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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 31

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q&mawmf OD;OwWr vl}uD;awGrxrDyif ay:xGef;atmifu aowWmukdzGifh+yD; a&Gvuf aumufESpfuGif;ukd ckd;,lxm;avonf// zGm;at}uD;rSm tawmfae jrifhaomtcgrS cg;wGifaomhr&Sda=umif;ukdod&I ausmfxGef;atmifudk ac:+yD;ar;avonf? ausmx f eG ;f atmifu rSeo f nft h wkid ;f ajymavonf? zGm;atjzpfou l “igah jr;awGudk zGm;zGm;u ynmukeaf tmif oifay;yg r,f// bdvyfukdvJ ykd@ay;ygr,f// ,lxm;&if jyefay;yg” [k acsmharmh ajymawmhryS if ay:xGe;f atmifu ,lxm;aom vufaumufEiS ahf omhudk jyefay;avonf? rdcifurlum; xkpd um;uk=d um;vdu k &f v#if &ifEpS jf crf;uGrJ wwf aomuawmufavmifomG ;ojzifh “ 'D t*Fvyd yf nmukd qufoifay; ae&if igo h m;awGe@J a0;&awmhr,f// rif;wk@d udk 'Dausmif;rSmvJrxm;bl;? ynmvJqufoifray;awmhb;l ” [k ajym&m ay:xGe;f atmifu “tar u b,fvb dk rJ xm;csiaf eyg u|eaf wmh[ f mu|eaf wmf b,fvb dk jJ zpfjzpf a&mufatmifomG ;rSmbJ” [k ajymI rdcifrmS rsu&f nfrsm;yif us&av.? xk@d aemufrS rdcifjzpfou l xkad usmif;wGiv f nf; 5-wef;txdom oif ojzifah usmif;rSxw k +f yD; tdrw f iG x f m;avonf// zGm;at rif;ratmif u rlum; ajr;jzpfow l @dk ynmvkv d m;yku H dk oabmusonft h wkid ;f om;awG ukd ausmif;uxkw+f y;D tcsed v f pf[if;atmifrxm;bJ quf+y;D oifay;bk@d orD;tm; wku d w f eG ;f onfw h ikd f orD;u “ tar&,f tarhom;awGudk u|erf b,fvydk J oifray;ay; olw@dk [molw@dk xl;xl;c|ecf |ew f wfatmif oifvrd rhf ,fqw dk m u|erf ,k=H unfw,f// u|erf ay:xGe;f atmifudk yxr oaE<aeawmhum tdrrf ufrufwmukd tarbJ edrw d zf wfw,f r[kwf vm;? 'Dtwkid ;f qk&d if u|erf om;[m rkcs olawmfojl rwf bke;f }u;D &[ef; jzpfrmS bJ 'Dvjdk zpfwmukad wmh u|erf vkv d m;w,f// tpk;d &tr_xrf; t&m xrf;jzpf+yD; [kdòrd@ajymif;'Dòrd@a&G@ ae&wmukdawmh u|efrb,fenf;eJ@rS rauseyfv@dk t*Fvyd yf nmukad wmh quf+yD;oifray;awmhb;l /” [k ZGwf twif;om jiif;avonf// 34 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

rdcif}u;D tdrrf ufrufyHk wnoY a':atmifausmo f o l nf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tdrrf ufxYJ a,mif&rf;+yD; “tr,fav; =u,f}uD;u vSvu dk w f m” [k tm;&0rf; omajymav&m a':atmifausmo f . l a,musmf ; -OD;jru ykwI f E_;d rSyif Ek;d vmavawmhonf// a':atmifausmo f u l armif&,f usKyftrd rf uf qef;qef;=u,f=u,fruf+yD; a,mifrdygw,f// 'DtdrfrufvJ }uD;us,f vku d w f m u|erf tdraf emufzufu =urf;jyifrmS vomcsed f Adik ;f iifaewke;f (&ckid jf ynfwiG f oDwif;u|wyf aJG wmftcg 0wfz@dk awmfovif;vw}udr/f o}uFeyf aJG wmftcg0wfz@dk waygi;f vw}udrf csn, f ufuef;,uf yGv J rf; obifxkH;pH&Sdonf// )aumif;uifu }uD;vnf;}uD;wJh =u,f}uD;[m wjznf;jznf;eJ@atmufuadk ºuu G svmawmh vlawGuvJtrsm;}u;D 0kid ;f tkH =unfah e=uw,f// tkwaf tmfaomif;eif;vJ jzpfaew,f// =u,f}uD;[m usra&S@ wnfw h nfu h svmawmh u|erf uaumuf+y;D =u,f}u;D u vSvu kd f wmvd@k a,mif+yD;awmh Ekwu f xGuo f mG ;w,f” [k ajymjyavonf// xkt d cg wzuftcef;Ytdyaf eaom a':atmifausmo f . l tarjzpfou l =um;ojzifh “ 'Dtyd rf uf[me,fe,f&& tdrrf uf r[kwb f ;l [J/h / igo h rD;rSm tvGerf S jrifjh rwfjzLpifwhJ tusio hf v D &So d l om;a,musmf ;uav; yËd oaE<aewmjzpfvdrfhr,f? jzLjzLazG;azG; vSywJh=u,f}uD;qkdawmh olawmfojl rwf &[ef;b0rSmaysmaf rG@rhJ om;jrwf&wemomjzpf&r,f” [k edrw d zf wf+yD;ajymvku d af vonf? q,fvtvGew f iG f om;OD;&wem ay:xGe;f atmifukd arG;zGm;ojzifh rdcifjzpfou l ol@om;rSm olawmfojl rwf &[ef;b0wGif aysmfarG@rnfhol jzpfrnf[k wxpfcs ,Hk=unfpGJvrf; xm;onfjzpf&m t*Fvyd yf nmudk oifray;vdak om pdw"f gwpf u JG yfvsuf om&Sad vonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 35

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

ud, k 'hf ;l ud, k cf |ef ynmoifvIkd p&dwaf iG&mS yHk rdcifuausmif;u xkwx f m;onfw h ikd af tmif ay:xGe;f atmifu Edik if jH cm;od@k omG ;a&mufI ynmoif=um;zd@k &m ravsmah ompdw"f gwjf zifh wpfrsK;d wpfz}kH uHpnfjyefonf? ol. tarbufrS OD;&D;awmfol wpfO;D . aps;qdkifwGif aps;a&mif;pma&;tjzpf vkyfaomtcaiGudk uspfuspfyg atmif pkxm;onf? xd@k jzifv h nf; awmrSuek 0f ,fvmaom ukeo f nf wd@k u&kd mS +yD; ukvm;qdik w f qdik w f iG f azmufonfvyk x f m;onf? ukerf eS f aps;rSeEf iS ahf &mif;csay;&m aiGwusyb f ;dk a&mif;&v#if wyJaumfr&Sif &av onf? wpfEpS af vmufóud;pm;yrf;pm; pkaqmif;xm;onfrmS aiG-450 pkro d jzifh xdak iGjzifh umvuwWm;od@k ynmoifomG ;&ef nDi,fEiS hf wdik yf if xm;.? od@k aomf t}uHum;txrajrmuf? aiGxm;onfah e&mudk OD;&D; r,m;rSygaom om;wa,mufu jyI OD;&D;.r,m;u cd;k ,lxm;vdu k f +yD;v#if olw@kd .aiGukd 0Sux f m;onf[k pGypf aJG wmh.? ay:xGe;f atmif u r[kwb f ;l ? OD;&D;ay;wJv h cESihf ukvm;qdik u f &wJh aumfr&Siw f @kd ukd pkxm;wmyg” [k pm&if;ESiw hf uG xkwI f jy.? od@k aomfvnf; OD;&D;. r,m;u jyefray;ojzifh a'gojzpf+yD;v#if “acG;om;uav; 'g eifv h uf csufbJ” [kqdk+yD; OD;&D;.r,m;ygom;udk acgif;&dkufcGJum xdktdrfrS wcgwnf; xGucf mG vmcJah vonf? ay:xGe;f atmifonf rdbuausmif;od@k qufI xm;Edik yf gv#uf rxm;I ud, k 'hf ;l ud, k cf |epf w d jf zifh wESpaf usmrf # OD;av;tvkyu f kd vkyu f m pkaqmif;xm;cJah om tojymuav;rSm qd;k 0g;vSaom taESmift h ,Suf jzifh qHk;yg;cJh+yD; umvuwWm;odk@xGufcGm&ef t}uHtpnfrSmvnf; r atmifjrifb&J &dS mS .? OD;av;jzpfou l yifv#if rdcif}uD;ESihf wpdwf wo abmwnf;yif Edik if jH cm;od@k vGiyhf gomG ;rnfp;kd &drI f xdak iGukd ay:xGe;f atmif

36 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr tm; ray;bJxm;onf[I l vnf; od&.? od@k EiS yhf if rdcifxo H @kd rjyef? OD;&D; tdrw f iG v f nf; raeawmhbJ xGucf mG cJah vonf?

“ vlwiG v f v l eG f v$m;wHceG o f kd h” t,lr,Gi;f / aqmufwnfjcif;jzifh uH&if;rlv/ 0d&, d ESihf ^m%axmufu/l &So d nfo h rl S vlwiG v f v l eG /f v$m;wHceG o f @kd vlreG w f a,muf/ wpfac:avmufatmif cga&mufcsed q f ;kH / wkrEhJ e_ ;f I a&$bek ;f armf&rnfuo kd m? rmCa'0ysKd ?h touf 13 ESpt f &G,yf if jzpfvifu h pm; a,musmF ;wd@k vv k † aoumrSavsmrh nf[k xH;k ouJo h @kd ynmwpfc&k &m&a=umif;udk vufr avsmhbJ qufvufóud;pm;&ef pdwf&ifhoefonfhtm;avsmfpGm trd. oHa,mZOfukd vufO;D jzwfawmufz@kd &m pdwaf pmvsu&f adS y.? ppfawGòrd@ wGif y&d,wWo d if=um;r_Y xdpk Oftcgu tausmw f apm&Sad eaom a&$ap wDausmif; q&mawmfb&k m;xHo@kd OD;wdu k o f mG ;+yD; csO;f uyfum ynm oifvdka=umif;udk av#mufxm;avonf? q&mawmf}uD;uvnf; oli,f. jyif;jyxufjrufaompdwjf zifh ynmvdv k m;yHu k kd tuJcwfro d nfh tm;avsmpf mG Ak'. < eufeo J rd af rG@aom twwfynm&yfw@kd rmS yvdaAm" udpPrsm;aomvl0wfESifh oif=um;IrwwfvG,f? vl0wfudkpGef@cGmI olawmfojl rwfw@kd 0wftyfaom olawmft0wf/ xdrk w S qifh &Sit f 0wf/ xdk@rSwqifh &[ef;t0wf0wfrSom oifvG,fwwfvG,f&Sda=umif;udk tus,w f 0ifah [m=um;awmfr. l ?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 37

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

ynm&&ef zd;k olawmfyif vkycf &hJ .

q&mawmf OD;OwWraecJah om ppfawGòrd h a&$apwD y&d,wWpd moifwu dk w f iG f pmayoif-um;ae-uaom qif;&JErG ;f yg;onfh ausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm; ay:xGe;f atmiftm; a&$apwDq&mawmf.=o0g'udk oabm ayguf ouf0ifvmvsuf rdbwd@k u &Sio f mra%tjzpf roGwo f iG ;f rD &Sio f mra%0wfciG u hf kd rawmif;ao;bJ jzLeDa=umifusm; 0wfpm;wef qmESifh qHyifwdk@udky,f+yD; 0wfjzLpif=u,fESifh bdk;olawmft0wfudk 0wfvsuf q&mawmfb&k m;xHwiG f r*Fvmokwrf t S p o'Ng&pS af pmifEiS hf oòF*v d u f ;kd ydik ;f / oif&;kd oifwef;udk óud;pm;+yD; oiftaH vhvmjcif;ðyav.?

2 ESprf #twGi;f touf 15-ESpf t&G,w f iG f o'Ng/ oò*F v d /f tbd"rRmwd@k ukd wwfajrmuf&um; &Sio f mra%b0udk tvGe@f tvGef vdv k m;awmif;w ojzifh wae@aomtcg rdcif}uD;xHwiG f u|eaf wmft h m; &Sio f mra%ðy

38 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr v#iðf yyg / rðyvdu k bke;f }u;D xHrS oCFe;f wpfpjkH zifh &Sio f mra%0wfawmh rnf[I l wif;wif;=uyf=uyfyif cGiyhf efawmif;avawmhonf? rSwo f m;odv, G f / wa=umif;0,fwkH ayg ºuG,ef nf;em / odvrd mR onfh ynm&Srd sm; / &So d nf=um;rl ajrjcm;a0;cGg / w&yfrmS vnf; oGm;&SmawG@atmif / usK;d &Guaf qmifI rsm;ajrmifow k / qD;yl;=uavmh? avmueDwyd sKd h wòrd@w&Gmod@k omG ;+yD; r&SmrS;D bJ twwfynmYxl;c|epf mG wwf ajrmufz@kd cufco J nf? od@k a=umifyh if &Sio f mra%t0wfjzifh wòrd@w&GmrS ynm&Sx d H enf;cH&ef oGm;vd&k um; tjrefyif&iS ðf y&eff awmif;qdck ahJ v onf? rdcif}uD;rSm xdt k }udrw f iG rf aeEdik af wmhbJ “om;&,f 'Dvakd wmh rvkyyf ge@J ? tarwd@k tazwd@k bJ &Siðf yyg&ap/ wESpw f mr#qikd ;f yg? tarwd@k xH;k pHtwdik ;f om;ud&k iS ðf ycJo h nf&adS omf qdik rf 0S ,faom ouFe;f jzifh &Sif rðy=u? tarwd@k u, kd w f ikd f 0gzwfAikd ;f iif+y;D &ufaomouFe;f ESihf ðyyg&ap” [k ajymojzifh om;u oabmwln+D yD; &Siðf yzd@k &m wpfEpS q f ikd ;f avonf? ay:xGef;atmifrSm xdktcsdefrSp+yD; rdrdusdwfI }uHpnfaeaom t}uH tpnfrmS atmifjrifawmhrnf[k txl;wvnf 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpf a=umif; nDausmx f eG ;f atmifukd zGi[ hf ajymqdak vonf? 0rf;om&jcif; ta=umif;rSm &Sio f mra%b0od@k a&mufv#if rdbESirhf qdik I f ud, k o f mG ; vd&k m vmav&mod@k oGm;vmcGi&hf &dS m b,fenf;ESirhf qdk umvuwWm; od@k ynmoif&ef a&mufawmhrnf[k ,H=k unfaoma=umifjh zpfonf?

