Building Construction by Kayla Neoh

Content

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to site

2.0 Site & Safety 2.1 Plants and Machineries

2-4 5-9

3.0 External Work 3.1 Setting out and Earth Work

4.0 Foundation

Phase 2Condom inium

10-12 13-15

16-25

5.0 Superstructure 5.1 Beam and Column 5.2 Slab 5.3 Wall 5.4 Staircase

26-28 29-32 33-35 36-40

6.0 Doors & Windows

41-61

7.0 Roof

62-75

8.0 Summary 8.1 Reference

76 77

1.0 Introduction In this project, we have to select a medium rise or low-rise ongoing construction site which visibly covers most of the subject topics in the syllabus.

Lake Point Residence @ Cyberjaya Lake Point Residences offers immaculate green real estate with a coveted Cyberjaya address. Part city, part country and entirely delightful, Lake Point Residences is charm personified in a haven thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 1/3 green and 2/3 dream. Ensconced in a highly exclusive 13-acre enclave in one of Klang Valleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premier addresses lies a green sanctuary like no other. Lake Point Residences, nestled between KLIA and KLCC but standing immeasurably apart amidst a backdrop of lush greenery, this bastion of modern green living accords one space and time in which to enjoy it. LakeFront Residence is a new upcoming township belonging to MCT Consortium which is located in Malaysia's IT hub,Cyberjaya. This township consists of three main parts, which are LakeFront Homes, LakeFront Residence (phase 1) and LakeFront Villa. This development consist of two block of high rise buildings and 77 units of 3-storey Garden Terrace (phase 1). There is another phase of landed development in a much smaller land within the development. Currently, we are analyzing the phase 1 landed residence

2.0 Site and safety Construction site has been classified as a high risk industry due to the high opportunity of accident happening during the activity is conduct.

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) Helmets

Gloves

According to BOWEC Regulation24 - A safety helmet must be worn at a construction site if there is a risk of being struck on the head. - This includes being struck on the head by a falling object; and hitting the head against an object.

- Lacerations from the rough and sharp edges of building materials - Reduce the relative risk of injury by 60 percent. - Reduce chemical hazards to constructions workers' hands

Shell

Main picture to describe your topic

Cradle Sweatband Peak Nape Strap

High visible vest

Safety Boots

- can be defined as clothing designed to make the wearer more visible - where part or all of the wearer's body could be obscured

- To prevent stepping on dangerous substances on the construction site - Protect ankles when step into a hole or onto an uneven surface - To avoid slips, trips and falls

High-visibility Material

Pvc + Special Type Materials

Retroreflective Stripes Sole 2

2.0 Site and safety Construction site has been classified as a high risk industry due to the high opportunity of accident happening during the activity is conduct.

WARNING SIGN

HOARDING

- Must be place in every entry - Signs must remain in good condition until they are required to be taken down - Information on signs can often fade over time, it will require on-going maintenance Mandatory signs Intrinsic features: - round shape - white pictogram on a blue background (the blue part to take up at least 50% of the area of the sign).

- Temporary fencing to protect public from danger - Avoid materials from being stolen from site

Main picture to describe your topic

Eye Protection must be worn

Respiratory equipment must be worn

Safety helmet must be worn

Ear protection must be worn

Safety boots must be worn

Safety gloves must be worn

2.0 Site and safety Construction site has been classified as a high risk industry due to the high opportunity of accident happening during the activity is conduct.

Scaffolding

Green Net

Platform

- Catch personnel, catch debris or a combination of both and are ideal for use in construction and general industry. - Nets with a wide mesh (holes) are primarily used to catch people. Nets with a smaller mesh can handle both.

- Must be able to support its own weight plus four times the maximum intended load - At least 18â&#x20AC;&#x2122;â&#x20AC;&#x2122; wide, if not, fall protection must be provided and used

Guardrail Midrail Planking Toeboard Cross Brace

Diagonal Brace

Base Plate Sill

Support structure - Must be able to support its own weight plus four times the maximum intended load

Tube-and-clamp guardrails - Protect outrigger / side platform - Can be adjustable in height and width 4

3.0 Plants & Machinery A wide variety of construction plants and machinery can be found in every construction sites which makes the construction job easy, safe and quicker and produces a high output construction.

Earth Moving Equipment Backhoe Loader

Excavator

A heavy vehicle with a bucket that attached that can be replaced by auger or slump grinder to broaden its function Commonly found in small construction site due to small size and high versatility.

Heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house". It is able to rotate 360 degrees

backhoe tractor

stick

boom

cab

stick hydraulic pump

cab

boom track system bucket

Used in construction (small demolitions) Light transportation of building materials Powering building equipment Digging holes/ excavation Landscaping Breaking asphalt Paving roads

loader

Excavation Demolishing buildings Moving large amounts of materials

Earth Moving Equipment Front Loader

Dump Trucks

One of tractor that is normally wheeled The bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools Uses a wide square tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move material around

Equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic pistons to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery.

hopper

cab cab

tires tires engine & fuel tank

wheel

linkage linkage frame frame

bucket bucket

Used to move a stockpiled material from ground level Better mobility and speed and not damage paved road Its bucket has better capacity than backhoe

Used for transporting loose materials for construction Used for cleaning up a construction site

Lifting & Handling Equipment

Equipment for Piling

Mobile Crane

Pile Driver

Commonly found on small construction projects High mobility Higher platform by having a long reach

Upper Shave Boom Point

Used to drive piles into soil to provide foundation support for buildings or other structures. Consists of a huge weight that is placed between that able to slide down and up freely within one single line.

Jib Lower Shave Hook

Latticed Boom

boom crane

Winding Drum

Can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. Ease the transport of the materials from one place to another

More environmentally acceptable than older, less efficient hammers Lesser noise and pollutants than diesel pile driver.

Concreting Equipment Concrete Mixer

Transit Mixer

A portable or hand-fed concrete mixer Small construction requirements Combine cement with sand or gravel, and water to form concrete.

Transporting concrete/ mortar or ready mix material from a concrete batching plant directly to the site The spiral blade of interior of the transit drum moves in two directions to charge and discharge concrete.

rotating mixing drum water tank

hopper

discharge chute

extra lengths of discharge chute

Provide a uniform mixture Can mix large volumes of concrete Quicker than hand mixing would allow

Loaded with dry material and water Contractors are required to send a ready-mix concrete mixer in place within 90 minutes after loading. It ensures the same quality of concrete as it was at the mixer.

Bending Equipment Bar Bender Machine -

Used to bend and shape steel rod, especially used in the preparation of steel re-inforce concrete structurally concrete slobs and pillars.

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Outside the Site Signage and Notice

Fencing/ Hoarding

Proper signage should be put up at the site for various purpose. This includes the use of illuminated signs, hand and acoustic signals, spoken communication and the marking of pipework containing dangerous substances.

Appropriate fencing or hoarding should be put up for safety reasons. It functions as a wall that keeps unauthorized party away.

To worn workers about a dangerous area To inform about the current project To alert individuals of possible hazards and the precautionary measures they need to take

The contractors will be at fault if any emergency happened to people who accidentally enters the site.

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Outside the Site Temporary Toilet -

Site Office and Security

Provides the workers at construction site a safe way to release excreta Increasing in productivity and reduction of costs associated with labor Convenient and coincide with the large number of workers present each day

Movable and can be lifted by crane to multiple stories which also solves the problem of sanitation occurring at construction site of multiple storey buildings. Storage tanks are emptied and removed when they are filled till a certain level as release of liquid waste.

