out of terminal 2 and led the charge for the introduction of Josie Pepper. Munich is the world’s 15th busiest international airport and saw over 47 million passengers in 2019.

47.9 MILLION

TOTAL PASSENGERS IN THE YEAR 2019 AT MUNICH AIRPORT

SPLIT BETWEEN TWO TERMINALS

GATES

MI A MI INTERNATIONAL A IR PO R T

LOCATION FIRM SQUARE FEET YEAR BUILT FOCUS

550 SENSORS

CASE STU DY 3

MIAMI, FLORIDA, UNITED STATES CBRE HEERY 3,600,000 SQ FT 2007 BLUETOOTH WAYFINDING

TO HELP GUIDE PASSENGERS THROUGH THE AIRPORT USING TERMINALS BLUETOOTH

THAT THE BEACONS SPAN THROUGH THE GUIDE USERS THROUGH THE 1.3 MILE LONG AIRPORT

With a terminal spanning 1.3 miles and being one of the third busiest airports in the United States, it can be very easy to get lost. Wayfinding plays an important role in navigating the three passenger terminals located at Miami International Airport. Using a personal handheld device, Bluvision Beacons use Bluetooth Low Energy [BLE] and a localized app MIA Airport Official to guide passengers through the terminal to their gate and destination. From the time passengers enter the terminal, blue “beacons” are placed on adjacent walls and key winding sites to provide lost passengers a sense of ease. These “beacons” are polygonal boxes in a striking blue which allow passengers to tap their mobile device to the box or connect to the wifi and Bluetooth to access the app in order to track users locations and guide them through the airport. With over 550 sensors throughout the airport, the Bluvision Beacons use the passengers location to guide them to the next sensor and ultimately lead them to their gate or desired destination. The app provides passengers with an animated path in the airport view and map to allow for easy navigation. Users are able to customize their experience on the app to provide them with the best experience to reach their destination.

THE AIRPORT Miami International Airport served over 45.9 million passengers in 2019, making it the third largest airport in the United States. As the hub of American Airlines, Miami serves as the “gateway” between Latin America and the United States. The Miami Airport contains three passenger terminals all connected through one main linear terminal that stretches over 1.3 miles. The linear terminal has allowed for airlines and the airport to double the amount of flights per a day while easily allowing passenger movement throughout the concourse. Connecting the three main terminals is a rooftop Skytram that contains four stopping points for easy and fast movement through the concourses.

45.9 MILLION

TOTAL PASSENGERS IN THE YEAR 2019 AT MIAMI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

CONNECTED VIA ROOFTOP SKYTRAM

GATES

GAGA R IN INTERNATIO N A L LO U N GE

LOCATION FIRM SQUARE FEET YEAR BUILT FOCUS

CASE STU DY 4

SARATOV, RUSSIA VOX ARCHITECTS 11,200 SQ FT 2019 AESTHETIC APPEAL + CONCEPT

Coming up on the 60th anniversary of the first man exploring into the depths of space, the Gagarin Saratov Airport Lounge was renovated to honor its namesake, Yuri Gagarin. The airport was named after Gagarin after he landed in the Russian city of Saratov after a 108-minute orbit around the earth in 1961, thus becoming the Gagarin Saratov International Airport. The lounge needed a revamp in perfect timing for the 60th anniversary. Vox architects, a Russian architecture firm took inspiration from Gagarin’s exploration and modeled a concept based on “the idea of defying gravity, waiting for a miracle.” To achieve this, the lounge comprises two floors which contain nods to cosmic atmosphere complete with disk shaped lamps to depict solar flares and pops of blue that reminded the architects of “a rocket shooting into the mesosphere.” In addition to the material choices and subtle nods to space exploration, a private lounge “capsule” is designed to mimic the rocket that Gagarin completed his legendary expedition in to give users a personal experience.

The architects took a practical approach instead of a luxury one. Focusing on having plenty of room for luggage and an excess of outlets, the lounge offers comfort and practicality while being aesthetically pleasing to the eye. The first floor, located closer to the boarding gates, is the public space geared towards social spaces and amenities which provide users with a spacious layout that leads users to the circular free-standing staircase. The modern and streamlined design of the staircase leads passengers up to the second floor which contains private spaces and amenities built to provide business travelers and companies with meeting rooms and lounges to heighten their layover.

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KATIE KARLINCHAK THESIS 2020 - 2021 VOLUME 1