16-ESpt f 0ifwiG f rdbESpyf g;wd@k onfvnf; om;ESpaf ,mufukd 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omyif &Sit f jzpfo@kd oGwo f iG ;f vdu k =f uavawmhonf? vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 39

q&mawmf OD;OwWr &SiOf wWrESihf &Sit f &d,[lI q&mawmfb&k m;u bG@J trnf cs;D jri‡ ahf y;vdu k f onf? tif;0acwf aumif;pm;pOftcgu Edik if aH usmf &SiOf wWrausmf yk*K~ v d f xl;. pdwaf epdwx f m;ESiw hf uG ynmvdv k m;yHw k jl cif;/ vkv0† &d , d &Sjd cif; wd@k ukd axmuf&+_ yD; q&mawmf}uD;u Tod@k aombG@J ukd ay;vdu k jf cif; jzpfavonf?

tcef; (2) &yfa0;odk x h u G If ynm&SmrS;D jcif; ay:xGe;f atmif &Sit f jzpfo@kd a&muf+y;D aemuf Ak'b < mom pmay usr;f *efw@kd ukd avhvmoif=um;ae&mrS eufeu J s,jf yef@aom ydËu d wf wd@k ukd oiftaH vhusu&f m ygVw d uUov kd }f uD;wpfqu l o hJ @kd emrnfausmf =um;onfh yckuLU òr@d a&póupd moifwu kd }f u;D .ta=umif;udk owif;=um; &ojzifh xdw k u kd o f @kd omG ;vd&k um; &SiOf ;D OwWronf ppfawGrrS tlyifo@kd ºuGvmaom bke;f awmf}uD; 'g;aumif;q&mawmfO;D *E<rmxH csO;f uyfI f vl0wfvu J m vdu k yf gvmcJo h nf? vl0wfEiS v hf u kd yf gvmcJ&h m rtlyifo@kd a&mufonf? rtlyifrw S qifh &efuek /f &efuek rf S awmifiòl rd@o@kd a&muf oGm;.? awmifiòl rd@Y &uftawmf=umanmif;ojzifh awmifiw l iG f &Sif omra% pmjyefyGJ0ifajz&m yxr&.? yxr&aomowif;a=umifh vlcspv f cl ifrsm;vm&mrS awmifiòl rd@ u|e;f uke;f &yfwiG f ypPn;f jynf0h aom &Srf;trsKd;orD;}uD;wpfOD;u om;a,musfm;tjzpf arG;pm;yg&ap[k bke;f }uD;xH &SiOf wWrudak wmif;&m &SiOf wWru “u|eaf wmfu h kd om;tjzpf arG;pm;vdu k umvuwWm;udk ynmoifz@dk vGwrf vm;” [k ar;av.? &Sr;f r}uD;u vGwyf grnf[k oabmwl.? ynmwwf om;a,musmf ; vdck siaf om xd&k rS ;f r}uD;. axmufyaHh omaiGjzifh 17-ESpo f m;ausmaf usmf wGif vltjzpfESifh umvuwWm;odk@a&mufoGm;&m umvuwWm;odk@ a&mufI t*Fvyd pf moif=um;ae+y[ D k ponfrh yS if ppfawGrS rdbrsm; od& 40 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr avonf? touf 17 -ESpf / 18-ESpf / 19 ESpw f iG f t*Fvyd yf nm 10wef; pmar;yGu J kd tvGwyf nmoiftjzpfEiS hf ajzqdEk ikd cf o hJ nf? xdEk pS w f iG f yif umvuwWm;rS jyefvm+yD;aemuf yckuLU òrd@o@kd omG ;I a&póudwu kd f wGif &Si0f wfEiS hf Ak'b < mom pmayusr;f *efrsm;udk qufvufoif=um; jyef.? xdkodk@oif=um;aepOfyif yckuULwGifaeaom bHkb,fbm;rm; udk,fpm;vS,f OD;xGef;atmifausmf (ppfawGwGifaepOfu oda[mif; u|r;f a[mif; aqGwprsK;d wpawmfol ) u yO…i;f 'g,umðyvsuf touf 19 ESpf 2-v pGe;f wGif &[ef;cHonf?

Tod@k yxrtqifh atmifjrifjcif;onf uH&I dS a=u;a&wwfEiS hf awG@+yD; tcGio hf moGm;onf[k rqdo k m? olu, kd w f ikd u f r&rae[laom óud;pm;onfh rav#mah om vkv0† &d , d udk ta=umif;ðyI atmifjrifjcif; [k qd&k ayrnf?

Edik if jH cm;odk h jyefºujG cif; Ak'b < mom pmayusr;f *efw@kd Y avhvmwwfu|r;f +yD;onfh wdik f atmif t&SifOwWrtm; rdrd. avmukwfw&m; tusKd;udpP+yD;pD;&Hk udpw P ckuo kd m tmodoxm;v#uf orx0dy\emvrf;pOfukd vdu k f pm;jcif;tr_jzifh raeao;bJ rdrw d wfouJo h @kd tjcm;oluv kd nf; wwf atmif aus;Zl;ðyvdkaom pdwf"gwf&Sdav&m Ak'<bmomr[kwfaom tjcm;bmom0ifw@kd o@kd jzef@jzL;vdak om tmodojyif;jyvsu&f jdS yef.? t&SiOf wWronf yckuLU rSaeIwzef umvuwWm;od@k &[ef; 0wfEiS o hf mG ;jyefonf? umvuwWm;od@k a&mufaomtcsed w f iG f tdE, dN Edik if aH &;rSm wrsK;d wpfzakH jymif;vJ+yD; tdE, dN acgi;f aqmifw@kd vGwv f yfa&; twGuf xºuGEdk;=um;onfhtcdkuftwef@ESifh óuHóudufae.? ,if;odk@ óuHóudufjcif;onfyifvsif OD;OwWrtm; EdkifiHa&;Y pGef@pm;csifaom pdw"f mwfukd oGi;f ay;vdu k af vonf? vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 41

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

tdE, dN Edik if aH &; tajctae tdE, dN Y 1899-ck bk&ifccH sKyftjzpfjzifh avmhumZif a&muf vmcJh&m tkyfcsKyfcef@cGJr_wGif tvGefawmfonfqdk+yD; ESpfESpfwdk;wuf cef@xm;jcif; cH&onf? 4if;bk&ifccH sKyfu 1904-ckEpS w f iG f b*Fvm;e,fukd ta&S@ESifhtaemuf ESpfydkif;cGJjcm;vdkuf&mu b*Fvm;rS trsKd;om;wdk@ rcHr&yfEdkifI qlyGufvm=uonf? xdktcsdefY a'gufwm &mbif'&m ewf o f w *d k ; ES i f h p d t m'wf ( pf ) qd k a om ynm&S d y k * ~ d K vf } uD ; ES p f O D ; u acgif ; aqmif v suf ql y G u f u ef @ uG u f v m=u&m ynmwwf y k * ~ d K vf trsm;uyifv#if xdkta&;udpPtwGuf &Gwf&Gwfc|efc|ef aqmif&Guf vm=uonf? trsK;d om;aumvdyw f pfcu k kd wnfaxmif=u&m AifE*kd &kd fS qd k o nf h td k i f p D t uf p f t&m&S d } uD ; wOD ; u tvk y f r S x G u f + yD ; v#if ausmif;tky}f uD;tjzpfjzifh aqmif&u G I f xdak umvdyw f iG f t&Sif OwWru ygVd E S i f h A k ' < b momud k rd r d p G r f ; aqmif E d k i f o avmuf jyojcif ; jzif h ulnDaqmif&Gufavonf? odk@aqmif&Guf&if;jzifhyif ouUË/ b*FvD/ em*&Dpaoma&S;a[mif; [dENLusrf;pm wdk@udkoif=um;jyefonf? xdkausmif;Y ygVdya&mfzuffqmtjzpf aqmif&GufaepOfyif trsKd;om; twGuf aqmif&u G v f pkd w d f jyif;jyvmjyef.? tdE, dN trsK;d om;wd@k um; wqifx h uf wqifw h ufI rdrw d @kd wikd ;f jynftwGuf &oif&h xdu k af om tcGit hf a&;wd@k ukd awmif;qdv k m=u&m ajymufusm;enf;jzifh tpd;k &Xme wd@k ukd òzdciG ;f wdu k zf su&f efyifóud;pm;=u+yD;v#if v#Kd @0u S o f yl ek t f oif;rsm; udkwnfaxmif=uonfjzpf&m tawmfrsm;rsm;yif zrf;qD;tjypfay; jcif;cH&cJo h nf?

ArmhEikd if aH &;pvmcJyh kH xdt k csed u f yifv#if ArmjynfArmrsm;rSmvnf; Edik if aH &;udk jyif; jyif;xefxefyif raqmif&Guf=uao;apumrl EdkifiHa&;udk tajcðyay; 42 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vdu k af om 0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;rsm;um; pvsu&f adS e+yD; jzpfonf? bmoma&;toif;rsm;[lI 1897 ckESpf (jrefrmouU&mZf 1259-ckEpS )f wGirf E aW v;Y Ak'b < mom Ek*[ ~ toif;[lI zGi=hf u+yD;v#if omoema&;oufoufukd aqmif&u G =f uonf? 9-ESpaf vmuf=um+yD; 1906-ckESpfwGif 0dkiftrfbDattoif;udk &efukefòrd@wGif pwifzGifh&m OD;baz (,ck b}uD;az) OD;armif}uD; (trfat)ESifh OD;pdefvSatmif (0wfvakH wmf&) wd@k u OD;pD;acgi;f aqmif=uonf? 1908-ckEpS f 4if;0dik t f rf bDat tpnf;ta0;udk usK;H }uD;vrf; rif;}uD;uawmf a': jrarausmif; wGif usi;f y&m pmawmfjyefòrd@tyk f OD;bu OuUXtjzpf aqmif&u G o f nf?

1910-ckEpS w f iG f 0efaxmufO;D bd;k ajAmhu OuUXtjzpf aqmif&u G +f yD;v#if e,frsm;Yvnf; zGifhvSpf&efvdktyfonf[k qHk;jzwf=uv#uf ynm0ef axmuf OD;rHk;ESifh 0wfvHkawmf& OD;aratmifwdk@u e,fodk@xGuf+yD; aqmif&u G =f uI tvif;rsm;tawmftoifh wd;k wufvmcJah vonf?

ArmhEikd if aH &; yxrpcef; tdE, dN . Edik if aH &;tqift h wef;onf awmfawmfjrifI h jyif;xef vsu&f adS e+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; Armjynf 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;rsm;rSmum; xkcd sed t f cguqdv k siS f a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwf bke;f awmf}uD;I oufawmf&n S f ygap[k qkawmif;ywWeðyvsufom &Sdayao;onf? tdENd,jynfwGif vnf; Edik if aH &;rlvblwtoif;}u;D [k qdt k yfaom uGe*f &uftoif;}u;D onf 1885-ckEpS w f iG f attd[ k rG ;f qdo k l t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wOD;u pwifwnf axmifc&hJ mrS tajctaet&ajymif;vJ+yD;vsiS f 1920-ckEpS Yf r[wWr *EN}D uD;. aoG;xGuo f , H rkd jzpfaom tm%mzDqefrt _ wGuf ,ckacgi;f aqmif}uD;ae&l;ESiw hf uG uGe*f &uftoif;om; 3000-ausmf axmifus cJ=h uonf? xdek nf;wlyif Armjynf 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;rsm;onf xdpk Of u umvHa'oH t*~"H ge[ H k qdo k uJo h @kd rD;pif=unfI h ucJ=h u.? jrefrm vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 43

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ouU&mZf 1294-ckEpS w f iG f t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d Ak'b < mom bke;f awmf}uD; t&Sit f aomu[lI ay:aygu&f m xdyk *k Kd~ vfu avmuta&;/ "rRta&; a[majymojzifh ykord òf rd@wiG f taomutoif;[lI yxray:aygu+f yD; aemufrS 0dik t f rfbaD t[k xdek nf;udv k u kd I f xGi=f ujcif;jzpfavonf?

ESppf Ofusi;f yaom xdt k oif;rsm;. uGezf &ifrh sm;Y a*smb h &k ifrif;jrwfukd bk&m;ocifapmifrh ygap[lI qkawmif;ywWemðy=uonf?

1915-ck/ atmufwb kd mv 26 &ufae@ 0dik t f rfbaD t uGezf &ifh qH;k jzwfcsut f yd'k f (2) ESihf (3) wGif &wemoH;k yg; OD;xdyx f m;+y;D vsif t&Sif t*Fvyd t f pd;k &rif;wd@k EiS w hf uG a*smb h &k ifEiS hf ar&drzd &k m;acgi;f }uD;wd@k onf bkefawmf}uD;I oufawmf&mausmf &SnfEdkifygapom;[k qkawmif; ywWemðy=uonf? pwkwt W t}urd f [oFmwòr@d ueG zf &ifw h iG f OD;aratmif u em,utjzpfaqmif&u G I f OuUXrde;f cGe@f Y “bke;f awmf tvGew f &m }u;D jrwfawmfral om vufeufp}umF ocif/ ajrjyifa&jyifa0[ifywfuek ;f / uyftvH;k Y jrwfbek ;f 0&Zde/f &efrsuEf rdS af om/ t&dErN m/ p}uFmtyg;yg; wd@k .to#i/f a&$wiG ;f aiGwiG ;f / y,if;ywWjrm;/ tyg;yg;aom/ ausmufrsK;d tpkp/k owWK&wemtrsK;d rsK;d ESiw hf uG raemr,/ taemr/ &wem t aygi;f wd@k .ocif yÌrajrmuf a*smb h &k ift&Si{f u&mZf rif;jrwf}u;D bk&m; ESihf ud, k yf mG ;awmftppfjzpfawmfral om wdik ;f jynf/ c&dik /f Edik if t H vH;k udk usKH ;I acgi;f aqmif / aumif;atmif&nf}uH / xufaom^m%fjzifh / pDrt H yk f csKyfawmfral om +Aw d o d #Eikd if aH wmf}u;D tpd;k &rif;wd@k . aus;Zl;opPmawmf udk apmifo h &d akd oaomtm;jzifh a&$jynfawmfo/l a&$jynfawmfom;wd@k tm; t&Sit f pd;k &rif;wd@k . aus;Zl;eufukd uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f xif;vif; azmfðyI” tp&So d jzifh &Snv f sm;pGm cs;D usL;*k%ðf yxm;onfukd awG@&ay onf? xdx k akd us;Zl;awmf *k%af wmfw@kd uakd xmufI opPmawmfapmifo h d &dak or_rS tpcsI D yifv#if ynm&Syd *k Kd~ v}f u;D trsm;yg0ifaom 4if;0dik t f rfbD at toif;}uD;onf ArmvlrsK;d wd@k tm; Edik if aH &;rsuv f ;kH udk rodrom wpwp zGiahf y;cJo h nfukd cs;D usK;&ayvdrrhf nf? Edik if aH &;qdo k nfrmS bk&if

44 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr {u&mZfukd tr_xm;onfjzpfap/ rxm;onfjzpfap ud, k . f &oif&h xdu k f aom tcGit hf a&;udk ajymqdjk cif;/ awmif;cHjcif;ESihf t&wdu k , f jl cif;yifv#if jzpf&m 1914-ckrS 1918-ckESpftwGif; wdkufcdkufcJhaom yxrurBm ppf}uD;twGi;f Y xdo k @kd aomtcGit hf a&;wd@k ukd &xdu k af =umif; aomif; aomif;jzjz em;vnfr_ &vm=uayawmhonf?