At the entrance of the construction site, an office or security post are constructed. Important in remote locations for both working and living through long hours and in unpredictable environments.

A guard way from unwanted entrances Record the entering and exiting visitors and inform to the contractor Easy for working and take action if emergency occurs

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Within the Site Material Storage -

How materials are delivered and dispatched determines how easily things flow. Building materials have to be kept properly accordingly to their characteristics due to safety purpose.

To avoid damages to anyone To avoid ultimately lead to wastage To save the space within the restricted space on site

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Earthworks The process whereby the surface of the earth is move to another location.

Soil investigation

Cleaning of site

Geotechnical investigation is done to determine the reactivity of soil as well as physical and chemical properties of soil. This investigation is done even before preparing the plan of building. Based on the soil investigation, a geotechnical report is prepared by geotechnical engineers. Geotechnical engineers then design the foundation of building based on this reports.

This work involves removing tree roots and other organic matters from construction site. This is very important as tree roots and other organic matters can cause the future settling of earth which will cause for your structure damage..

Earth filling or cutting

Fencing

To make uneven surface of ground even earth cutting/filling is done. If the surface is above from desired level then earth cutting is done and if the surface is below the desired level then earth filling is done.

Plot is secured by making fence around it

LAND CUT

ROCK CUT LAND FILL

LAND FILL

ROCK FILL

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Earthworks Earthwork Checklist in Building Construction Services connection

Before starting earthwork make sure there are no services line such as electrical connection, water supply and drainage connection, telephone line etc. below ground.

Benchmark

Mark your desired level in a permanent place. You'll need this mark through the project duration.

Base soil

During earth excavation check that slope is maintained in side-soil.

Side-slope in excavation

Check the base soil, on which building's foundation will rest, is hard enough. You may consult geotechnical engineer that the base soil is perfect for further work execution.

Backfill:

Check the excavation area is extended beyond the foundation of building for easy moving during work execution. Cleaning of foundation bed: Check that loose and displaced materials are cleaned from the foundation bed.

Excavation area

Check backfill is being done after ending the shutter removal period of footing. Backfilling material: Try to backfill with the excavated soil. And check the backfilling material is free from large lumps, organic or any other foreign materials. Check all shuttering materials are removed before backfilling.

Backfill compaction

Backfilling should be done layer by layer. Each layer shouldn't exceed 6 inch thickness. And each layer should be compacted to maximum dry density of soil. Check those are being done properly.

4.0 External Work Works and facilities that are temporarily installed on a construction site.

Setting Out

Datum Post

Main Setting Out Lines

Profile Boards

Position Of Trends Plumbed Down Setting Out Lines

Baseline

Site Boundaries

Diagonal Checks

Setting Out And Checking Methods

1. Establish a baseline from which the whole of the building can be set out. The position of this line must be clearly marked on-site so that it can be re-established at any time.

2. Set out the main lines of building, each corner being marked with a stout peg.

Nails Positioning Trench And Walls

Typical Profile Boards

3. A check should now be made of the setting-out lines for right angles and correct lengths.

4. Profile boards are set up at all trench and wall intersections.

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Sub structure The substructure is the lowest division of a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; its foundationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads safely into the earth. Because it serves as a critical link in the distribution and resolution of building loads, the foundation system, while normally hidden from view, must be designed to both accommodate the form and layout of the superstructure above and respond to the varying conditions of soil, rock, and water below.

Piling layout plan

Types of foundation available in our site: Pile foundation - Reinforced Concrete pile 16

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Deep foundation In order to determine the suitable type of foundation to use at the site, a thorough investigation of the soil condition is carried out by geotechnical engineers.

Deep foundation is used for the site because : -- able to transfer heavy load -- Transfer load to deep bearing stratum

swamp

Site before filling up with sand

At lake Point Residence, the site was previously a swamp area, the construction team covered the site Swamps are forested wetlands. Building houses in the swamps requires special attention when compared to construction in ordinary soil. This is because swampy or marshy lands are periodically and at times permanently inundated by water.

Ready to start off with foundation

Site after filling up with sand

They covered the site with sand and let the soil settle for about a year (from March 2013-March 2014). They made sure that the foundation of their buildings rests on sound soil so that when the super structure (building) is completed, the weight would be evenly spread.

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Pile Foundation- Reinforced concrete pile A group of piles that supports a superstructure, forced into the ground to transfer the load to underlying soil and rock layers when the surface soil at the site are too weak or compressible to provide enough support.

Lifting hooks position by 2 points lift

End plate 1/5 L

3/5 L

Pitch P1

Pitch P2

Toe end plate 1/5 L

Pitch P2

Pitch P1

X is over a distance of 3 times the pile width from each head / toe end. The transition length Y is between the head / toe to the pile body.

All the RC pile used at the site are of standard dimension which

Beneficial of using RC piles at the site:

is --200mm x 200mm following the national occupational standard(NOS) --working load : 450KN --pile length : 18meter

--piles can be precast into specific specification --the work is neat and clean.(supervision of work at site is minimized --the piles is more suitable to use at swamp area where drilling holes are not advisable --provide high strength and resistance to decay 18

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Pile Cap A structural member placed on, and usually fastened to, the top of a pile or a group of piles and used to transmit loads into the pile or group of piles and, in the case of a group, to connect them into a bent.

Load Column

Pile cap

Column Compression zone Pile cap

Pile

Ring tension steel Cross section through pile cap

Function of pile cap: 1. 2. 3.

To provide the necessary combined resistance to stresses set up by the superstructure and/or ground movement . To distribute a single load equally over the pile group and thus over a greater area of bearing potential . To stabilize individual piles thus increasing overall stability of the group.

Core compression Ring tension

Plan showing forces 19

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Basic principal of RC Pile Foundation Load structure Load structure

Pile cap

Column

Pile Lower density

Ground surface

Medium density High density

Pile cap

Column

Pile Soft soil provides little or no support

Pile cap

Pile or other type of deep foundation

Rock

End bearing 20

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Method â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Drop Hammer A hammer with approximately the weight of the pile is raised a suitable height in a guide and released to strike the pile head. This is a simple form of hammer used in conjunction with light frames and test piling, where it may be uneconomical to bring a steam boiler or compressor on to a site to drive very limited number of piles.

Leader to guide hammer and pile Hammer B

Timber or plastic dolly Timber packing Steel helm Pile

Pile Track Winch Detail at B

Piling frame

There are two main types of drop hammers: 1. 2.

Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers Double-acting pile hammers

For this particular site, only single-acing steam/ compressed â&#x20AC;&#x201C;air hammers is used. Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers comprise a massive weight in the form of a cylinder. Steam or compressed air admitted to the cylinder raises it up the fixed piston rod. At the top of the stroke, or at a lesser height which can be controlled by the operator, the steam is cut off and the cylinder falls freely on the pile helmet.