1898 wGif tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD;avmh&pfyGef;u jrLeDpy,f a'oE &W tkycf sKyfa&;rsm;jzifh òrd@/ &Gm/ ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;udk pwifum ay;cJ&h mrS tdE, dN wdik ;f om;wk@d onf ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;udk vdv k m;cJ=h u onf? yxrurBmppf}uD;wGiv f nf; t*Fvyd w f @kd onf *smreD ESiw hf u kd &f ef tdE, dN wdik ;f &if;om; ppfwyftrsm;tjym;udk ac:,l&av&m tdE, dN tm; udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; wdk;wufapoifha=umif; pum;ajymqdk vm=uI tdENd,twGif;0ef}uD;csKyf rGefaw*lu bdvyfygvDrefwGif tdENd,udk tkycf sKyfa&; wd;k wufðyjyifay;rnf[k a=ujim+yD;aemuf 1017-ckEpS w f iG f tdE, dN od@k vmawmhrnf[k owif;xGuv f mavonf? xdt k cgwiG f Arm jynfrS 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;rsm;onf rdrw d @dk tcGit hf a&;udk vufrv$w&f atmif 1917-ckEpS f ysO;f rem;uGezf &ifu h atmufygq;kH jzwfcsuf wckukd csrw S cf o hJ nf? qH;k jzwfcsut f rSwf (1)? ? r=umcifumvtwGi;f tdE, dN Edik if aH wmfqikd &f m twGi;f 0ef}uD; rpPwmrGeaf w*locifonf tdE, dN Edik if H awmfo@kd ºuGvmawmfral omtcg jrefrmjynf Ak'b < momuvsm%,k0 toif;rsm;qdik &f m toif;csKyfv}l uD;udk toif;ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpfjzifh twGi;f 0efrif;}uD;a&S@awmfo@kd 0ifI c&D;OD;óud ðy+yD;v#if awG@qEkH ;DS aESm&ef [oFmwòrd@ 0wfvakH wmf&rif; OD;jrOD;u t}uHay;onfukd rE aW v;òrd@ Ak'o < moemðytoif; OuUXvl}uD; OD;ausm&f efu axmufco H nft h wdik ;f oabmwlq;kH jzwf twnfðyonf?

OD;bwl/ OD;aratmif/ OD;bazESihf rE aW v;OD;pkw@kd ukd tdE, dN od@k apv$waf wmif;qdck =hJ u&m Armjynftm; oD;jcm;tkycf sKyfa&; ay;xdu k f

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 45

q&mawmf OD;OwWr onf[k twGi;f 0ef}uD; rGeaf w*lu uwdðyojzifh tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsO;f trsK;d rsK;d udak &;qJw G ifjy=uavonf? txufjrefrmjynf bk&ifcH u&uf a'guu f vnf; pnf;rsO;f wpfcu k akd &;qGI J 0dik t f rfbaD ttoif;u bk&ifcH . pnf;rsO;f rsm;onf &S+d yD;tcGit hf a&;udyk ifv#if &kyo f rd ;f &ma&mufonf [k pGypf v JG #uf jyif;jyif;xefxef uef@uu G cf =hJ uonf? bk&ifcq H m&,f*sed ,f u&ufa'guu f t kd awmfuav; vlrek ;f rsm;oGm;onfw h idk af tmif 0kid t f rf bDatESihf ol&, d owif;pmwd@k u vH@_ aqmfor_ ðyvm=uonf? 4if;udyk if ArmEkdifiHa&;wGif awmfvSefr_w&yf[lI rSwfwrf;wifxkdufayonf? bk&ifcq H m&,f*sed ,f u&ufa'gu. f vufxufwiG f ynma&;udv k nf; csKyfcs,cf sio f r# csKyfcs,v f mcJ&h m umvuwWm;,leAD mpDwu D usi;f y ay;aom rufx&pf ulav;&Si;f pmar;yGu J kd zsuo f rd ;f rnf[k a=umfjim.? xd@k jyif tpd;k &ausmif;rSeo f r#wiG f ausmif;tky}f uD;[lor#ukd bdvyfom; udo k m cef@&rnf[k pDpOf.? ynma&;Y wdik ;f &if;om;ESihf Oa&mywdu k o f m; tcGit hf a&;udk cGx J m;vd. k ? xdo k @kd csKyfcs,v f monft h avsmuf armfvòrid f òrd@wiG f qXrt}udru f si;f yaom 0dik t f rfbaD tuGezf &ifYh xdt k csurf sm; udk uef@uu G af =umif;qH;k jzwf+yD;v#if 6-ESpEf iS hf 12-ESpf t&G,t f wGi;f uav;oli,frsm;udk ynmroifrae& Oya'w&yfðyay;zdk@yifv#if wdu k w f eG ;f awmif;qdx k m;onfrmS tawmftqift h wef;jrifo h nf[k qd&k ayonf?

tdE, dN wGif Edik if aH &;avhvmcJyh kH ArmEdik if aH &; tvGeEf ek ,fao;aom acwftcgtwGi;f 1902 ckEpS w f iG f t&SiOf ;D OwWronf umvuwWm; trsK;d om;wuUov kd w f ckY ygVdbmom ya&mfzufqmtjzpfESifh aqmif&GufaecJh&m tdENd,trsKd; om;wd@k Ek;d =um;xºuGaeaom tqift h wef;udk awmfawmfyif avhvm rd+yD; jzpfaecJ+h yD? 46 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr xdktcsdefu uAsmq&m}uD; a'gufwm&mbif'&mewfw*dk; onf trsK;d om;rsm; xºuGE;kd =um;r_Y av;eufaom pum;yd'k u f av; rsm;udk wDxiG af &;om;a[majymcJo h nf? acgi;f aqmif}uD; rpPwmbdvyf udk (avmurn wdvyf) [lI4if;/ rpPwm*ENt D m; (r[wWr*EN)D [laom bG@J trnfrsm;jzifh 4if;/ tdE, dN .,Ofaus;r_ tzl;t!$e@f uav;rsm; ay:ap cJhavonf? w*dk; uyifv#if wudk,faumif; rusifh}uHESifh? wudk,f aumif;usi}hf uu H ud, k yf ifysupf ;D &m ysupf ;D a=umif;jzpfonf[I l vli,f rsm;tm; trsK;d om;pdw"f gwu f kd oGi;f ay;cJah vonf? qmpDy&D KdG if;qdak om yk*K~ v d }f u;D uvnf; xdt k cgumvuyif tdE, dN trsK;d om;pdw"f gwf &ifo h ef r_ pum;wvH;k udk oH;k pGcJ o hJ nf? xdpk um;rSm “igw@kd um; u|erf sK;d r[kw”f [l.? xdpk um;rsm;udk emcHrw S o f m; avhvmcGi&hf aom t&SiOf wWrwGif trsK;d om;pdw"f gwu f m; tawmrowf &ifo h efvmcJah vonf? jrefrmpmayrsm;udkvnf; av;av;eufeufrdrd&& avhvm oGm;cJo h nfjzpfonfEiS t hf nD wud, k af umif;}uHpnf vkyu f ikd rf [ _ o l r#ukd rlvuyif &G@H rek ;f pufqyk af ecJ+h yD;jzpfonfukd ud, k af wmf. tepfemcHrr_ sm; jzifyh if rsm;pGmxif&mS ;vsu&f cdS ahJ y./

jrefrmjynfukd vSr;f ar#m-f unfyh kH t&SiOf wWrvnf; umvuwWm;YaepOfyif trsK;d ESihf wdik ;f jynf .tusK;d udk o,fy;kd &Guaf qmifvakd ompdw"f gwf jyif;jyvsu&f adS e+yjD zpf.? odk@yifvnf; tcgtcGifhum; róuHóudufao;I apmifhpm;aecJh&av.? ppfawGòrd@ae nDjzpfol ausmx f eG ;f atmifxo H @kd yif Edik if EH iS t hf rsK;d . tusK;d udk aqmif&u G o f ifah =umif; qH;k rpmwapmif a&;om;cJo h nf? xdpk mrSm “ign h /D rif;,ckvjl zpfvmonfrmS rif;ud, k u f sK;d wpfct k wGuo f m jzpfo vm;? odk@r[kwf trsm;tusdK;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfovm;qdkonfudk vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 47

q&mawmf OD;OwWr aumif;pGm a0zef+y;D v#if rif;.,ckjzpfaeaom vl@b0udk aumif;aumif; }uD; toH;k csEikd yf g&v hJ m;”[lI jzpfonf? nDjzpfou l vnf; ynmudak wmh vdv k m;.? od@k aomf tpfukd a&;aompm.t"dyg` ,u f ykd if &kww f &ufem;rvnfao;ay? xd@k aemuf r=umrDyif bke;f awmf}uD;wyg;. w&m;yGo J @kd oGm;a&mufem,laomtcg rS t&SiOf wWr.pmudk oabmayguaf wmhonf? bke;f awmf}uD;.w&m;yGrJ mS vnf; tvGerf w S o f m;zG,af umif; aom bk&m;tavmif; arsmufrif; yg&rDjznfhcef;jzpfygonf? arsmuf toif;woif;wGif tm;cGeAf vESijhf ynfph akH om bk&m;tavmif; arsmuf rif;uacgi;f aqmifvsuf jrpf.wbufurf;od@k u;l um w,fo;D udk pm; vsu&f =dS u.? xdt k yifo@kd vltrsm; a&mufvm+yD; &efðyawmhrnfh qJqJ wGif bk&m;tavmif;arsmufrif;onf EG,fwckudkudkifI wbufodk@ v$cJ ek +f yD;v#if arsmuftrsm;ul;&ef wHwm;ðyvky&f m EG,rf mS tenf;i,f wdkaeojzifh vufESpfbufjzifhEG,fudkudkifI ajcESpfbufjzifh wbuf urf;u opfyifuq kd +JG yD;v#if “toifarsmuftaygi;f wd@k Tóud;wef;jzifh ul;+yD; ig.ud, k af y:rSeif;vsuf ajy;=uavavm” [kq. kd ? trsm;aom arsmufwdk@yif EG,frSul;vm=uI toufab;rS vGwfajrmuf=uav onf? TtxJwGif arsmufrif;udk&efðyaeaom a'0'wfavmif; arsmufum; igawmhtcGio hf m+yD? Tarsmuf}uD;aorS igb&k if jzpfawmh rnf[k pdwu f ;l vsuf aemufq;kH rS ul;+yD;v#if bk&m;avmif;arsmuf. ud, k af y:od@k a&mufaomtcg aoapvdak omqENjzifh zaemifjh zifh jyif;pGm aygucf savonf? atmufr'S g%cf aH e&aom bk&m;tavmif;arsmufrif; urlum; igjzifh Tw}udrw f iG f ao&awmhrnfjzpf.? igaovdu k aoap? od@k aomfvnf; T&efou l o hJ @kd igu h Ekd ydS pf ufaeaom arsmuf}uD; touf csr;f om&mudk &ap+yD;rS aoygap[k pdww f iG t f "dXmefrysuf olwyg;. tusK;d udk o,fy;kd aqmif&u G v f u kd af o;onf?

48 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr TuJo h @kd w&m;udek m,l+yD;rSyif aemifawmfonfum; tvGef jrifjh rwfoifah vsmaf om pdw"f gw0f ifpm;aeonfEiS t hf r# iguv kd nf; vdrmR a&;jcm;&SdpGmESifh ol.pdwf"gwfrsKd;0ifpm;&ef qHk;rayonf[k oabm& vsuf tpfux kd o H @kd rdrw d &m;wyk'ef m+yD;rSyif tpfu. kd pmudk oabm ayguaf wmhonf? nD.,ckjzpfqJ vl@b0wGiu f m; trsm;tusK;d twGuf &Syd gapawmhrnf[k pmjyefvu kd af vownf;?

ta&S q h rD S rD;wyGihf 1904-ckEpS w f iG f *syefEiS &hf &k mS ;wd@k . ta&S@bufppfypJG wif jzpfymG ; avonf? &k&o S nf urBm}uD;. 5 yHk 1 yHk us,0f ef;aom wdik ;f jynf}uD; wpfcjk zpfI vlO;D a&vnf; tawmfyifrsm;onft h jyif Oa&myydik ;f YaeI Oa&mywdu k o f m;[laom trnfuv kd nf; cH,v l su&f +dS yD; pufrv _ ufr_ rStp tawmfyif xdyw f ef;usae&mum; *syefu|e;f uav;onf yifv,f xJo@kd ar#mawmhrnf[k wurBmvH;k u xifrw S af e=u.?

1905-ckESpfwGif &k&Sonf tnHhcHt&_H;ay;&aomtjzpfodk@ a&mufav&m wurBmvHk;uyif atmufusaemufusjzpfaeaom ta&S@bufurBmrS *syefyu k av;udk rsuv f ;kH jyL; rsuq f jH yL;jzifh tm&kรฐH y vm=uawmhonf? xdt k csed Yf t&SiOf ;D OwWronf urBmx h yd w f ef;ynm&yfrsm;udk oGm;a&mufqnf;yl;&eftwGuf jyifopfjynfo@kd omG ;a&mufae+y;D nDxo H @kd ta=umif;=um;xm;+yD;jzpf.? od@k aomf ta&S@bufurBmu *syefonf vnf; acolr[kw?f wurBmvH;k u odro hf rd w hf ek af tmif a=umufae&ol &k&}S u;D udk Edik v f u kd &f m pufrv _ ufrb _ ufwiG f t[kwx f ;l c|eI f om Edik jf cif; jzpfrnf? odk@jzpfI igtaemufwdkif;Yaernfhtpm; ta&S@wdkif;udkyif oGm;awmhrnf[k nDxpH m;a&;+yD; &efuek u f jkd yefc. hJ ? nDjzpfou l v kd nf; ac:rnf[k uwdxm;av.? ppfawGrS nDu&kd if &Sit f &d,vnf; &efuek o f @kd vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 49

q&mawmf OD;OwWr a&mufvm+yD; tpfuEkd iS ahf wG@onf? *syefjynfo@kd omG ;I ynmudk qnf;yl; &jcif;ta=umif;ESihf pyfvsO;f I p&dwpf uudk rnfo@kd rnfykH pkaqmif;&&Sd xm;onf[k nDjzpfoltm; ajymIrjybJ ,ckawmhum wv 300 avmufwwfEikd I f igwOD;wnf;om oGm;Edik rf nf? xdx k ufyI kd rwwfEikd f ojzifh nDtm;ae&pfc&hJ ef wdu k w f eG ;f +y;D &efuek u f aeI xGucf gG awmhonf?

*syefjynfokd yh xrt}urd f ºuaG wmfrjl cif; xdo k @kd *syefjynfo@kd omG ;jcif; ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk t&Sif OD;OwWrudk,fwdkifa&;om;aom “*syefjynfta=umif;” pmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyxm;onfukd awG@& .? “igw@kd A'k b < mom omoemawmfonf a&S;tcgu tdE, dN Edik if H rZPKrd a'owGif tvGew f &m }u;D yGm;I ,cktcgb,ftwGuaf =umifh Ak'b < momw&m;udk rud;k uG,=f uavoenf;? rdrw d @kd Ak'b < mom w&m; awmfonf ESpaf ygi;f 2000-ausmu f mvu wnfbo d uJo h @kd ,ckvnf; wnfapvdak omqENjzifh tdE, dN Edik if o H @kd omG ;I xdo k w l @kd .bmom/ t,l 0g'/ xH;k pH/ pnf;urf;/ enf;vrf;wd@k ukd oif+y;D v#if em;vnfwwfajrmufI &Siaf wmfb&k m;. w&m;awmfjrwfukd a[mIaeonft h wGi;f wdbufEikd if H wGif &[E mW &So d nf[k ajymoH=um;ojzifh xdEk ikd if o H @kd omG ;vdak omqENjzifh [dr0E Wmawmifajc&if;. tem;wGif wnf&Sdaom 'g*sDvifòrd@oGm;I wdbufEdkifiHodk@oGm;&/ roGm;& pHkprf;=unfh&m wdbufbmompum; wwfv#if oGm;Edik o f nf[o k &d a=umifh arvwGif pIoifonf? Ed0k ifbm vusaomtcg tvGefcsrf;at;vSojzifh umvuwWm;odk@ jyefvmcJh onf? {+yDvusaomtcg oGm;Ioif=um;+yD; tenf;i,f ajymwwf qdw k wfaomtcg 'g*sv D ifrS wdbufo@kd omG ;.? e,fjcm;od@k a&mufaom tcg r0if&[kqI kd jyefvm+yD;v#if u&drm,mEdik if o H @kd oGm;jyef.? xdEk ikd if H u q&dem*&òrd@u 15-&uf c&D;cef@umG a0;aom v'ufòrd@u0if&atmif 50 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr oGm;a&mufjyef.? r0if&[kwm;jrpfonft h wGuf pdwyf su+f y;D v#if tdE, dN Edik if t H wGi;f ESihf a&S;utvGew f &m}uD;us,af om tD*spEf iS hf jyifopfEikd if H ponfh Oa&myEdik if w H @kd o@kd vSnv hf nfI oGm;aepOftwGi;f *syefvrl sK;d wd@k ESihf &k&v S rl sK;d wd@k ppfòydiI f wdu k =f u&m ppfwu kd af omae@upI ppfy+JG yD;onfh wdik af tmif *syefvrl sK;d wd@k onf ta&;omvsuf &k&v S rl sK;d wd@k ukd Edik ef if; a=umif;udk owif;pmtapmifapmifw@kd wiG f awG@jrif&I a&S;tcgu &mZ 0if/ r[m0ifw@kd wiG f tygt0if r[kwaf om/ Edik if .

H ta&twGuw f iG f roGi;f aom tm&Swu kd f ta&S@bufu qD;rD;cGuaf vmuf *syefu &k&u S kd Edik af =umif;/ *syefvrl sK;d wd@k EiS hf &k&mS ;vlrsK;d wd@k ukd ,SOI f =unfv h u kd af omf/ *syefwdk@um; vlykvli,f/ &k&Swdk@u *syefwdk@xuf tm;cGefAvjynfhpHk a=umif;/ xdrk #omruao; *syefw@kd u Oa&mywdu k o f m;wd@k EiS hf wcgr# ppfrwdu k zf ;l / &k&mS ;wd@k url Oa&mywdu k o f m;wd@k EiS hf ppft}udr}f udrf wdu k cf hJ zl;olrsm;jzpf.? “tar&duef/ t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ *smreD/ &k&mS ; ig;Edik if t H euf Edik if w H ikd ;f u &k&}S uD;udk tvGeaf =umufcv hJ suo f m &Sad e.? xd@k jyifvnf; *syefEiS t hf a&S@wu kd o f m;wd@k u qefpm;I Oa&mywdu k o f m;wd@k u *sKu H kd pm;=u.? xd@k jyif Ak'b < momudk ud;k uG,o f rl sm;[k atmufusaemufus xifae=uonf? od@k ygvsuf *syefonf &k&v S rl sK;d wd@k ukd ppfòydiw f u kd v f #uf tb,fah =umifEh ikd o f enf;[k tH=h ojcif;jzpf+yD;v#if ,cktcg igw@kd onf olwumxuf tppt&m&mwGif atmufusaemufusaeonft h wGuf igw@kd bmomw&m;onfvnf; b,faomtcg }u;D yGm;rnfr[kw?f igw@kd Edik if H igw@kd jrefrmvlrsK;d }uD;yGm;rSomv#if igw@kd u;kd uG,af om &Siaf wmf bk&m;. omoemawmfonfvnf; }uD;yGm;ausmaf pmI urBmay:wGif ay:vGix f eG ;f awmufvrd rhf nf[k txif&I dS *syefvrl sK;d wd@k . vH;k v0d&, d / pnf;urf;enf;vrf;/ xH;k pHbmom/ t,l0g'/ tpm;taomuf/ tae txdik /f toGm;tvm/ tajymtqd/k ,Ofaus;jcif;wk@d ukd enf;cH&atmif t}uHjzifh 1907-ckwiG f jrefrmjynfo@kd jyefvmI xdEk pS af zazmf0g&v D 4

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 51

q&mawmf OD;OwWr &ufae@ &efuek u f puFmylòrd@o@kd oabFmpD;I xGucf mG .? xdu k wzef 18 &ufae@ *syefu|ef;}uD;odk@ oabFmpD;IxGufoGm;&m ,dkudk[mrm; qdyu f rf;od@k rwfv 7-&ufae@a&mufa=umif; ae&xdik &f wmrsm;udk pHpk rf; vdu k af omf jrefrmjynfu &[ef;awmfrsm;uJo h @kd qGr;f cHpm;Ir&? wjcm; Oa&mywdkufom; w&m;a[mq&mwdk@uJhodk@ axmufyHh=unfh&_aom toif;rsm;vnf;r&S?d od@k aomfvnf; rdryd nmudt k m;ud;k I rdpm> 'dXjd zpf aom tdE, dN Edik if rH mS yif wpHw k a,muf axmufyaHh omol r&Syd gbv J suf 8-ESpaf usmrf #aexdik cf o hJ nf? T*syefjynfrmS vnf; aeEdik af tmif }uHrnf [laom qENjzif/h wdu k sKòd rd@ Ak'b < momodyaH` usmif;}uD;wGif t}uD;OuUX jzpfaom trwf}uD; tdw k meDxH OD;yÍif;onf &[ef;0g 9-0g&I t*Fvyd f bmomESifhwuG ygÏdbmom/ oifou&kdufbmom/ b*FvD/ em*&D tm;vH;k *-bmomudk pmESiw hf uG wwfajrmufI trwf}uD;. odyH` ausmif;wGif toH;k ðyvdyk gu OD;yÍif;udk ta=umif;=um;yg[k pmay;vdu k f &m ESp&f ufae+yD;rS pmjyefvm.?

q&mawmftm; yifzh w d cf ahJ om trwf}u;D tkw d meD (*syef) pmESifhudk,fawmfºuGvmcJhyg? udk,fawmf *syefpmESifhpum;/ t,l0g'/ xH;k pH"avhrsm;udk oifyg? oifaeonft h wGi;f p&dwpf uudk u|eaf wmf cH,lygrnf[kqdkI ºuGoGm;aomtcg t*Fvdyfpmwwfaom *syefwpf a,mufudk tyfvsufoifjyaponf? wpfESpfoif+yD;v#if *syefpmudk 52 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr bmompum;ESifhwuG pmar;yGJ0ifI atmifjrifonf? (8-bmom pum;/ jrefrm/ ygV/d b*Fv/D em*&D/ oifou&du k /f t*Fvyd /f wdbuf/ jyifopfw@kd jzpfonf?)

ygarmuQ OD;OwWr *syefjynfY trSww f & "gwfykH xd@k aemuf wuUov kd w f iG f ygVEd iS o hf ifou&du k b f mom ya&mf zufqmtjzpf cef@tyfI tjcm;q&mrsm;enf;wl vcudkay;rnf[k ajym.? cifAsm;aus;Zl; tvGefw&m}uD;ygw,f? vpmr,lyg&apESifh a&S;uuJo h @kd om =unf&h a_ xmufyyHh g? OD;yÍif;onf xdo k yd aH` usmif;wGif ESpfESpfausmfavmufjy+yD;aemuf rdrdarG;&yfXmeodk@ ra&mufonfrSm =um+yD;jzpfI jyefOD;rnft}uHjzifh trwf}uD;udkajym&m p&dwfb,f avmuf tvd&k o dS enf;[k ar;.? OD;yÍif;u ,ckjrefrmjynfo@kd tjyefwiG f ud;k &D;,m;jynf/ refcsL&D;,m;jynf/ yd@k tmomòrd@/ w&kwjf ynf/ tmerfjynf (uarBm'D,m;) ,d;k ',m;/ oD[Vkd u f |e;f / tdE, dN Edik if w H @kd o@kd vSnv hf nfI jyefvakd =umif;ajymaomtcg 'kw, d wef;Y pm;p&dw/f c&D;p&dwu f w kd u G I f ay;vdu k o f nf? *syefrS 1910-ckEpS w f iG f xGuv f ma=umif;? 1911ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmjynfodk@a&mufa=umif; ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;avonf? t&Sif OwWronf *syefjynfwiG af epOfuyifv#if ArmjynfEiS w hf pfuG tm&Swu kd f

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 53

q&mawmf OD;OwWr om;wd@k . pnf;&H;k a&;w&yfukd txl;wvJaqmif&u G cf zhJ ;l a=umif; ud, k f awmfwdkifu ajymjyIod&ol nDudk&if}uD;xHrSwqifh =um;od&aom tcsufrsm;um; armfuGef;wifavmufaom}uD;rm;onfh ajr‡mfjrifr_ w&yfyif jzpfygayonf?

*syefjynfodk h ynmoif-um;&efac:aqmifomG ;aom jrefrmrsm;ESihf q&mawmf OD;OwWrtrSww f & "gwfykH tjzpftysufum; xdktcsdefu *syefjynfwGif t*Fvdyfpm wwfaom tdE, dN wdik ;f om; 300 cef@&I dS 4if;wd@k rmS wuUpaD rmif;aom tvkyjf zifh toufarG;aexdik =f uonfomrsm;I xdo k w l @kd uvnf; q&m awmfOD;OwWrudk tdENd,uGef*&ufESifh tdENd,r[mqAŠtoif;}uD;Y acgi;f aqmifwOD;jzpfco hJ nft h aeESihf av;pm;=uonf? tdE, dN wGif aepOf u t&SiOf ;D OwWronf [if'rl [mqAŠ ac: bmoma&;toif;}uD;wGif OuUXjzpfczhJ ;l onf? xdo k @kd jzpf&jcif;rSmvnf; òydib f ufr&SI d r[kw?f r'&yf e,frS emrnfausmaf cgi;f aqmif}uD; y¾dwrf vAD;,m; (,ck &S&D ae&l; taz/ y¾dwfrdkvm&vmae&l;wdk@ESifh wwef;wnf;xm;&aom acgif; aqmif}uD;)ESihf ,SOòf ydi+f yD; ta&G;cH&mtEdik &f ojzifh tdE, dN wjynfv;kH u

54 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vdv k ykd if av;pm;&aom t&SiOf ;D OwWrtm; 4if;wd@k .acgi;f aqmif}uD;[k todtrSwรฐf yxm;jcif;udk cH&+yD;jzpf.? xdt k csed Yf t*Fvyd t f pd;k &. u|epf m&if;oGi;f jcif;udk rcHv=kd u aom bHkabe,f bm&kd;'gpwdwfrS r[m&mZmapmfbGm;wpfOD;vnf; tdE, dN udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &vufatmufrS u,fwifvakd omqENjzifh tul tnD &vd&k jim; ta&S@buf*syefjynfo@kd omG ;I vnfywfonf? *syefw@kd uvnf; ppfEikd af omEdik if t H jzpf rmefwufae=u&m 4if;apmfbmG ;udk yrmrxm; ta&;r,lojzifh apmfbmG ;rSm omrmefvl uJo h @kd a[mfw,fwiG f rodromwnf;cdak e&onf? tdE, dN wGif xdak pmf bGm; oGm;av&mY tajrmufq,fhwpfcsufjzifh tav;รฐycHcGifh&aomf vnf; *syefw@kd uxdt k csuu f kd ta&;rvkyb f J rodvu kd b f mom aecJh onf? tdENd,om;wdk@u xdkudpPudk q&mawmfOD;OwWrxHokd@ vma&muf ajymjy=uaomtcgrS q&mawmf OD;OwWru trwf}uD; tdw k meD (xdt k cgu pufrv l ufr0l ef}uD;)ESiahf wG@q+kH yD; xdak pmfbmG ;}uD;udk *syeftpdk;&u tav;รฐyoifhonf? *syefonf ta&S@bufurBmwGif vufeufEikd if }H uD; wpfEikd if jH zpfaomfvnf; ta&S@tm&Swu kd w f iG f Oa&my wdu k o f m;wd@k u e,fcs@J aoG;pkwv f suo f m&S&d m *syefwpfO;D wnf; xD;xD; aeI b,fawmhrSpdwfrcs&? tm&Swdkufom;wdk@udk wef;wljzpfatmif ulnaD y;jcif;/ 4if;wd@k EiS phf ak ygi;f zG@J pnf;aejcif;udo k m vdv k m;tyfonf[k 0g'jzef@ay;cJo h nf? xdktcgrS trwf}uD;uoabmusoGm;I tpdk;&tzGJ@ESifh oabmwlnDr_,l+yD;v#if {nfhcHรณudqdkaom O,smOfyGJwyGJudk usif;y+yD; apmfbGm;}uD;ESifh q&mawmfOD;OwWrudkyg rif;crf;rif;em;ESifh yifhac:I rdwq f ufpum; toD;oD;ajymqd=k u&avonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 55