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Material

Basic material for reinforced piles are conform to the British standard and Malaysian Standard as listed below: a) b) c) d) e) f)

Cement Aggregate Admixture Steel Reinforcement Mild Steel Plate Links

MS522 MS29 MS922 MS146 JIS G3101 JIS G3505

Properties of concrete: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Do not corrode or rot. Are easy to splice. Relatively inexpensive. The quality of the concrete can be checked before driving. Can be driven in long lengths Can increase the relative density of a granular founding stratum. 22

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground. Driven pile design and construction Process 17. Prepare plans and specifications including field capacity determination procedure

1. Establish Global Project Performance Requirements

16. Does design meet constructability and driveability requirements

2. Define Project Geotechnical Site Conditions

15. Adjust pile type, group configuration and construction control method

18. Contractor Selected

3. Determine Preliminary Structure Loads and Load Combinations at Foundation Level

14. Summarize total cost of candidate pile types, group configurations and pile caps

19. Perform wave equation Analysis of contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s equipment submission, accept of reject

4. Develop and Execute Subsurface Exploration and Laboratory Testing Program for Feasible Foundation Systems

13. Size and estimate cost of pile cap for trial groups

20. Set Preliminary Driving Criteria

5. Evacuate Information and Determine Foundation Systems for Further Evaluation

21. Drive test piles and evaluate capacity

12. Evaluate Group Axial, Lateral, and Rotational Capacities, Settlement and Performance of Trial Pile Group COnfigurations

6. Deep Foundations

11. Select 1 to 2 candidate pile types for Trial Pile Group Sizing

7. Select Candidate Driven Pile Foundation Types and Sections for Further Evaluation

10. Drive ability of candidate pile types to pile penetration depths and ultimate capacity sufficient

8. Select Static Analysis Method and Calculate Ultimate Axial Capacity vs Depth

9. Identify most economical candidate pile types from plots of ultimate capacity

22. Adjust Driving Criteria or Design

23. Construction Control, Drive Production Piles, Resolve any pile installation problems

24. Post- construction evaluation and refinement for future designs

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Process of pile foundation Step 2: Build the pile cap using timber to form the shape of the pile cap.

Step 1: Step the pile in the ground and dig a hole for the pile cap

Steel bars are placed in the pile cap to reinforce it.

Cement

Drop hammer

Metal framework Timber framework, tear down after the cement dry up

Pile

Installing pile

Pile

Casting pile cap

4.0 Foundation The elements of an architectural structure that transfer load to the ground.

Process of pile foundation Step 3: Ground beam is added on top of the pile cap.

Pile cap construction process 1. Shuttering and reinforcing Place the reinforce bar into the framework before pouring in the cement. the material used is long twisted steel bar between pile held in shape by thinner wire. 2. Setting up framework Once the steel bars are laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete mixture 3. Pouring in the concrete The concrete contain an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, the concrete is stirred to remove any air pocket that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes an exothermic chemical change as it harden and this produce a lot of heat.

Column

Ground beam

Pile cap

Pile

Casting Ground Beam

Shape of Columns

Type of Beams & Columns

In common construction, there are three main shape of the cross section of the column. In general, the most efficient column cross sections are those having equal radius of gyration.

Different types are being used in constructions which differ in strength. At our site, the residential houses use the most common type which is reinforced concrete columns

A circular cross section possesses an unlimited number of buckling axes, all being of equal strength.

A square cross section has the same radius of gyration and slenderness ratio, so buckling could result about either axis.

A rectangular cross section has two different radii of gyration. The smaller radius of gyration about its weaker axis results in a smaller axial load capacity

Reinforced concrete columns which have steel reinforcement that vary in size and are tied together to provide extra strength to the concrete column.

Wide-flange (W) shape steel columns which are suitable for connections to beams in two directions, and accessible for making bolted or welded connections at all of its surface.

Compound columns are structural steel columns encased in concrete reinforced with wire mesh

Composite columns are structural steel sections thoroughly encased in concrete reinforced with both vertical and spiral reinforcement

5.1 Beams & Columns Beams are designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements whereas columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. Formwork of Concrete Beams & Columns Cleat Beam Column Form Ledgers

Fastener

The process of erecting beams & columns occur through a few stages:

Braces

Sole Plates

Engineers calculate the size/length of whole column to determine the strength of each column

Steel bars which are used for reinforcement of the column are checked by the Civil & Structural Engineers to ensure the pattern and strength of steel reinforcements.

Installation of steel bars followed by formwork is then constructed. Finally concrete is poured in and left to set.

After 28 days, contractor will check concrete and remove formwork once columns are approved

the the the the

Bending Process of Steel Bars

5.1 Beams & Columns Beams are designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements whereas columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. Detail of Reinforced Concrete Beams & Columns Concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces.

Lateral reinforcement restrains the vertical reinforcement and strengthens the column against buckling

Reinforced concrete beams are designed to act together with longitudinal and web reinforcement in resisting applied forces.

Dowels tie column to supported beams and slabs

Cross-section of a beam with slab

Joint of rebars from column and beams that buckle onto the column.

Dowels overlap vertical bars and extend down into footing or pile cap far enough to develop adequate length for anchorage

Types of Slabs

One-Way Slabs Uniformly thick, these slabs span in one direction between supports. Usually suitable for light to moderate load conditions over relatively short spans of 1.8m to 5.5m

Joist Slabs Joist slabs are cast with a series of closly spaced joists which are supported by a parallel set of beams. This design is more suitable for longer spans and heavier loads than one-way slabs

Flat Plates Flat plates are concrete slabs of equal thickness reinforced in two or more directions and supported directly by columns without beams and girders. The simplicity lowers the floor heights and has flexibility in column placement.

Flat Slabs These slabs are thickened flat plates which are thickened at their column supports to increase the strength and moment-resisting capacity

Two-Way Slabs with Beams Two-way slabs may be reinforced in two directions and cast integrally with supporting beams. Such method is effective for medium spans and heavy loads because of the rigid frame action that is made possible by the column-beam interaction.

Waffle Slabs Waffle slabs are two way concrete slabs reinforced by ribs in two directions. Compared to flat slabs, they are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances.

5.2 Slabs Slabs are plate structures that are reinforced to span either one or both directions of a structural bay. They are classified according to their method of spanning and the form in which they are cast. Construction of Slabs At our specified site that we have studied. The types of slabs that they use are two-way slabs with beams. Being constructed integrally, that involves reinforcing steel bars to be tied together. Before the pouring of concrete, there are a few things that have to take place. Slab

Batten

The rebars are first tied and put into grids according to the engineerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s calculations. They are joint with rebars from beams and columns to enhance strength. At the site time, electrical wires are installed accordingly.

Slab (Sheeting)

Slab Form

Joist

Formwork has to take place as a mould for the slabs to form when the concrete is poured in.

Process of Slab Formation

After the rebars and formwork are fully ready, the civil structure and the mechanical & electrical engineers come into place to check thoroughly of the wiring, rebars and formworks.

Once approved by the engineers, the concrete is poured into the formworks and is left to set for 30 days. This allows the concrete to fully dry and ensure that there are no air bubbles trapped.

After a month, the slabs are checked and the formworks are then deconstructed and is the materials used for formwork is then reused on the following slabs

The length and breadth of the distance between each beam is calculated by engineers

Grid of rebars within the slabs which the gaps are calculated by the engineers

Top Reinforcement

Bottom Reinforcement

Cross-sections of one-way slabs 32

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Wall Building walls purposes are to support roofs, ceilings and floors, enclose a space as part of the building envelope, along with a roof to give buildings form, and to provide security and shelter.

Masonry Terms

Brick Terminology

Beds

Side End Face

Brick Properties Fire Clay Brick

Cement Brick

Cost

Expensive

Inexpensive

Heat Insulation

Very good

Good

Water Resistance

Very Good

Good

Strength

Strong

Course One of several continuous, horizontal layers (or rows) of masonry units bonded together.

Stretcher A masonry unit laid flat on its bed along the length of a wall with its face parallel to the face of the wall.

Soldier A brick laid on its end with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall.

Header A masonry unit laid flat on its bed across the width of a wall with its face perpendicular to the face of the wall.