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

w&kwaf cgif;aqmifEiS hf awG q h jkH cif; w}udru f w&kwjf ynf}uD;udk yxrOD;pGm u,fwifEikd cf ahJ om acgi;f aqmif}uD; a'guw f mqGe, f ufqifonf *syefjynfo@kd xGuaf jy;+yD; vmaepOftcgu OD;OwWrESihf tawmf&if;ES;D atmif vma&mufawG@qkH vsuf t}uH^m%ftrsK;d rsK;d udk awmif;cH,o l mG ;onf[q k o kd nf? q&m awmfO;D OwWru w&kwjf ynfuawmh vH;k 0u|erf [kwaf o;I ,ckyifóud; pm;+yD; taemufwikd ;f . ,Ofaus;r_t00udk enf;,lvsuf }uD;yGm;atmif óud;pm;yg? tdE, dN ESihf Armuawmh u|ev f ;kH vH;k jzpfaeI ,ckaeawmhjzifh vGwv f yfz@kd yif awmfawmfóud;pm;=u&OD;rnf[k ajymzl;.? xd@k jyifvnf; tvGeaf &S;usaom t,l0g'jzpfonfh uspq f +H rD;ESihf ajcao;ao;uav; xm;r_wdk@onf vltqifhtwef;wdk;wufrl. tE W&m,fawGom jzpf onf? w}udrfu w&kwfESifh taemufOa&myom;wdk@ jzpfyGm;aom bdef;ppfyGJ.&mZ0ifwGif uspfqH+rD;&SnfESifh w&kwftrsm;udk zrf;qD;+yD; uspfqH+rD;awGudk wkwfaESmifIcsnfxm;ojzifh w&kwfvlrsKd;rsm;rSm tvGwrf &ke;f Edik =f ubJ &Scd zhJ ;l &Hrk #ru vlawG tpHv k u kd t f òyHvu kd zf rf;+yD; yifv,fxJ wGe;f csc=H u&onfrmS xdu k spq f +H rD;a=umifyh if ydI k vG,u f pl mG EdSyfpufoGm;Edkif=uonf? odk@twGuf xdkt,l0g'awGudk azsmuf+yD; taemufwikd ;f t,l0g'ESiahf cwfopf enf;opfw@kd u, kd I l w&kwv f rl sK;d rsm; udk wdk;wufatmif yxr v_@Haqmfay;&rnf[k =o0g'ay;zl;a=umif; t&SiOf ;D OwWruajymI t&Sit f &d,xHrw S qifh od&ayonf?

jrifueG ;f rif;om;ESiahf wG jh cif; *syefjynfrjS yefvmaomtcg ud;k &D;,m;/ w&kwjf ynfrw S qifh jyifopfyikd f tif'ckd sKid ;f em;jynf aq;*Hòk rd@o@kd 0ifao;.? xdòk rd@Y jrifueG ;f

56 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr rif;om;}u;D ESihf om;awmfEpS yf g;&S&d m jrefrmjynfrS bmomrsK;d pHw k wfaom q&mawmfO;D OwWr a&muf&v dS ma=umif; owif;pmrsm;uazmfjyojzifh jrifueG ;f rif;om;}uD;uyifI h qGr;f au|;zl;onf? jrifueG ;f rif;om;}uD;u t&Sib f &k m; wynfah wmf &mZyv†if zifrxdik &f or#awmh Armjynfukd rjyefao;bl;[k av#mufxm;&m OD; OwWru 'g,mum}uD; toufr&Sad om cJwpfv;kH udk a&xJo@kd csu toH jrnfvrd rhf nf? Armjynfuawmh ,cktcg toHjrnfawmhrnf r[kwf awmhay[k rdef@awmfrl&m jrifuGef;rif;om;}uD;rSm rsuf&nfrsm;us& &Smonf? q&mawmfu usKyw f @kd vJ tcgtcGiu hf =kd unf+h y;D aqmif&u G =f u &awmhrmS bJ[k ESpo f rd ahf p+yD;aemuf q&mawmfonf uarBm'D;,m;od@k ºuGonf? 4if;rSwqifh ,d;k ',m;od@k / ,d;k ',m;rS rm'&yfo@kd wdu k &f u kd ºf uG awmfro l nf? rm'&yfo@kd a&mufaomtcgY t*Fvyd t f pd;k &. t&m&Sjd zpfol &mZ0wf0efwpfO;D u oabFmqdyu f tqif;wGif q&mawmfO;D OwWrtm; awG@qHk+yD; cifAsm;bm&dk'gpwdwfudkoGm;rSmbJ r[kwfvm;[kar;&m bm&k'd gr[m&mZmESihf tdE, dN wGix f yfraH wG@q+kH yD; tdE, dN vGwv f yfa&; twGuf aqmif&Gufzdk@ ESD;aESmwdkifyif&efudpPudk ESpfudk,f=um; wkdifyif aqG;aEG;&ef csed ;f qdx k m;cJah omfvnf; xdu k pd u P kd t*Fvyd t f pd;k &wd@k od+y;D jzpf aeojzifh q&mawmfrmS bm&d'k go@kd wdu k &f u kd o f mG ;&efupd u P kd y,fzsuf vdkuf&+yD;v#if bHkabodk@ rD;&xm;ESifhoGm;+yD; bHkabY oDaygbk&ifESifh awG@&ef pdwful;xkwfjyef&onf? odk@aomfvnf; t*Fvdyftpdk;&u xdt k cgrpS +yD; rdrad jc&mudk t+rJrjywfaf pmifI h =unfah e+yD[k od&ojzifh 4if;rS jyifopfydkife,fajrxJodk@ul;+yD; xdkrSaeI bm&dk'gr[m&mZmESifh oDaygrif;wd@k xH rodromcsed ;f qdk awG@q&kH onf? od@k aomfvnf; oDayg rif;rSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&u xm;ovdkae&kHru bk&iforD;awmfrsm;rSm tvGefatmufwef;usaom tapcHrsm;vufodk@om ygawmfrljcif;/

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 57

q&mawmf OD;OwWr axmufyahH =u;udk vHak vmufpmG r&jcif;wd@k twGuf ra=urcsr;f p&m udpP rsm;udkawG@&Sdav&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&. y&d,m,fa00kpfrsm;udk t&Sif OD;OwWronf rnfo@kd rnfykH wGe;f vSe&f rnfenf;[laom tpDtpOfrsm;udk pOf;pm;vsuyf if Armjynfo@kd jyefvmcJ&h avonf?

tcef; (3) q&mawmfEiS hf ArmhEikd if aH &; 1911-1912 ckEpS Yf OD;OwWronf Armjynfo@kd jyefa&muf vmav+yD? xdkodk@ jyefa&mufvmaomtcg ol&d,owif;pmuav; wpfapmifukd OD;bazESihf OD;vSazwd@k u xkwaf 0ae=uonf? 0dik t f rfbD at toif;uvnf; ynmwwfO;D aratmif (0wfvakH wmf&) ESihf OD;rH;k (ynm0ef) wd@k ukd t&yf&yfo@kd vn S v hf nfapI toif;cGrJ sm;zGi+hf yD; wESpf w}udrf uGezf &ifrh sm; ðyvkycf gpyif&adS o;.? xdt k csed Yf rE aW v;0dik t f rfbaD tESihf y&d,wWd omoemhE*k ~ toif;wGif vl}u;D wpfO;D jzpfol OD;ausm&f efonf rE aW v;Y jrefrmynm&Sd wpfO;D taejzifh tawmfxif&mS ;+yD;F “jrefrmwm&m” [laom owif;pm udk xkwaf 0vsu&f adS vonf? q&mawmfOD;OwWr. ta=umif;udkum; 0dkiftrfbDat toif;vl}uD;rsm;u tawmfyifta&;w,lðyvsuf &S=d u&m jrefrmxJu *syefjynf Ak'b < momwuUov kd w f iG f ya&mfzufqmtjzpfEiS hf aqmif&u G f cJ+h yD; bmomrsK;d pHu k kd aumif;pGmu|r;f usif em;vnfoabmayguaf om q&mawmfwpfyg;[lI jrefrmwm&mowif;pmu xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy+yD; OD;ausmf&efuyifv#if rE Wav;odk@ºuGvm&ef yifhac:oGm;+yD; ynma&;/ Edik if aH &;ponfw h @kd ukd aqG;aEG;+yD;v#if owif;pmrS OD;OwWr. a[majym csut f csK@d ukd xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyavonf? od@k jzifyh if t&SiOf ;D OwWronf ArmjynfwiG f toift h wifrh # xifay:vmcJah omfvnf; vlou d m; rrsm; 58 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vSacs? t*Fvyd t f pd;k &uomv#if oGm;av&mpHak xmufrsm; vdu k yf gap vsuf acsmif;ajrmif;tuJcwfvsuf &Sad eavonf? q&mawmfO;D OwWr uvnf; EdkifiHa&;ESifhpyfvsOf;a[majymcJhaomf xdktcsdefu rnfolr# vufcOH ;D rnfr[kw&f m/ ArmjynfY tawmftwef e,fvn S +hf yD;aemuf 1912-ckEpS f wGif *syefo@kd yif jyefomG ;avawmhonf? *syefo@kd jyefomG ;&mYvnf; &nf&, G cf suf r&Sb d rJ [kw?f q&m awmfonf ol.ESrti,fq;kH rtdrpf ;kd ESihf Armvli,fuav; 3-a,muf udk *syefjynfY ynmoifay;&ef ac:,lomG ;jcif;jzpfonf? *syefjynfta=umif;udk xdkpOfutxl;pdwf0ifpm;=uojzifh pmtkyaf &;om;xkwaf 0&ef OD;xGe;f atmif(&efuek af q;&H}k uD;)ESihf jynfòrd@ tpd;k &[du k pf ul;ausmif; q&m}uD;OD;pHa&$ (trfat-0wfvakH wmf) wd@k u awmif;yefonft h wdik ;f 1912-ck*syefjynfo@kd jyefomG ;+y;D aemuf xdpk m tkyfudk *syefjynfwGif a&;om;pkaqmif;+yD; *syefwdk@ vkH@v0d&d,&SdyHk/ ynmudók ud;pm;yHEk iS hf aumif;aomtydik ;f wd@k ukd tm;usz, G &f m a&;om; xm;onf? xdak cwfu ol&, d owif;pmwdu k u f yif &du k Ef ySd +f yD; ol&, d uyif a&mif;csco hJ nf? od@k wu G yf if q&mawmfEiS o hf &l , d OD;baz/ OD;vSaz wd@k rmS tawmfyif&if;ES;D +yD;v#if 1919-ckEpS f *syefrS wpfacguf jyefvm aomtcg q&mawmfukd ae@tcsed w f iG f ql;avbk&m;vrf; ol&, d owif; pmwdu k w f iG f trsm;tm;jzifh awG@ae&ayonf? pma&;q&m}u;D wpfO;D u t,fvpP¹EmN [,frv d wef. twWK y`wu d kd a&;om;&mwGif vlrsK;d wrsK;d ESihf vlwOD;. }uD;yGm;wd;k wufro _ nf opfyifESifhopfacgufuJhodk@om &Sdoifh.? ausmif;om;uav;wpf a,muf. ukwt f uôsuo hJ @kd aemufwpfEpS /f ESpEf pS &f aSd omtcg tuôsuwdk vlu}uD;aom tjzpfrsK;d ESirhf wltyf[I l azmfjyzl;onf? opfyif}uD;jrifh oavmuf opfacguu f vnf; &ifah &mfxx l I J vmjcif;omv#if obm0 usaom wd;k wufjcif;[lI qdt k yfonf[ak zmfjyonf? wd;k wuf}u;D yGm;r_ onf a&jrifhv#if=umjrifhouJhodk@ tqifhtwef;nDaom atmufajc

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 59

q&mawmf OD;OwWr cdik +f rJru _ kd vdt k yfonf[k qdx k m;cJo h nfrmS rSwo f m;xdu k af om pum; wpf&yfyifjzpfonf? q&mawmfO;D OwWronf olem;vnfor#/ olwwfoo d r#EiS hf Armjynfwpfav#mufuakd v#mufI a[majymaeaomfvnf; c&D; a&muf oifo h avmufa&mufrnf r[kwaf y? tqift h wef;csi;f rSm uGmjcm;+yD; rdr. d w&m;pum;wd@k ukd vlrsm;vufceH m,lrnf r[kw[ f I l od&+dS y;D jzpf&m yxrajcvSr;f tjzpf ol&, d owif;pmrS acgi;f }u;D ydik ;f ESihf tjcm;aqmif;yg; wd@k ukd ulnaD &;om;ay;vsuf &daS eavonf? trsm;qHk;a&;om;aom t}uHay;csufrsm;um; 0HomEk &udw Q w&m;udk jrefrmrsm; apmifph nf;zd@k &mESihf Edik if jH cm;t0wftxnf wd@k ukd wwfEikd o f avmufy,f&mS ;+yD;v#if trsK;d om;rsm;ud, k w f ikd f &uf vkyfaom 0HomEkyifeDESifh a,mxrDudkom qif;jref;=u&ef v_H@aqmf csurf sm;jzpfonf? xdt k cgu urm&Gw&f yfuu G f ausmif;cef;wpfcef;wGif wyg; wnf;ae+yD; OD;OwWrtm;awG@vI kd vmv#if wdik ;f &if;jzpfukd 0wforl o S m vufcpH um;ajym.?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr r-umc%oDwif;oH;k awmfrcl zhJ ;l onfh urm&Gwaf ps;teD; wyfwiG ;f ausmif; 60 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr od@k aomfvnf; vlrsm;ESib hf ek ;f }u;D rsm;u OD;OwWrtm; omref EdkifiHa&;bkef;}uD;wyg;[lI todtrSwfðy+yD; oGm;vmaygif;oif;aom &[ef;oHCmF awmfawmfyifenf;yg;cJ. h ? 1918-ckEpS rf S p+yD; ArmhEikd if aH &; tajctaeum; awmfawmfyifajymif;vJvmcJo h nf? yxrurBmppf}u;D Y *smrefEiS t hf *Fvyd f t}uD;tus,w f u kd w f ikd ;f *smrefw@kd u ta&;omae onfudkom awG@vdkjrifvdk=u&m owif;pm0,folzwfol awmfawmf uav;rsm;vmonfhtwdkif; ol&d,owif;pmonfvnf; tcgtcGifh &oavmuf awmfawmfóud;pm;I trsKd;om;rsufvHk;udk zGifhay;v#uf &Sad vonf? 1914-ckrS 18-ck yxrurBmppf}uD;twGi;f rSmyif jrefrmh tvif; / ynmtvif;[laom &ufjcm;owif;pmESpaf pmif xyfraH y: vm+yD;v#if Edik if aH &;udk a&;om;pðyvmcJ=h u&m 0dik f / trf / bD / at toif;rSmvnf; vl}uD;ydik ;f ESihf vli,fyikd ;f [lI ESpyf ikd ;f ay:xGuv f monf? vl}uD;ydik ;f wGif trwfO;D bul/ OD;bd;k om/ OD;oif;[lI oH;k OD;wd@k u xifay: vm=uv#uf vli,fyikd ;f wGif OD;baz/ bdvyfrS jyefvmpjzpfaom 0wfvkH awmf& OD;odr;f armif/ OD;cspv f id_ w f @kd uwzuf twdu k t f cHjzpfc=hJ u&onf? bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,f u&ufa'guu f vnf; vl}uD;ydik ;f rS 3OD;tm; twdik yf ifcH trwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef@xm;vsuf vli,fyikd ;f . xºuGE;kd =um;r_ukd tqifoifo h vdk ESrd ef if;&ef Oya'rsm; trsK;d rsK;d ðyjyif ay;av&m tqd;k 0g;qH;k Oya'rSm xdt k csed u f owif;pmjzpfap/ *sme,f jzpfap xkwaf 0v#if tmrcHaiG (3000)wif&rnf[I l yxr ynwfcsuf yifjzpfavonf? xdktcgu aemufxyfay:vmaom owif;pmESifh *sme,fuav;rsm;rSm tmrcH rwifEikd I f awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydwv f u kd &f av&m ol&, d / jrefrmhtvif;/ ynmtvif;ESihf AE<Kv*sme,f 4-apmif om &efuek òf rd@wiG f useaf eawmhonf? 1921-ckEpS w f iG f a0vrif;om; (,ck eef;pGe@f b&k if tuf'yG 0f ifqmòrd@pm;}uD;) Armjynfo@kd tvnfvm rnfjzpf&m rE aW v;òrd@ 9-}udraf jrmuf *sD / pD / bD / at ESpyf wfvnf tpnf;ta0;}uD;u a0vrif;om;tm; oydwaf rSmuf&ef qH;k jzwfjyef

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 61

q&mawmf OD;OwWr onf? 1920-ckEpS f jynfòr@d Yusi;f yaom 0dik f / trf / bD / at ESpyf wfvnf uGezf &ifph +y;D 0dik f / trf / bD / at Ak'b < mom uvsm%,k0toif;rsm;. toif;csKyfukd *s/D pD/ bD/ at (*sief &,f aumifpD atmh bm;rD; tqdpk aD t; &Sif;) [k EdkifiHa&;toif;csKyf}uD;toGifudk vHk;0ajymif;vJvdkufav+yD? 1919-ckEpS f ykord u f eG zf &ifu h p+yD; armfvòrdiòf rd@ ode;f aygi;f rsm;pGmºuG,f 0+yD; rsK;d csppf w d w f u,fwef;&Sad om vli,f0wfvakH wmf& OD;cspv f id_ t f m; OuUXtjzpf wifajr‡mufco hJ nf? *sD / pD / bD / at [laom trnfukd &J&J awmuf owWAd vESihf jynfph o kH l 0wfvakH wmf& OD;pdev f aS tmifu a&G;cs,f +yD; tqdw k ifoiG ;f cJI h xdjk ynfòrd@ (8) }udraf jrmuf uGezf &ifrh S p+yD;v#if oCFmawmfrsm;udk ab;csyd rf xm;bJ yifah c:I aqG;aEG;wdik yf if vm=u avonf? 4if;jynfòr@d uGezf &ifh rwdik rf u DS av;yif ol&, d owif;pmrSaeI &[ef;ESiv hf rl sm;onf uGu J mG aumif;onf r[kw[ f al om v_@H aqmfcsuf bk&m;a[m w&m;uav;rsm;ESihf a&;om;onfukd awG@&onf?

vlEiS hf &[ef;awmfrsm; “tm*g&mtem*g&mp / Oabm / tanmned\w d m/ t&EN ,E dW o'NrHR / a,m*auQrH tEkw&W ”H [lI ygVad wmfvm&S. d ? (teufum;tm*g&mp vlw@kd onf4if; / tem*g&mp &[ef;wd@k onf 4if;/ Oabm ESpOf ;D aom yk*Kd~ vfw@kd onf / tanmned\w d m tcsi;f csi;f wOD;ESiw hf OD; trSDo[Jðyv#uf ae=uukef.? a,m*auQrH udavomwdk@ ukef&m jzpfaom/ tEkw&W H jrwfaom edAmŠ efuakd &mufapjcif;iSm/ o'<rHR olawmf aumif;w&m;udk / t&EN,E dW yl;wGI J om tm;xkw=f u&m.?)

TuJo h @kd aom w&m;jzifyh ifv#if bke;f }u;D &[ef;wd@k tm; Edik if H a&;udk ajcpHyk pfvsu0f ifatmif v_@H aqmfvm&m ArmjynfY bke;f }u;D =oZm róuduaf omvl[I l &Sm;vS.? bke;f }uD;ujzLqkjd zLI rJqv kd #if rJ=ujcif; tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;rSm v#ijf refpmG pnf;&H;k Edik v f mcJ&h m bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,f 62 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr u&ufa'guu f (bdik ;f aumh) tufOya'[lI vlwa,mufukd oydwf arSmufv#if axmif'g%ftjypfay;Edkifaom Oya'wdk@udk xkwfjyefvm cJjh yef.? a0vrif;om; &efukefudka&mufcsdef eD;uyfvmaomtcg OuUX OD;cspv f i_d Ef iS hf 'k-OuUX OD;bpD/ owif;pmq&mOD;bvdi_ f wd@k ukd ykvyd f rif;}uD;u &efuek rf zS rf;I awmif}uD; / puFmyl paom&yfa0;Y acwW tus,cf sKyfcsxm;+yD;v#if a0vrif;om;tm; arSmufxm;onfh oydwf wpfv;kH udk uJo G mG ;apjyef.? bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'gu. f wif;rm=urf;wrf;aom tkycf sKyfa&;udk vlwikd ;f E_ww f iG f wzGzaG jymqdv k m=uav&m xdt k csed w f iG f q&mawmfO;D OwWronf bk&ifcx H o H @kd pmwpfapmifa&;om;ay;yd@k .? xdk f mG ;vdu k yf g” pmrSm “qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGuo [laom pum;yifjzpf.? xdpk mudk ol&, d owif;pmu xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy vdkuf&m [m[,fESifhArmrsm; rsufvHk;zGifhvmavonf? yGifhyHkum; OD;OwWru ta&;ydik Ef iS hf ykvyd t f &m&Sad vmufuykd if 'l;wkeaf tmif a=umuf a[h rif; xGuo f mG ;;” [k &J&aJ wmuf &G@H &dak oae&aomacwfY bk&ifcu H kd “a[h ajym0Hyh gayonf[k txl;yif pdwx f ºuGvm=ujcif;jzpf.? wu,fpifppf bk&ifcHuvnf;xGufoGm;rnfr[kwf? odk@ aomf OD;OwWru wd@k ArmvlrsK;d awGrmS 'Dvakd jymEdik w f t hJ cGit hf a&;[m &Sad e w,fq+kd y;D oifay;vdu k jf cif;omjzpfonf? aemufwpfcrk mS tpd;k & t&m&Sd qdak ompum;rSm t*Fvyd b f momwGif “jynfo@l 0efxrf;” [lI qdo k nfh twdkif; t&m&Sdr[kwf? jynfol@tapcHawGomjzpfI olwdk@udk bmrS a=umufp&mrvd[ k k v_aH qmfa&;om;onfuv kd nf; u|Eykf w f @kd zwf&&_ ao; onf? xdt k csed u f q&mawmfO;D OwWr. v_@H aqmfay;csurf sm;onf rEd;k =um;ao;aom ArmvlrsK;d rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;yg t&ma&mufaom v_H@aqmfcsufjzpfonfudk u|Efkyfwdk@ b,faomtcgr# arhEdkif=urnf r[kwaf y? vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 63

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

OD;OwWr. Edik if aH &;ppfqifykH vufatmufcH Armwdik ;f &if;om;rsm;u rdrw d @kd &oif&h xdu k f aom tcGit hf a&;twGuf qlqyl yl l vkyv f mav/ tkycf sKyfol vlrsK;d jcm; tpd;k &. &mZyv†irf mS v_y&f mS ;avav jzpfvmawmh&m bk&ifcH qm&,f *seD ,fu&ufa'guu f vnf; twdik yf ifct H rwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;bd;k om / OD;oif;ESihf OD;bwlw@kd ukd cef@xm;+yD;v#if tkycf sKyfa&;.toGiu f kd wrsK;d wzHak jymif;vJ+yD; qlyrl r_ sm;udk wwfEikd o f r#aom enf;y&d,m,fw@kd jzifh òzdciG ;f &ef tm;xkwóf ud;pm;jyefavonf? xdt k cgwiG f 0dik f / trf / bD / at toif;csKyf.twGi;f Y 1919-ckEpS rf pS +yD; vl}uD;ydik ;f vli,fyikd ;f [lI uGjJ ym;cJ&h m ol&, d owif; pmrSm/ vli,fyikd ;f u txl;yg0if v_@H aqmf+yD;v#if a&$w*d b kH &k m; b¾m awmfxrd ;f tzG@J onfyif vl}uD;awG. oabmus &moufyef a*gyu vl}uD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;rnfhtpm; (5)ESpfwpf}udrfus a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ ufjcif;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk vufawG@usio hf ;kH =u&ef E_d;aqmf+yD;oumv a*gyuvl}uD; wpfae&mvpfvyfonfudk bdvyfrjS yefvmump 0wfvakH wmf& OD;ode;f armif (,ckEikd if aH wmf w&m; a&;0ef}u;D csKy)f udk yxrqH;k ,SOòf yid t f a&G;cHz@kd v_@H aqmfay;cJ&h m wdik ;f oljynf om;wd@k vnf; tawmfyifem;0ifoabmaygucf o hJ jzifh OD;odr;f armifrmS vlxrk q J ENjzifh ta&G;cH&avonf?

1917 ckEpS /f tdE, dN twGi;f 0ef}u;D csKyrf eG af w*l tdE, dN od@k ðyjyif ajymif;vJaom tkycf sKyfa&;udk ay;tyf&efvmI jyefomG ;+yD;aemuf Arm jynfraS pv$waf om txl;ojzifh 0dik f / trf / bD / atrS apv$wo f nf[k qdk&aom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;. wifjyajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm c&D;r a&muf&adS e&onft h jyif 0dik f / trf / bD / at toif;rS a&;qGw J ifjyaom Armjynftyk cf sKyaf &;pnf;rsO;f ESihf bk&ifcq H m&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'guf a&;qGJ wifjyxm;aom pnf;rsO;f rsm;onfvnf; bmwpfcrk S c&D;ra&mufcahJ cs?

64 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr Armjynftm; tdE, dN vufatmufcH vufzwif eif*g0gem wOD; tkycf sKyfae&mrS *g0gembk&ifcH tkycf sKyfaom jynfe,fwpfco k m jzpfap&rnf? w&m;pD&if&mY csyd ukwt f pm; [du k u f w k &f ;kH jzpfapxdu k f onfqakd om tcsuEf pS cf suo f m xl;jcm;vmcJah vonf? xdo k @kd jzpf&m 0dik /f trf/ bD/ at toif;vli,fyikd ;f u Tr#EiS hf auseyfae=u&efr[kw?f bdvyfygvrD efo@kd a&mufatmif ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;apv$w+f yD; awmif;qdk rnf[k qH;k jzwf+y;D v#if yxrt}urd f OD;baz ( ol&, d )/ OD;yk (0wfvakH wmf &) ESihf OD;xGe;f &deS w f @kd ukd a&G;cs,af pv$w=f uaomtcg wdik ;f jynfwpfjynf vH;k u aomif;aomif;jzjz p&dwpf u 0dik ;f 0ef;vSL'ge;f =uavonf? aemufwpf}udrYf 1920-ckEpS w f iG f OD;xGe;f &deS f uG,v f eG o f mG ; ojzifh OD;odr;f armiftm; tpm;xd;k +yD; apv$w=f ujyefonf? xdo k @kd apv$w=f u&ojzifh Armjynfrv S v kd m;aom ('drk eD , d H [kr&R ;l )udk twdtus&onf[k rqdEk ikd af omfvnf; 1921-ckEpS f tdE, Nd jynftm; ('dik t f mcD) ac: tpd;k &ESihf jynfo@l u, kd pf m;vS,rf sm; xuf0ufpD tm%m,lI tkycf sKy&f aom tkycf sKyaf &;udk ay;tyfaomtcgY Armjynf udk rnfonft h yk cf sKyfa&;r# ray;ao;bJ rpPwm0du _ f }uD;rSL;aom aumfr wDtzG@J wckukd pHpk rf;tpD&ifc&H ef apv$wv f u kd af vonf? q&mawmfOD;OwWrum; ArmEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifpGufzuf+yD; aemuf Ekid if aH &;tm;jzihf v_y&f mS ;r_uav;rsm;.twGi;f Y rkew f ikd ;f qifI wdu k af om Edik if aH &;y&d,m,foabmw&m;udv k nf; txl;rSwo f m;zk@d oifhojzifh atmufwGifazmfjyvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&;onf trSefpifppf ppfqifrw _ pf&yfyifjzpf&m &mZ0ifY pEN*w k rf if;. ppfqifro _ nf A[dpk cef; udk OD;pGmwdkufojzifh ta&;rvS r=umc% ysufpD;qHk;&H_;&zl;.? xdkrS aemufwiG f penf;waygief map&m rke@f onfrom;onf rke@f tem;om;udk rpm;bJ cv,fom;udk pm;ojzifh b,fawmr# 0rnfr[kw/f eifrek @f pm; wmu pEN*w k rf if; ppfwu kd o f vdo k m&So d nf[k trduqH;k raom pum; udk =um;&.?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 65

q&mawmf OD;OwWr xdrk aS emufwiG f awmpGeaf us;vufup+yD; wdu k cf u kd o f rd ;f ,l ojzifh pEN*w k rf if; ppfEikd zf ;l onfh xH;k &So d nf? xd@k twl q&mawmfO;D OwWr onf EdkifiHa&;w&m;udk a[m&majym&mY òrd@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;Y rsm;pGm ra[mao;bJ awmvufaus;&Gmuav;rsm;odk@ yxrav#mufI a[majymv#uo f m &Sad v&m a';'&Jtydik f qkuvyf&mG wGif 1922-ckEpS f wGif a[majymaom w&m;yJt G wGuf zsmyHt k a&;ydik u f w&m;pGq J +kd y;D v#if ausmif;uke;f òrd@Y w&m;a[maepOf ykvyd rf sm;vma&muf zrf;qD;oGm; av&m owif;pmrsm;Y xl;jcm;aom owif;w&yftjzpf ygvmav onf? ArmvlrsKd;wdk@onf EdkifiHa&;udk aqmif&Gufv#if tzrf;cH&rnf? axmifusc&H rnf? igw@kd vJ 'Dvykd if tzrf;cH=urnf? axmifuscaH wmhrnf [k pdwrf sm;wufºuG+yD;v#if Ed;k =um;onfxuf Ed;k =um;vm=uavonf? xdt k cg rEd;k =um;cJv h #if ,cktcgY vGwv f yfa&; a0;ayao;onf?