Wythe Each continuous, vertical section of a wall, one masonry unit thick. Sometimes called a tier.

Row lock A header laid on its face or edge across the width of a wall.

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Wall

Brick Laying Method

Bonding of Masonry In order to evenly transfer the loads acting on masonry and ensure crack-free surfaces, bricks and blocks are normally laid in regular courses and bonded. Masonry courses are named according to their method of integration into the bond.

Types of Masonry Bonds

English Bond

1. Proper way to pick up mortar.

2. Fully-loaded trowel for five bricks

3. Working from left to right. Strongest mortar joints: Âź inch thick.

4. Spreading mortar (about 1 inch thick) on 3-5 bricks at a time.

5. Make a shallow furrow in it.

6. Cut off excess mortar with the edge of the trowel.

Cross Bond

Stack

Common or American

Stretcher bond with Â˝ brick displacement

Flemish bond; one header, one stretcher, alternate courses

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Wall Type of Masonry Used On Site Masonry Bonds

Other Elements

Vertical joints are overlapped (Â˝ brick displacement) in order to reduce the proportion of joints.

To make the corners of the wall neat and sharp in angle.

Coil Mesh

Angle bead

Angle Bead

Stretcher Bond Bricks were placed in slanted angle (45 degree) at the top row of the party wall to allow expansion when fire occurs.

To prevent or reduce cracking in walls by bonding the masonry units together and strengthening the parts of the masonry panels.

Plaster

Soldier Bond

Coil Mesh To give the wall a smooth and nice finishing.

It is unproblematic regarding building physics, but can only be built with materials of high thermal insulation value.

An indication as to how thick the plastering should be

Single-leaf Plastered

Plaster

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation Staircase Staircase is a set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another, typically inside the building.

Staircase Terminology Step

Thread

The top or horizontal surface of a step

Going

The horizontal distance between the face of the first and the last risers

Rise

The vertical distance between the floors or landings connected by the flight

Nosing

The edge of the thread projecting beyond the face of the riser and the face of a cut string

Wall String Handrail

Blockings Riser

Newel Baluster

Thread Carriage

String Capping

Cut String

Closed String Nosing

Elevation and Section Going

Types of Staircase Floor

Rise

Pitch Line Riser Nosing

Floor or Landing Straight

Thread

Pitch Line

Headroom of not less than 2m measured vertically above the pitch line Going of step

Rise and Going

Winder

Rise Rise of of step flight

Double Winder

Half Landing

2 Quarter Winder

Curved

2 Quarter Landing

Spiral

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Standard Requirements Staircase

Bar Pipe Stairs

Ladders

Height of handrail above the front of the step ≥90cm Stairs

Stair Angles Portable Ladders approx. 15º

≥2.0 Fixed Ship’s Ladders 50-75º

Tread

Access to nonhabitable rooms 39-50º

≥1.0 Riser

Range allowed under BCA regs 18-38º

Good standard riser to tread ratio 17/29, stride 2 risers + 1 tread = approx. 62.5cm

Steep driveway 1 in 6 Wheel chair 1 in 14 Stair Designs

Ramp 1 in 8

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Staircase Standard Requirements

Stair Designs

Stair Angles Tread should be capable of supporting 1 ½“ min 3” max a 300lb load at any point Measured from top of handrail

4” max spacing 42” min

Good standard riser to tread ratio 17/29, stride 2 risers + 1 tread = approx. 62.5cm 32mm x 32mm 59mm x 59mm handrail balusters

Line of tread nosing Handrail able to

99mm max

withstand 200lbs

900mm min 38” min width 7 ¼“ max riser height

4” max >30”, a guardrail spacing is required

Outer string

10” min tread width Stair Angles

Balustrades and Handrails

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation Staircase Construction Process 2. Insert the Steel Support

1. Build the Formwork wall board fixed to wall hanger

temporary bars floor level

struts

anchor to wall

joists ribbon place wall support plywood risers plywood cut string

joists supported by adjustable steel props

wall board hanger riser boards

carriage pieces joists

cut string Typical Wooden Formwork

Typical Steel Support Framework

5.0 Superstructure The part of the building above its foundation

Staircase Construction Process

3. Pour the Concrete

4. Installation of Handrails After installing the tiles, holes are cut for installation of handrails. Cement is used to fill the holes to stabilize the handrail.

Temporary railings were set up on-site to ensure the safety of the workers.

After pouring and make a nice and smooth finishing of the concrete, the concrete will be left aside to dry up and harden. The formworks will be dismantled after the concrete hardens and has the strength to support itself.

6.0 Doors and Windows A window is an opening that is used for the admission of light, sound and air. A moving structure used as an access, entrance and block off between the interior and the exterior or sometimes just interior.

Door Types Doors, both exterior and interior, are classified as job-built or mill-built.

Job-built (Batten Door) The batten door is the most commonly used and most easily constructed type of job-built door. It can be constructed in several ways, such as: - Using diagonal boards nailed together in two layers, at right angles to each other. This type of door is often used as the core for metalsheathed fire doors. - Using vertical boards that are tongue-and-grooved or ship lapped. The door is held rigid by two to four cross pieces, called ledgers, which may or may not be diagonally braced. If two additional pieces forming the sides of the door and corresponding to the ledgers are used, these are called frames.

In hasty construction (on-site prefabrication), the carpenter makes a batten door from several 2 x 6 boards with ledgers and braces, as follows: - Nail the ledgers with their edges 6 inches from the ends of the door boards. - Place a diagonal board between the ledgers. It begins at the top-ledger end, opposite the hinge side of the door, and runs to the lower ledger, diagonally across the door. On an outside door, use roofing felt on the weather side to cover the boards. - Nail wooden laths around the edges and across the middle of the door to hold the roofing felt in place.

95 x 22 ledge

95 x 22 brace

95 x 22 ledge

Hanging edge

95 x 22 ledge

Ledged and battened (rear elevation)

Ledged and braced (rear elevation) 41

Door Types Doors, both exterior and interior, are classified as job-built or mill-built.

Mill-built (Flush Door)

(Panel Door)

- Two frequently used interior doors are the flush and the panel types.

- The usual exterior door is the panel type. It consists of stiles, rails, and filler panels.

- Flush doors have flat surfaces on both sides and consist of a wood frame with thin sheets of material (plywood veneer, plastic laminates, hardboard, or metal) applied to both faces.

- Panel doors consist of vertical members called stiles and horizontal members called rails.

- Flush doors have either solid or hollow core.

- Stiles and rails form the framework into which panels are inserted.

- Solid-core doors have a solid particle board or woodblock core which is covered with layers of veneer. They are usually used as exterior doors.

- Additional vertical and horizontal members called munitions are used to divide the door into any number of panels.

- Solid-core doors provide better sound insulation and have less tendency to warp.

- Panels may be solid wood, plywood, particleboard or louvered or have glass inserts. 6mm glass or 9mm plywood panel Lock rail

- Hollow-core doors have a lightweight core made of various materials that are covered with layers of veneer. They are usually used as interior doors and are less expensive to produce. 125mm deep top rail

Stile

Glass panel 6mm glass or 9mm plywood panel Intermediate rails

125mm wide stile 25mm deep rails

Plywood/hardbo ard facing 125mm deep bottom rail Skeleton Core Flush Doors

Two-panel Door

Single-panel Door

125mm deep rail Lock block Lipping

6mm plywood panel

Bottom rail Three-panel Door

Four-panel Door

Door Frame A door frame or lining is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. It provides a surround for the door and is the member to which a door is foxed or hung.