1922 ckEpS /f q&mawmf OD;OwWr EkdifiHa&;w&m;a[mI zsmyHktusOf;axmifY axmifuscH&pOfu oCFmawmft&Sijf rwfw@kd vnf; raeomawmhbJ igw@kd vnf; OD;OwWruJo h @kd yif aqmif&u G =f uawmhrnf[k &nfoef+yD;v#if oHCor*~D [lI Edik if aH &;t"duxm;aom tzG@J aygi;f 37-zG@J wd@k ukd xdEk pS w f iG f zG@J pnf; wnfaxmifvmav&m 4if;tzG@J rsm;. OuUXtjzpf tv,fawm q&m awmf / tusK;d aqmiftjzpf a&$usiw f u kd f OD;"rR"& u aqmif&u G af wmfrl =uavonf? aemuf OD;"rR"& ysHawmfrlI OD;a0ykv†u qufvuf

66 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr aqmif&u G o f nf? OD;0do'k < / OD;0dpm& (axmifxw J iG t f pmiwfcI H ysaH wmfrl aom q&mawmf) ESihf OD;paENmbmo (Am;u&m;q&mawmf) wd@k vnf; Edik if aH &;udk OD;wdu k +f yD; a[majymaqmif&u G af wmfr=l uonf?

1919-1920-1921 ckEpS f txufyg w&m;pGq J akd om tr_ rjzpfrt D wGi;f Y q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efuek Ef iS hf umvuwWm;od@k ul;csjD yefcsED iS hf aexdik cf . hJ ? xdo k @kd ul;cso D ef;csaD ejcif;rSmvnf; eufeaJ om &nf&, G rf eS ;f xm;csuw f ckjzifyh if jzpfa=umif;udo k &d ayonf? 1920 ckEpS /f wefaqmifrek ;f vwGif OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;wGif &Sad ecJ. h ? xdEk pS u f OD;OwWr.OD;&D;awmfol ppfawGòrd@rS OD;csicfh ikd Ef iS hf ZeD; rpHvjS zLwd@k onf rsuaf pha&m*g uko&ef umvuwWm;od@k acwWomG ; =uonf? xdt k cgwiG f OD;OwWr. nD ausmx f eG ;f atmifonfvnf; ygomG ; v#uf umvuwWm;òrd@ &cdkifyGJpm;wpfOD;.tdrfwGif wnf;cdkaexdkif=u onf? wae@aomtcgY q&mawmfO;D OwWronf a=u;eef;pm&Guf uav;wpf&u G u f u kd ikd +f y;D òy;H òy;H &D&ED iS hf yGpJ m; tdro f @dk ºuv G monf? a'G;awmf awmfol rpHvjS zLu “ tvdk / OD;yÍif; 'Dwpfcg&v D @kd armvd@k bmrsm; o abmus+yD; vmjyefovJ” [k qD;I av#mufxm;onf? “ 'g,umr}uD; 'Dwpfcgawmh usKyfuu kd sKyf aoaysm+f yDv@kd 0rf;omtm;& &Sw d meJ@ òyH;vmwmbJ”[k trde@f &adS vonf? a'G;awmfu bmrsm;jzpfvmovJar;&m OD;OwWru “igw@kd ArmvlrsK;d awG vle@J ole@J wl vm+yD? vlpw d &f v dS m=u+yD? 'Dvv kd pl w d &f v dS mvd@k ig0rf;omvmwmbJ” [k qd. k ? “t&ifuawmh ArmawG[m vlpw d rf &Sv d @kd acG;pdwf &Sad eovm; bk&m;”? OD;OwWru “vlpw d &f w dS ,fqw kd mu 'Dvakd v vl[m vltcGihf ta&; bmvJqw kd m em;vnfvm=uw,f? ud, k t hf cGit hf a&;udk ud, k f od+yD; r&&atmif óud;pm;wwf&if 'g[mvlpw d &f w dS ,fv@kd OD;yÍif; qdv k kd wmbJ? a[m tck&efuek rf mS aumvdyaf usmif;om;awGup+yD; t*Fvyd f ausmif;awGu oifay;wJyh nmudk rauseyfv@kd oydwaf rSmufuek =f u+yw D hJ vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 67

q&mawmf OD;OwWr &efuek òf rd@uae+yD; tJ'u D pd }P uD;rSm OD;yÍif;xHu t}uHt^m%fawG ,lcsif vd@k OD;yÍif;udk &efuek f ºuv G mcJyh gqw kd m a=u;eef;pm ckb&J w,f? ArmawG 'Dvpkd w d af wG0ifpm;vm=uzd@k ar#mv f if+h y;D OD;yÍif;óu;d pm;aewm tckawmh óud;pm;&usK;d eyf+yD? 'ga=umifh OD;yÍif;aoaysmyf g+yDv@kd ajymwm” [k &Sif;vif;jyawmhrSyif a'G;awmf OD;&D;awmfESifh nDjzpfolwdk@ em;&Sif; oGm;=uavonf? &efuek af umvdyf yxroydw}f uD;rSm 1920-ck/ 'DZifbmv (1280-ck wef;aqmifrek ;f vjynfah usmf 10-&ufae@wiG )f arSmufco hJ nf? xdo k wif; a=u;eef;ud&k v#i&f csi;f yif q&mawmfonf &efuek o f @kd rS&D m oabFmESihf ºuGvm+yD; 0dik /f trf / bD / at acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf wdik yf if aqG;aEG;+yD; tdE, dN rSenf;emrsm;udk !$ejf y&m trsK;d om;wd@k . ocifynm oif=um;a&;[laom trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm; xlaxmifz@kd ArmvlrsK;d rsm; wqifhvSrf;wuf vmEdkif=uavonf? OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;Y aepOfuyifv#if tdE, dN uGeu f &uftzG@J }uD;Y ud, k w f ikd yf g0if aqmif&u G f cJ+h yD; tdE, dN acgi;f aqmifyikd ;f u axmifra=umuf wef;ra=umuf pGe@f pm; aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh tdE, dN wdik ;f om;wd@k &SL;&SL;'dik ;f 'dik ;f Ed;k =um;vm=uonf udv k nf; ud, k af wG@yifjzpf&rkH u tdE, dN ESiw hf aJG eaom ArmjynfrmS tdE, dN vGwv f yfv#if Armjynfvnf; vGwv f yf&rnf[k ,H=k unfpw d Ef iS hf ae&Sif e,fueG u f &uf [if'rl [mqAŠpaom toif;wd@k wiG f yg0ifI aqmif&u G f awmfrq l J Armjynf. tcGit hf a&;um; wu,fwrf;}uHKóuduv f mcJ&h m ArmjynfwiG f axmifuscI H aqmif&u G jf cif;jzifh vlxu k kd wyfveS @f ay; awmhrnf[k oH'Xd mefcsvmcJjh cif;jzpfonf? bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf xGufoGm;&rnf[lI ESipf may;yd@k onfutp t*Fvyd . f w&m;Oya'[kqakd om ydu k u f eG }f uD; udk wae@azmufc+JG yD; axmifx0J if&rnfukd ,H=k unf+yD;jzpfayonf? od@k EiS hf qkuvyfwiG f a[majymcJah om w&m;udt k a=umif;ðy+yD; zrf;qD;jcif;udk cH&av&m “OD;OwWrudk zrf;+yD;a[”h qdak om *,uf&u kd o f mG ;&mrStp 68 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr wjynfv;kH wGif oHCor*~t D zG@J awG r_u d o hJ @kd ay:vm&Hrk #rubJ trsK;d orD; toif; ukrmR &dtzG@J w@kd onfvnf; axmifEiS &hf mESichf sI D òr@d wikd ;f t&yfwikd ;f rSmvdyk if ay:ayguv f mcJ&h m &efuek òf rd@urf;em;aps;rS a':=uiftrd Ef iS hf rvS cif/ =unfjh rifwikd rf S a':oufp/k odr}f u;D aps;rS a':rr}u;D wd@k u óu;d pm;vm cJ=h uonf? xdu k rk mR &drsm;toif;zG@J I Edik if aH &;udk óu;d pm;vmcJ=h uonfEiS hf tr# a&S@wef;uae+yD;v#i/f 0du _ af umfrwD vmaomtcgY igw@kd vw dk mu [krR&l;ay;rSom ,lrnf[laom t"dy`g,fESifh oabFmwav#mufwGif oydwaf rSmuftiftm;pk}uD;udk xkwI f jyoEdik cf =hJ uavonf? qkuvyfwiG f a[maomw&m;rSm tpd;k &udk t=unft!dk ysuaf ponfq+kd yD; &mZowfy'k rf 124 (u) ESiphf q GJ &kd m tr_ukd rtlyif ta&;ydik &f ;kH od@k ajymif;Ippfaq;onf? 0dik f / trf / bD / atrS acgi;f aqmif}uD; OD;pdev f aS tmifu OD;OwWrbufrS a&S@aevdu k yf g aqmif&u G f ae&m od@k aqmif&u G af e&if; OD;pdev f aS tmifrmS umv0rf;a&m*gjzifh uG,f vGe&f mS onf? &efuek òf rd@wiG f oòF*v d &f m OD;xGe;f &Sed . f tokbrSm uJo h @kd yif OD;pdev f aS tmif. tokbYvnf; y&dwo f wfrmS a=umufcref;vdvd rsm; jym;jcif;jzifh Armwd@k .pnf;&H;k a&;rSm t&Sed jf yif;pGmjzifh wd;k wufvma=umif; udk t*Fvyd w f @kd owdrrlbJ raeEdik af tmif&cdS ahJ vonf? qm&,f*seD ,fu&ufa'guf }uD;rSL;aom jrefrmjynf&dS t*F vdyt f pk;d &onf Armjynftm; tdE, dN rSc+GJ yD; tdE, dN tqift h wef;xuf tvGeef rd u hf saom ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;rygonfh enf;rsK;d udk ay;xm;&ef &nf&, G . f ? od@k aomfvnf; 0du _ af umfrw D D jyefomG ;+y;D wJah emufwiG f tdE, dN ESiw hf ef;wljzpfaom 'dik t f mcDuakd y;tyf&ef oabmwl&avonf? Arm Edik if aH &;wd;k wufru _ m; ESpaf ygi;f -50 r# Armxuf t&ifusaom tdE, dN . tqift h wef;ESiw hf ef;wlavmuf c&D;a&muf&onfrmS *k%, f pl &m tcsuw f &yfyif? xkt d csed u f *k%, f pl &m[lI Edik if aH &;orm;wdik ;f wzGzG ajymqdkcJh=uonf? Todk@ajym&+yD; csD;rGrf;&onftxd wdk;wufaom Edik if aH &;onfum; q&mawmfO;D OwWr. aus;Zl;a=umifo h m[k azmfjycJh

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 69

q&mawmf OD;OwWr aomf trSeo f mjzpf&rnf? ,ae@,ck&&Sad om vGwv f yfa&;onfyif q&m awmf. aus;Zl;w&m;rS ayguzf mG ;vmjcif;om jzpfavawmhonf?

1939ck pufwifbmv 10-&ufwiG f usi;f yaom Armjynf Oya'ðyv$waf wmfY rE aW v;òrd@ tdE, dN trsKd ;om;rsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,f trwf rpPwm *ef*gqif;u atmufygtwdik ;f xkwaf zmfajymqdo k nfukd trwftm;vH;k uyif oabmusaxmufc=H uonf? “q&mawmfO;D OwWronf TEdik if w H iG f t}uD;qH;k aom Edik if H a&;acgi;f aqmif}uD; jzpfw,fv@kd u|Eyfk af jymcJah om xdpk um;[m tydrk yg aompum; jzpfygw,f? ol[m ArmjynfEikd if aH &;udk tpðyaom yk*Kd~ vf jzpf+yD; ArmhEdkifiHa&;wdk;wufr_ [lor#[mvJ ol@udkta=umif;ðy+yD;rS ay:vmwmbJ[k u|Eykf u f xyfraH jymvdyk gw,f? q&mawmfO;D OwWronf wpf}udrw f nf;ESihf Trst S xd Edik if H a&;wd;k wufr_ aqmif&u G af wmfrEl ikd jf cif;um; tcgtcGihf oifah omumvY rdr. d tod^m%fEiS hf toufcE<mudk wdik ;f jynfEiS t hf rsK;d om;twGuf toH;k csrnf[al om &nf&, G cf suw f iG f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu ud, k af wG@qnf;yl; cJah om jynf0h onfh t&yf&yfynmrsm;udk aygi;f pyfaqmif&u G jf cif;a=umifh om jzpfayonf? yxrOD;pGm jyifopfjynfo@dk ºuGcjhJ cif;/ 'kw, d *syefjynfo@dk ºuGawmfrjl cif;wk@d rmS tvGejf ynf0h aomt"dyg` ,Ef iS hf pGe@f pm;awmfrjl cif; rsm;jzpfI xkpd eG @f pm;awmfr&l mrS Ekid if .

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70 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 77

q&mawmf OD;OwWr r_EiS hf ppfaq;jcif; cHae&qJ&. dS // xkt d csed w f iG f omaygi;f nmpm; Ekid if aH &; a,mifa,mif vltcsK@d u u|Eyfk w f @dk xo H @dk wcgr# rvm&JbJ tvGe&f ;dk ajzmifh I owW&d adS omrdwaf qGrsm;om 0ifxu G u f n l v D #uf &S=d u.? wcgr#yif ºuGrvmbl;aom q&mawmfOD;OwWronf [dENL bke;f }u;D r'ef*spEf iS hf twl ºuv G m+y;D u|eaf wmfEiS hf pum;pjrnfajymqk. d ? xko d @dk ajymqk+d yD;v#if owif;pm wpfrsuEf mS pmr#&adS om aqmif;yg; wpf apmifudk u|eaf wmft h m; xkwaf y;I u|eaf wmfzwf =unfah epOf xkid f v#uyf if apmifah e.// xkdtcg &mZ0wfr_}uD;jzpfaeonfh twGif;jzpfaeI tr_ESifh pyfvsO;f +y;D repfemap&ef aqmif;yg;owif;ponfw@dk udk =uyf=uyfrwfrwf ppfaq;=unf&h &l aom tcsed t f cgjzpfaeonf// aqmif;yg;rSmavajyavat;uav;jzift h rsK;d om;wk@d . ESv;Hk onf;yGwu f dk qGaJ qmifa&;om;xm;aom aqmif;ygr#omjzpfonf// tqk;H owfwyk'u f srS “igw@dk trsK;d om;wyfO;D rS tr_xrf;vsuf &Sad om &Jabmfppf “ynmhtvif;”owif;pmum; ,cktcg ab;Oyg'f awG@v#u&f adS e+y?D igw@dk xk&d aJ bmf “ynmhtvif;”ukd vpfvsL&l rxm;oifh ”[k Ed;_ aqmfpum;av;wyk'yf g.// u|Eyfk zf wf+yD;aomhtcg q&mawmfu b,fEh , S v f J xnfrh vm; [k nifompGmyifar;.// u|Eyfk u f xnfyh gr,fb&k m;[k av#mufxm;aomtcgrS jyefºuG oGm;awmfro l nf? xkt d cgrS q&mawmf.pdwrf mS tawmfyif El;nho H rd af rG@ ygayonf[k cs;D usL;rdyg.? &mZ0wfra_ wG+yD;jywfI OD;wifEiS hf OD;boef; (avmuygv) wkd@vGwfajrmufvmaomtcg 0HomEk toif;awGu 0kid ;f 0ef;ulnaD xmufyahH om &HyaHk iG 13000 r# ynmhtvif;u &&Sv d u dk . f ? u|Eyfk w f @dk ArmvlrsK;d wk@d . o'Ng&&dS EdS iS hf aqmif&u G rf u _ av;rsm; xif&mS ; vS.?