Timber Door Frame

Metal Door Frame

- Made from rectangular section timber.

- Made from mild steel pressed into one of three standard profiles.

- A door frame is approximately twice as wide as its thickness plus the stop.

- Suitable for internal and external frame.

- Timber door frame consists of 1. Head 2. Two post (jambs) 3. Sill

- Durable. - Expensive. - Easy Handling.

- These parts are joined by wedged mortise and tenon joints, combed joints and tenon joints pinned with a metal star shaped dowel.

Rough opening is the wall opening into which a doorframe is fitted.

Head is the uppermost member of a doorframe. Jamb refers to either of the two side members of a doorframe. Stop is the projecting part of a doorframe against which a door closes.

Casing is the trim that finishes the joint between a doorframe and its rough opening.

Threshold is the sill of a doorway, covering the joint between two flooring materials or providing weather protection at an exterior door. 43

Door Frame (Details) A door frame or lining is attached to the opening in which a door is to be fitted. It provides a surround for the door and is the member to which a door is foxed or hung.

Compression Anchor

Frame Depth

Throat Opening

Optional Security Device

R.C lintel to engrâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s detail with cement. plaster on both sides

Sill Anchors

R.C lintel to engrâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s detail with cement. plaster on both sides

Wire ties supply with metal door frame

Mortar infill

P.V.C groove line

Metal door frame to be install accordance to manufâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s specifications and detail Hidden line indicates door leaf

75x38mm thk. h.w top frame

Door knob and lockset

40x12mm thk. h.w fixed timber louvered

To prove min. 10mm gap between bottom of door leaf to finish floor level

Detail Section A

100x38mm thk. h.w bottom frame

Detail Section B

Door Operation Door is a screen used to seal an opening into a building or closed area and between rooms in a building. Doors can be made from timber, glass, metal, or plastic. Doors can be designed to swing from one edge ,slide , slide and close, or roll to close.

Swinging

Bypass Sliding

Door normally turns on hinges about a side jamb when pushed or pulled, but may also be pivoted from head jamb and threshold. Requires space around doorway for door swing; check clearance required. Most convenient operation for entry and passage. Most effective door type for thermal and acoustic insulation and for weather resistance; can be firerated.

Doors slide on overhead track and along guides or a track on the floor. Requires no operating space but is difficult to seal against weather and sound. Offers access only through 50% of doorway width. Used on exterior as sliding glass doors. Used in interiors primarily for visual screening.

Surface Sliding

Pocket Sliding

Similar to a bypass sliding door but provides access through full width of doorway. No operating space required but is difficult to weatherproof. Door is surface-hung on an exposed overhead track.

Doors slide on overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall. Doorway has a finished appearance when fully open. Often used where a normal door swing would interfere with the use of a space.

Folding Hinged door panels fold flat against one another when opened. Byford doors divide into two parts, require little operating space, and are used primarily as a visual screen to enclose closet and storage spaces. Accordion doors are multi leafed doors that are used primarily to subdivide interior spaces. They are hung from an overhead track and open by folding back in the manner of an accordion.

Finish Floor Level

Legend

Quantity

Specifications

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w solid tubular core h.d.f swing flush door to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered at bottom and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass panel on top swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core waterproof cemboard swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f and 1 side p.v.c lamination swing flush door to detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted laminated fixed glass panel with alumn. frame as shower screen and 6mm thk. light green tinted alumn. frame single leaf glass swing door with s/steel door handle install accordance to manuf’s specification and requirement.

Location

House main entrance.

Store.

Utility.

Bedroom 3, 4, 5, master bedroom 2 & dressing.

Wet kitchen.

Bath 3, 4, 5 & master bath 1 & 2.

Master bath 1.

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

SD1

SD2

SD2a

SD3

RG1

Quantity

Specifications

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and requirement.

6mm thk. light green tinted float M.s r.h.s frame with cemboard plank door c/w steel latches. glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and requirement.

Location

Living.

Master bedroom 1. (applicable for Master bedroom 1. (applicable for Dining (applicable at type AA type AA) type A, A1 & A2). &A2).

DOOR SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE A

Rear gate door (accept type AA &A2). 46

Finish Floor Level Legend

RG1

Quantity

Specifications

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w solid tubular core h.d.f swing flush door to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered at bottom and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass panel on top swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core waterproof cemboard swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f and 1 side p.v.c lamination swing flush door to detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted alumn. frame single leaf glass swing door with s/steel door handle install accordance to manuf’s specification and requirement.

M.s r.h.s frame with cemboard plank door c/w steel latches.

Location

House main entrance.

Store.

Utility.

Bedroom 3, 4, 5, master Wet kitchen. bedroom 2 & dressing.

Bath 3, 4, 5 & master bath 1 & 2.

Master bath 1.

Rear gate door (accept type BB).

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

SD1

SD2

SD3

SD4

W21

SD5

W22

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and requirement.

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and requirement.

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame and 8mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass panel on top to be install accordance to manuf.’s specifications and requirement.

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass panel c/w 1.2mm thk. alumn. powder coated to be install accordance to manuf’s specification and requirement.

Location

Dining (applicable at type Master bath 1. BB & B2).

Master bedroom (applicable at type B1 & B2).

Master bedroom 1 (applicable Master bedroom 1 (applicable at type BB, B1 & B2). at type B).

Living.

DOOR SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE B

Master bedroom 1 (applicable at B).

Finish Floor Level Legend

Quantity

Specifications 1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w solid tubular core h.d.f swing flush door to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w h.w timber louvered at bottom and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass panel on top swing door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core waterproof cemboard swing flush door to detail.

1.1mm thk. m.s frame c/w honey comb core h.d.f and 1 side p.v.c lamination swing flush door to detail.

Location

Store.

Utility.

Bedroom 3, 4, 5, master bedroom 2 & dressing.

Wet kitchen.

Bath 2, 3, 4 & master bath 1 & 2.

Master bathroom 1 (2nd floor level).

House main entrance.

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

SD1

SD2

RG1

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and requirement.

M.s r.h.s frame with cemboard plank door c/w steel latches.

Location

Master bedroom 1.

Rear gate door.

Living.

DOOR SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE C

Window Elements Window Frame Head is the uppermost member of a window frame. Jamb is either of the two side members of a window frame. - Sill is the horizontal member beneath a do or or window opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed rainwater. - Subsill is an additional sill fitted to a - window frame to cause rainwater to drip fart her away from a wall surface. - Exterior casing; not always used

Rough Opening Rough Opening refers to the framed opening of a window. Framed openings have a header across the top, a sill plate across the bottom and vertical trimmers between the header and sill at each side. Replacement windows are available in a variety of sizes that are listed according to width and height. Casing Trim Casing trim refers to the finishing trim work around a window opening, consisting of head and jamb casings, window sills, and aprons.

Drip cap or head casing Side casing Sash and Glazing

Sash refers to the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set. It section profile varies with material, manufactur er, and type of operation.

- Pane is one of the divisions of a window, consisting of a single unit of glass set in a frame. - Glazing refers to the panes or sheets of glass set in the sashes of a window.

Top rail

Muntins are the vertical members holding the edges of windowpanes with a sash, Stiles are the upright members framing a window sash or paneled door. Mullion is a vertical member separating a series of windows or doorways.

Window Frame Window frames are made of four basic parts: the head, the jambs (two), and the sill (the sash is the framework that holds the glass in the window). Where openings are provided, cut away the studs and for equivalent strength, double the studs on each side of the opening to form trimmers. Insert a header at the top. If the opening is wide, the header should also be doubled and trussed. At the bottom of the opening, insert the rough sill. Sills have a usual slope of 1 to 5 inches so that they shed water quickly. They are wider than frames, usually extending about 1 1/2 inches beyond the sheathing. They also form a base for the outside finished casing.

Join to lintol/window head of wall Window frame

Top hung window (ventlight)

Transom Deadlight (fix light) with glass fixed to frame

Side hung window (casement) See head detail

Lath and roofing felt

Mullion See jamb detail

Window sill rest on sill of wall

Meshwire cloth

See sill detail

Sash Head Detail Sash

Slide for sash Sash Sheathing Jamb Detail

Sill Detail

Aluminium Frame Aluminium window frames are relatively low in cost, lightweight, and corrosion resistant, but because they are such efficient conductors of heat, synthetic rubber or plastic thermal breaks are required to interrupt the flow of heat from the warm to the cool side of the frame. Aluminium frames may have anodized, baked enamel, or fluoropolymer resin finishes.

Consult the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) for criteria developed for the performance of aluminum windows, including minimum provisions for frame strength and thickness, corrosion resistance, air infiltration, water resistance, and wind load capability.

Window Installation Window installation involves the fixing of window frame at an earlier construction stage and subsequent installation of the window sashes. This is a highly workmanship dependent process. Only trained and approved contractors registered in BCA Contractor Registry under the regulatory work head RW01 can carry out installation and retrofitting of windows.

Lug System Before installation of the window frame, the following checks should be carried out: - Wall opening should be checked for any physical defects. Any defects should be rectified before installation proceeds. - Wall opening should be cleaned and wetted. - Window frame should be checked for any damages, and should come with the correct number or spacing of galvanized straps. Defective frames should be replaced.

Steps 1. Clean and wet the wall surface around the opening

2. Check the number, dimensions, and spacing of galvanized straps

Straps

Frame

3. Check dimension for ram setting

4. Use of V-shaped timber wedges for positioning of frame Distance from the edge of wall opening to the ramset bolt

Distance from ramset bolt to end of strap bracket

Straps

V-shaped timber wedge

5. Checking the plumb, levelness and alignment of window frame A. Check plumb of frame

B. Check alignment of frame

C. Check alignment of frame

D. Check positioning of the frame with reference to wall Level peg

Plaster finished level

Tolerances for Installation of Window Frame Items

Tolerance

Horizontal and vertical position on elevation from site datum

± 10mm

Horizontal position relative to adjoining wall finishes

± 2mm

Level

± 2mm in any one structural bay

Plumb

± 2mm in any one-storey height

Plane

± 2mm in any one storey height or structural bay width

Intersection

± 2mm in alignment in any direction between any two adjoining windows

After confirming the position of the frame, the galvanised straps are ramsetted to the wall. When ramsetting the straps, the plumb line should be maintained to ensure proper alignment of the frame. The levelness and squareness of the installed frame can be checked by carrying out a diagonal dimensional check. 6. Fixing of window frame A. Ramset the straps to the wall after confirming the positioning of the frame

B. Check diagonal dimensions after installation

Window Operation Door is a screen used to seal an opening into a building or closed area and between rooms in a building. Doors can be made from timber, glass, metal, or plastic. Doors can be designed to swing from one edge ,slide , slide and close, or roll to close.

Casement

Fixed

Awning

Sliding

Casement windows have operating sashes that are side-hinged and usually swing outward. When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation. The inner end of the sash may slide along a track on the sill or jamb as the sash swings outward. A pair of sashes may close on a vertical mullion or have a floating astragal to close on each other.

Awning windows have operating sashes that swing outward on hinges attached to the top of their frames. When open, the sash is able to direct ventilation. The sashes may be stacked vertically with sashes closing on each other or on meeting stiles.

Fixed windows consist of a frame and stationary sash. When used in conjunction with operable window units, the thickness of the fixed sash should approximate the cross-sectional dimension of the operating sashes.

A sliding window has two or more sashes, of which at least one slides along horizontal grooves or tracks.

Jalousie

Jalousie windows have horizontal glass or wood louvers that pivot simultaneously in a common frame. Jalousies are used primarily in mild climates to control ventilation and to cut off visibility from the outside.

Finish Floor Level Legend

Quantity

1 (AA &A2) / 2 (A1)

Specifica 6mm thk. light green tinted tions float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass adjustable louvered window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. Light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Location

Dry kitchen, Bedroom 5 dressing (applicable (applicable for type for type AA, A1 & AA, A1 & A2). A2).

Bedroom 5.

Wet kitchen.

Bath 5. Master bath 2 (applicable for type AA, A1 & A3).

Utility.

Intermediate lot, master bedroom 2.

Master bedroom 2 & study (applicable for type AA, A1 & A2).

Living (applicable for type AA & A2). Living & dining (applicable for type A1).

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

W10

W11

W12

W13

W14

W15

W16

W17

W18

Quantity

Specificat 6mm thk. light green tinted ions float glass top hung window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted obscure fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Location

Bedroom 4. Family hall, master bedroom 1 (applicable for type AA, A1 & A2).

Bedroom 3 (applicable for type AA, A1 & A2).

Bedroom 3 Bedroom 3 (applicable for type (applicable for type AA, A1 & A2). AA).

Bath 4.

Study (applicable for type AA, A1 & A2)

Master bath 2.

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE A

Bedroom 3 Bath 3, master bath 1 (applicable for type (w.c & shower area). A, A1 & A2). Dressing (applicable for type A).

Finish Floor Level Legend

W19

W20

W21

W22

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window and 6mm thk. light green tinted 6mm thk. obscured glass casement window overlapping glass window with float fixed glass panel at both side and bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and latch frame and security bar

Location

Staircase: 2nd flr lev

Master bathroom 1.

Water tank area.

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

W23

W24

W8A

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specification and detail.

Location

Dressing (applicable for type A).

Corner & end-lot, master bedroom 2.

Family living: 1st flr (applicable for type A).

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE A

Finish Floor Level Legend

Quantity

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass adjustable louvered window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Bath 5 (applicable for type BB, B1 & B2).

Bath 5 (applicable for B).

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame Location

Living (applicable for type Dining (applicable for BB, B1 & B2). type B1).

Dry kitchen & Wet kitchen dressing (applicable (applicable for type for type BB, B1 & B2). BB, B1 &B2).

Wet kitchen Wet kitchen Utility. (applicable for type (applicable for type BB, B1 & B2). B).

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

W10

W11

W12

W13

W14

W15

W16

W17

W18

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Location

Bath 3.

Bedroom 3 (applicable for type BB).

Bedroom 3 (applicable Bedroom 3 & master Bedroom 3 for type BB, B1 & B2). bedroom 2 (applicable (applicable for type for type BB, B1 & B2). BB, B1 & B2).

Family hall (applicable fot type BB, B1 & B2).

Bath 4.

Master bath 2.

Bedroom 4 & 5.

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE B

Finish Floor Level Legend

W19

W20

W23

W24

W25

W26

W27

W28

W29

Quantity

Specifications 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. obscured glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and latch

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass window at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Location

Master bedroom 2.

Master bedroom 1 (dressing).

Master bedroom 1 Staircase. (dressing).

Master bath 2.

Master bathroom 1. Water tank area. Master bath 1.

Master bath 1.

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

SD4a

W21a

W30

Quantity

Specificati 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding door c/w 1.3mm 6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass panel c/w 1.2mm thk. alumn. powder coated frame to ons thk. alumn. powder coated frame and 8mm thk. light green be install accordance to manuf’s specification and requirement. tinted float fixed glass panel on top to be install accordance to manuf’s specification and requirement.

6mm thk. obscured glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and latch to be install accordance to manuf’s specification and detail.

Location

Staircase area.

Master bedroom 1 (applicable at type BB only).

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE B

Finish Floor Level Legend

Quantity

Specifications

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass adjustable louvered window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar

6mm thk. light green tinted float overlapping fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and security bar

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung at top and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass window at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass sliding window on top and 6mm thk. light green tinted fixed glass panel at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

Location

Bedroom 3, 4 & 5.

Bath 4.

Wet kitchen / yard.

Utility.

Bath 2.

Bath 3.

Family hall.

Master bath 2.

Master bedroom 2.

Finish Floor Level-1 Legend

W10

W12

W13

W14

W15

W16

Quantity

Specifications

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung at top and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass window at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame

6mm thk. obscured glass casement window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame and latch

Location

Master bedroom 1.

Dressing room.

Staircase.

Master bath 1.

Water tank area.

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE C

Finish Floor Level

Legend

W17

W18

W19

W20

Quantity

Specificatio 6mm thk. light green tinted float glass ns top hung at top and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass window at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted float fixed glass window with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

6mm thk. light green tinted float glass top hung at top and 6mm thk. obscure fixed glass window at bottom with 1.2mm thk. powder coated alumn. frame to be install accordance to manuf’s specifications and detail.

Location

Master bath 1.

WINDOW SCHEDULE FOR TERRACE HOUSE TYPE C

ROOF 7.0 Roof

Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of forms—flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinations—as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.

CHARATERISTICS & FUNCTIONALITIES

FORM

The characteristics of a roof are dependent upon the purpose of the building that it covers, the available roofing materials and the local traditions of construction and wider concepts of architectural design and practice and may also be governed by local or national legislation. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. A verandah may be roofed with material that protects against sunlight but admits the other elements. The roof of a garden conservatory protects plants from cold, wind, and rain, but admits light.

The shape of roofs differs greatly from region to region. The main factors which influence the shape of roofs are the climate and the materials available for roof structure and the outer covering. The basic shapes of roofs are flat, mono-pitched, gabled, hipped, arched and domed. There are many variations on these types.

TYPE OF ROOF STYLES Throughout history and especially throughout the past couple hundred years the styles of roofs vary from area to area. The varying designs, styles, and shapes of roofs exist and have been created to accommodate the needs of the structure they are covering. Some of the most primary needs that a structure demands from a roof are protection from the weather, overall design compatibility with the existing structure, and housing of internal elements such as piping, electrical wiring, ventilation, insulation.

• Mono-pitched Roof A mono-pitched roof is a single-sloping roof surface, often not attached to another roof surface. Mono-pitched roofs are sometimes called a pent roof, shed roof, lean-to roof, or skillion roof (in Australia) Shed Roof

A shed roof is basically a flat roof but has more pitch. It is frequently used for additions on homes or other roof styles.

Skillion Roof This type of roof is a single sloping roof surface. You can think of it as just one half of a triangular roof or you can think of it as a flat roof that has been inclined slightly. It is often used on just a portion of the home. One modern architectural option is to use skillion roofing on a multi-level home to create unique shapes and patterns for the home's exterior. 62

7.0 Roof

• Multi-pitched Roof Flat Roof

Gable Roof Flat roofs are common especially with commercial buildings. Flat roofs are definitely the most simple roof to build because they have little to no pitch

The gable roof style looks like an inverted/upside down V. Gable roofs are not ideal for areas with high wind because they easily can catch the wind much like a sail would. Gambrel Roof

Dutch Hip Roof

The best way to describe a gambrel roof is by saying barn roof. The gambrel style roof is most commonly used on barns.

The Dutch hip roof is basically a hip roof with a small gable at either end. The gables can be used as ventilation.

Mansard Roof

Saltbox Roof

This type of roof is made up of four slopes, two on each side of the home. The lower slope is a steeper, more vertical slope than the upper slope. The upper slope may or may not be visible from the ground.

An asymmetrical long pitched roof with one short side and one very long side. This results in a home that is one story in height on one side of the building and two stories on the other side. Bonnet Roof

Pyramid Roof This type of room is similar to the pyramid roof or hip roof. The difference, as you can see here , is that two of the slides slope out an angle.

Butterfly Roof

As the name suggests, this is a type of roof that is shaped like a pyramid. We see it here on two different portions of this extravagant home.

Folded-plate Roof The butterfly roof is not a roof style that is widely used. The style provides plenty of light and ventilation but is not the effective when it comes to water drainage.

The folded plate roof has limited use in single family homes. It looks like a series of small gable roofs placed side by side of each other. 63

7.0 Roof

Roof, covering of the top of a building, serving to protect against rain, snow, sunlight, wind, and extremes of temperature. The word also denotes the framing or structure which supports that covering. Roofs have been constructed in a wide variety of formsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;flat, pitched, vaulted, domed, or in combinationsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;as dictated by technical, economic, or aesthetic considerations.

TYPE OF ROOFING MATERIALS Another important aspect that comes into play with roofs is the choice of material. Some materials are more common in certain areas and certain materials are ideal for different types of roof pitches/slopes while others are not ideal for certain roof slopes. The three main roof slopes that determine the material used are flat roofs (no slope or a very slight slope), low slop, and steep slope. Asphalt Shingles Most commonly used steep slope/residential roofing material used on roofs in the United States

Wood Shake Similar to the asphalt shingle, the wood shake overlaps each other making the roof or siding weather proof.

Materials: Made of either an organic paper fiber mat or fiberglass impregnated with asphalt and coated with mineral granules. Durability: Not very durable. Weight: Moderate in weight. Cost: Inexpensive to moderate.

Materials: Commonly made of cedar, but can also be made of other rot resistant woods, such as redwood. Durability: Short lifespan and requires periodic maintenance. Weight: Moderate in weight. Cost: Moderate.

Slate Shingles These are shingles made out of rock. Slate shingles are created out of a sedimentary rock.

Metal Roof Metal is a very common material used for roofs. The types of metal used with available systems varies from zinc to steel, copper, aluminum, and tin.

Materials: Made from natural slate rock. Durability: Long lasting, durable (depending on where quarried). Weight: Heavy, require reinforced roofing structure to support. Cost: Very expensive. Requires specially trained workers to install. Clay Tile Tile is one of the more expensive materials used for roofs. Materials: Made from natural clay which is fired in a kiln. Durability: Long lasting and low maintenance but brittle and can break. Weight: Heavy, require reinforced roof framing to support. Cost: Expensive.

Materials: May be composed of steel, aluminum, copper, or zinc alloy. Durability: Fairly to very durable, depending on the material. Weight: Lightweight. Cost: Moderate (steel) to expensive (copper). Concrete Tiles Solid slabs of concrete capping the top of homes. Materials: Made from a mixture of Portland cement and sand. Durability: Long lasting and low maintenance but can break. Weight: Heavy, require reinforced roof framing to support. Cost: Moderate.

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

â&#x20AC;˘ REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT ROOF (RC)

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT ROOF (RC)

B B FALL FALL

5 º PITCH

5 º PITCH 50mm ⌀ Spout Pipe

150(w) x 25mm(d) Scupper Drain

400 gal (Effective Polythene Water Tank) FALL

FALL

300(w) x 100mm (h) Weep Hole For Water Discharge

5 º PITCH

A A

RC Flat Roof With Water Proof Treatment To Eng’s Detail

ROOF PLAN

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT ROOF (RC) 8mm THK. Green Laminated Tempered Glass Panel With Alum. Frame To Manuf’s Detail 1200

1200

150 50

FALL

RC. Flat Roof

850

DETAIL A Reinforced Concrete (RC)

Vinyl Interlayer

Reinforced concrete is one of the most widely used modern building materials. Concrete is an “artificial stone” obtained by mixing cement, sand, and aggregates with water. Fresh concrete can be molded into almost any shape, giving it an inherent advantage over other materials.

Typically manufactured by placing a layer of polyvinyl butyral between two or more lites of glass and then fusing it together using heat and pressure in a special oven called an autoclave. It is physically and thermally stronger than regular glass. Glass

10mm THK. M.S. Plate To Engr’s Detail Wall Plug To Engr’s Specification 50mm X 75mm RHS As Louvers Screen

1550

FALL

150

FALL

Green Laminated Tempered Glass

300

50mm X 75mm RHS To Support Roof Truss 114mm THK Brickwall With 18mm THK Cement Plaster On Both Sides

DETAIL B

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT ROOF (RC)

Reinforced Concrete Slab Rebar

Tempered Glass

RC CONCRETE ROOF INSTALLATION DETAILS

Continuous Metal Clamping System Fixed To The Slab Using M12 Bolt At 500mm Centres

RC SLAB

Glass Set In Arbocal To A Minimum Depth Of 80mm Then Pointed With Slicone Sealant

Tempered Glass Held In Base Clamp – Glass Thickness To Suit Loading Requirement

Setting Block

TEMPERED GLASS INSTALLATION DETAILS 68

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

â&#x20AC;˘ METAL DECK

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• METAL DECK SHED ROOF

FALL

FALL 5 º PITCH

5 º PITCH 50mm ⌀ Spout Pipe

150(W) X 25mm (D) Scupper Drain

400 Gal (Effective Polythene Water Tank) FALL

FALL 300 (W) X 100mm (H) Weep Hole For Water Discharge

C 5 º PITCH

Rc Flat Roof With Water Proof Treatment To Eng’s Detail

ROOF PLAN

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• METAL DECK SHED ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION

450

Rockwool Fibre Glass Insulation

155

FALL

300

150mm High Up Turn 18 Gauge G.I. Color bond Flashing Metal Deck Roofing At 5’ Pitch

A type of insulation that is made from actual rocks and minerals to block sound and heat.

RC Beam 50mm THK. Rockwool Fibre Glass Insulation Single Sided Alum. Foil Sisalation Light Gauge Steel Roof Truss To Engr’s Detail Light Gauge Steel ‘C’ Channel For Roof Truss Support

Single Sided Alum. Foil Sisalation An effective thermal insulating membrane due to the high reflectivity and low emissive properties of its aluminium foil surfaces.

DETAIL C 71

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• METAL DECK SHED ROOF

FRONT ELEVATION BATTEN

150

250 100

750

5’

150

9mm THK. Plaster Ceiling To Spec. Timber Batten 200

• TIMBER

100

• GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)

G.I Flashing To Avoid Water Slip Through To Underneath Metal Deck Metal Deck At 5’ Pitch G.I. Batten Light Gauge G.I. Roof Truss System Single Sided Alum. Foil Sisalation

250

Narrow strip of wood, plastic, metal or gypsum board used to conceal an open joint.

250

DETAIL D

150

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

• METAL DECK SHED ROOF Metal Deck

Horizontal Or Diagonal Bridging Is Required To Prevent Lateral Movement Of Joist Chords

INSTALLATION PROCESS Bridging Truss Rockwool Fibre Glass Insulation •To Resist Uplifting Wind Forces, Every Joist Must Be Securely Anchored To Its Supporting Structure •Top Choard Extension For Roof Overhang

Aluminium Foil Sisalation

OPEN WEB STEEL JOIST TRUSS SYSTEM

In structural engineering, the open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned to span between bearing points. The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the load imposed on the deck to the structural frame i.e. beam and column.

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

â&#x20AC;˘ METAL DECK SHED ROOF Dimple For Additional Screw Fixing Hole

Direction Of Laying

1. Fixing Clips

2. Fix the first row of clips

Spur 4. Flatten spur in way of clips

5. Clip engaged over rib of installed sheet

Overlapping Rib

3. Placing the first sheet

6. Complete Turn-Up

FLASHING INSTALLATION METHODS

7.1 Roof Type & Construction Process (From Site Visit)

The roofing structure built on the Lake Point Cyberjaya are flats roofs with simple steel rather and covered with steel sheet. Ceiling is covered by plaster ceiling.

RAIN GUTTER Inside Corner Box Miter

Endcap

Drop Outlet Endcap

Slip Joint Connector Outside Corner Box Miter

A Elbows Downspout Section

Downspout Strap

K-style Gutter A rain gutter (from Latin gutta : drop), also known as a "rain catcher", is a narrow channel, or trough, forming the component of a roof system which collects and diverts rainwater away from the roof edge

ROOF GUTTER INSTALLATION: 1. Calculate and purchase at least the total length of gutters needed, as well as the correct number of necessary downspouts and attachment brackets. 2. Measure and snap a layout line using a chalk line.

B Elbows

3. Cut the gutters to size.

4. Attach the gutter brackets. 5. Mark the location for the downspout opening on the gutter. 6. Attach the downspout connector and end cap to the gutter using silicone sealant and short metal screws. A Elbow

7. Mount the gutters. 8. Attach the downspout to the gutters via the downspout connector. 9. Seal any gutter connection seams with a heavy bead of sealant and allow it to dry overnight.

7.0 Summary

Throughout this project, we had understand the sequence and coordination of construction at the site. In a construction industry, organization and proper planning of work is important. We have learned to identify the different building elements construction process, details and materials. With the information got on site, we managed to explain current material and technology in relevance to the present construction industry. By additional research from books, internet and other reference, we produced our findings in this report with manual sketches reflecting our understanding of the various construction elements.

7.1 Refrences Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2010). Building construction handbook (8th ed.). Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. McKay, W., & McKay, J. (1970). Building construction (5th ed.). Harlow: Longman. Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley Construction site safety (Rev. ed.). (2005). King's Lynn: CITB-ConstructionSkills. Construction Equipments. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/construction-equipments Plant & Machinery Safety in Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.masterbuilders.co.za/news/2011/November/plant_machinery_safety_in_construction.htm Ching, F., & Onouye, B. (2009). Building Structures Illustrated. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons Foundations | Types of Foundations in Building Construction | Concrete Foundations. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/introduction-to-foundations.html The Foundation Construction Process. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.concretenetwork.com/concrete/foundation_construction_process.htm BIM & BEAM. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://bimandbeam.typepad.com/bim_beam/2008/08/ One way slab design. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.ce-ref.com/RC_Design/One_way_slab/One_way_slab.html Finest Techniques, Joinery, and Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://designedstairs.com/finest_stairs/ Reinforced Concrete Introduction. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from http://www.world-housing.net/major-construction-types/reinforcedconcrete-introduction Professor Johannes Kister. (2012). Neufert Architecturesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Data (Fourth Edition). Wiley-Blackwell Buildability Series, Chapter 4. (n.d.). Retrieved 2015, from https://www.bca.gov.sg/Publications/BuildabilitySeries/others/bsl_cp4.pdf