78 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr bmvrf;pOf/ nmvrf;pOfponfjzifh pnf;&k;H a&;ukd b,fo@dk b,f nm oG,0f u dk af [majym=uapumrl urBmYwnfwaHh e=uaom vlawmf xdyfoD; acgif;aqmif}uD;wk@dY&SdcJhaom t&nftcsif;wckrSm trsm; twGufjzpfap/ wkdif;jynftwGufjzpfap/ rdrdukd,fusKd;ukdpGef@v$wfr_ w&yfomjzpfonfrmS xif&mS ;.// xko d @dk peG @f vw $ &f EHk iS hf t&nftcsi;f jynf0h +yD[I l rqk&d ao;? uk, d w f idk u f ynm&Sw d @dk . usi0fh wW&m;rS azmufvJ$ azmufjyef usi}hf uHwwfjyefuvnf; *k%w f ifavmufaom acgi;f aqmif tjzpfo@dk ra&mufrD qkw, f w k yf sujf ym;jcif;ESihf awG@贸uHwwf.? b,fvdk yk*Kd~ vfrsK;d ukd ynm&S[ d ak c:a0:oenf;? bmomrsK;d pkw H wfol (ok@d r[kwf ) usr;f tapmifapmifudk ajcmufjcm;Ekid o f u l dk ynm&S[ d I l rqkad o;? uk, d f usiw hf &m;ukrd w l nfv#uf ynm&S[ d I l eDwu d sr;f q&mwk@d u ac:qk=d u ayonf? q&mawmfOD;OwWr. ukd,fusifhw&m;wGif jrifhjrwfaom uk, d u f siw hf &m;ESihf ynm&St d *F gajrmuf aqmufwnfusio hf ;Hk jcif;&S. d ?

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tcef; (4) q&mawmf. Edik if aH &;&mt,ltqrsm; urBmay:wGif vl贸uu d t f rsm;qH;k aom 'Dru kd a&pD [kr&R ;l tkycf sKyf a&;udk u|Eyfk w f @kd Armuvnf; t*Fvyd t f pd;k &xHwiG f ZGwt f wif; r&r aeawmif;aecJ+h yD? ,if;od@k awmif;onft h jyifvnf; t*Fvyd t f pd;k &wd@k vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 79

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ray;raeEdik &f atmif ab;=uyfe=H uyf owftrsK;d rsK;d udk zdEySd &f u kd o f iG ;f cJh=ujyefonf? Todk@aqmif&Gufr_t00wGif avrkefwdkif;uJhodk@ jyif;jy xufoefaom pnf;&k;H jcif;tiftm;}uD;onf wtdtEd iS hf awmifay:us a&uJo h @kd t[kejf yif;pGm ay:ayguv f mcJjh yef+yD?

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80 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

qm[mukwb f wWvmESihf Armjynf q[mukwb f wWvmonf Armrsm;ESiv hf eG pf mG oifjh rwfojl zpfI tdE, dN od@k ajymif;vJay;aom tkycf sKyfa&;rsK;d &atmif aqmif&u G =f u&ef tdE, dN od@k tjyef oabFmay: Yvdu k yf @kd aom OD;bul/ OD;aratmifw@kd ukd t}uaH y;^m%fay; v_@H aqmfay;cJzh ;l onft h wGuf xdt k cgu ol@tm; Arm rsm;u awmfawmftm;ud;k tm;xm; รฐycJ=h uonf? Armjynfo@kd a&muf aomae@yif bwWvmtm; *sLbvDa[mwGif vl}uD;ydik ;f vli,fyikd ;f u {nfch EH w _ cf eG ;f quf=uonf? bwWvmu pum;jyefajymonfrmS vnf; tawmfyifxad &mufaom pum;jzpf.? ol@vufxufY aumif;raumif; ab;csw d +f yD; olajymonfph um;rsm;udk enf;,lv#if tcsn;f tES;D rjzpfEikd f ay? xdt k csed Yf 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;udk tdE, dN uvufrcH oydwf arSmufovdk Armjynfuvnf; arSmufrnfo h u l &mcdik Ef e_ ;f -90 r# cef@reS ;f &onf? bwWvmu tkycf sKyfa&;pnf;rsO;f Oya'qdw k mudk aumif;onf raumif;bl; tjiif;jy\emz,fxm;yg? tkycf sKyo f u l aumif;v#if +y;D wm ygb[ J q k o kd nf? xdpk um;rSm eufeaJ omt"dyg` ,u f kd aqmif.? od@k aomf olajymonft h wdik ;f vkyrf vkyu f u kd m; azmfjyvwWaH om OD;OwWrrde;f cGe;f rsm;t&yif jAL&ku d &ufonf b,fawmhrS jAL&ku d a&mif;jzpfrnfr[kwf acs? Armrsm;rSmvnf;wzufu 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&;t& a&G;aumufyu JG kd 0if+yD; twGi;f yl;owfoifo h nf? tjcm;wzufuvnf; oydwaf rSmuf+yD; t*Fvyd t f pd;k & pnf;rsO;f Oya'rsm;udk ArmjynfwiG f vdu k ef mvkyaf qmifI rjzpfEikd af tmif aESmuf,u S &f rnf[k qdo k nf? owif;pmwapmifuvnf; ud, k o f abmoifjh rwf&mbufu tm;ay;ulnv D #uf a&;om;ae=u&m wzufro S pPmazmuf/ wzufrS rsK;d zsurf suu f ef;pojzifh tawmfyif qlqyl yl l jzpfae=uonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 81

q&mawmf OD;OwWr “[H;k ” ESihf “'dik ”f tòydicf sI xd'k ikd t f mcDukd vufco H ifo h nf/ vufrcHbJ [kr&R ;l &rS vufco H ifo h nf ponfjzifh twdu k t f cHjzpf=uae jcif;onfvnf; wpwpjyif;xefvm&m ArmvlrsKd ;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd . t"d u ypfuiG ;f ypfrw S u f kd jr‡m;rvGwaf wmhbJ rdrw d @kd wyfwiG ;f Yyif tcsi;f csi;f jr‡m;vGw+f yD; tkyx f nfah e=uawmhonf? 1920-ckEpS f 'DZifbmwGif a&G;aumufyJG ðyvkyaf wmhrnfjzpf&m 0ifoifrh 0ifoifh qH;k jzwf&ef[I l 4if; ESpf arvxJwiG f *sLbvDa[mY jynfv;kH u|wt f pnf;ta0;udk ac:,l onf? q&mawmfOD;OwWronf xdktpnf;ta0;wGif rdef;cGef;wpfck tus,w f 0ifh rde@f =um;&mY tqH;k owfwiG f oydwaf rSmuf&efukd wdus jywfom;pGm ajymqd. k ? od@k aomf aumifp0D ifaomolw@kd tay: t&rf; ykwcf wfpyG pf jJG cif;jzifh rdrw d @kd tusKd ;udk epfematmif rðyoifah =umif;jzifh =o0g'udk atmufygtwkid ;f t"duxm;I rde@f =um;awmfro l nf?

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q&mawmf OD;OwWr . ydkufuGeftwGif;odk@qif;vsuf tpdk;&wdk@.t,ltq oabmrsKd; twdik ;f ,lq=uayvdrrhf nf? xdyk *k K~ v d w f @kd onf Á\&d,tm%mjzifh zdp;D wwfaomolrsm; jzpfvmayvdrrhf nf? (Tpum;rSm aemifoabm ajymif;vJomG ;rnfuo kd m ajymjcif;jzpf.?) trsKd ;om;wd@k onf ol&owWed nf;yg;=ur_um; cGet f m;AvESihf jynf0h aom olw@kd EiS hf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af omfvnf; rkcsysupf ;D &vdrrhf nf? ol&owWed nf;aom trsK;d om;wd@k onf jAL&du k &ufw@kd . =oZmcHtm %mom;rsm; jzpf=u&ayvdrrhf nf? xdx k ykd *k K~ v d w f @kd onf rdrw d @kd &nf&, G &f if; t}uHukd pGe@f ypfI wdik ;f jynfa&;&mY ayvm,s jzpfaeayvdrrhf nf?

wbufEiS w hf buf arwWmruif;-u om,m0wDY q&mpHolykefxaomtcg txufjrefrmjynf a&$bekd ,fwiG f t}uD;tus,Ef rdS Ef iS ;f jcif;vkyif ef;udk tpd;k &wd@k uðyvky. f ? xdt k csed u f q&mawmfO;D OwWronf ppfuikd ;f wGiaf &muf&adS e+yD; w&m; bm0em tm;xkwfaeonf? u|efawmfrSm a&$bdke,fwGif trsKd;om; b%fwdkufwpfck. b%fwdkufcGJY refae*smtjzpf a&muf&Sdcsdefjzpf.? xdb k %frmS uGsEyfk w f @kd u, kd w f ikd t f pk&, S , f mrsm; xnfo h iG ;f =u+yD; OD;xGe;f atmifausmf trSL;xm;I aqmif&u G af om “bm;rD;pfae&Sief ,f bifch f vDrw D uf”jzpfonf? a&$b0kd o H mEkOuUX trwfa[mif; uG,v f eG o f l OD;bd;k xl;tdrEf iS hf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik w f iG f u|eaf wmft h vkyw f u kd &f o dS nf? tpd;k &onf a*:&m ppfwyfwwyfukd a&$bo kd @k yd @kd I toifch sxm;+yD;v#if u|eaf wmf. tvk y f w d k u f / toif ; q&mawmf a usmif ; wd k u f / OD ; bd k ; xl ; td r f E S i f h ppfuikd ;f wGif oDwif;oH;k aeaom OD;OwWr.ausmif;udk wcsed w f nf;ppfwyf/ ykvdyfwyfESifh0dkif;+yD; pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk pkaygif;&SmazG odrf;qnf; avawmhonf? od@k aomfvnf; xdrad om olw@kd vv kd m;onfh pum;wpf ckr#rawG@&? a&$bekd ,faus;vufrS awmifov l ,form; 0HomEkrsm;udk vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 83

q&mawmf OD;OwWr um; ae@pOf&mESifhcsDI zrf;qD;vsuf tcsKyfaxmifwGif;odk@oGif;ae&m tcsKyfaxmifrqhaH wmhojzifh a&$bòkd rd@ajrmufbuf O,smOfawmf&yfwiG f axmifopfaqmufzdk@yif opf0g;awGyHkxm;+yD; jzpfavonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@ tdraf wGu0kd ikd ;f +yD; &SmazGaomae@uqdv k #if cifO;D òrd@rS acgi;f aqmifO;D cifEiS hf qdycf eG cf syd gt&mawmfraS cgi;f aqmiftcsK@d uGseaf wmftrd o f @kd a&mufae+yD; wdik yf if=u&m tm;vH;k uyif u|eaf wmfuacgi;f aqmifv#if xºuG=urnf [k ajymqdw k ikd yf if ae=uaomae@jzpfonf? od@k aomf tif;tdik v f ufz@JG w@kd udk ,Hpk m;+yD; tv[o tusK;d rJt h aocHz@kd xuf tif;tm;udk &Edik o f r# wwfEikd o f r# pkpnf;+yD; tcguakd pmifzh @kd u|eaf wmfuwdu k w f eG ;f um qdik ;f xm;qJ&. dS ? od@k aomf tpd;k &t&m&Sw d @kd onf u|eaf wmftrd rf S {nfo h nf oH;k a,mufukd qGo J mG ;+yD; axmifxx J nfx h m;vdu k o f nf? xdkodk@ t&rf;zrf;xm;jcif;cHae&+yD; axmifxJudk ykvdyfu xifovdx k nfo h iG ;f aejcif;jzifh e,fqpl ylpðyvm+y;D xdt k a&;udpu P kd tpd;k &u=unfah ev#if a&$bekd ,frS xºuGvmaomolyek rf mS e,fom;wd@k wm 0ef r[kw?f ta&;ydik Ef iS hf ykvyd t f &m&Srd sm;. rdu k rf rJ a_ =umifo h mjzpf&rnf? xdt k a=umif;udk trwfrif;rsm;u usi;f yaeqJvw G af wmfwiG f ar;jref;I ta&;,lay;&ef aumifpDvl}uD;OD;eDodk@ pmjzifhta=umif;=um;&onf? ol&, d owif;pmod@k vnf; aqmif;yg;ESpcf go;kH cgavmuf a&;om;ay;yd@k .? xdkodk@ydk@+yD;aemuf v$wfawmfwGif ar;cGef;rsm; xkwfawmhrSyifv#if zrf;xm;aom vlO;D a& 600-ausmf 700-cef@ukd v$wv f u kd af vawmh onf? TtcgYyifv#if aumifpDudk0ifae=uaom trwfrif;rsm;ESifh aumifp0D if&eftm;ay;aom ol&, d owif;pmwd@k onfvnf; oydw0f H omEkw@kd . ta&;ay:udprP sm;wGif aoG;&if;om;&if;uJo h @kd oabmxm;+y;D wwfEikd af om tultnDuakd y;=uI 0HomEkw@kd oufomcGi&hf ayao; onf[k cs;D rGr;f aus;Zl;wif&ayonf?

84 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

arwWmppfEiS hf 'Dru kd a&pD ,if;odk@xdktcgu EdkifiHa&;orm;vufa[mif;}uD;rsm;onf wbufEiS w hf buf arwWm"gwx f m;Edik jf cif;onf 'Dru kd a&pD[al om0g'udk trSet f wdik ;f ESpEf pS u f mum ,H=k unftm;xm;=uIjzpfonf[k oabm aygurf . d ? Edik if jH cm;&efoEl iS hf ppfwu kd pf &mr&Sv d #if t*Fvyd f eef;&if;0ef csmcsED iS hf tufwvDw@kd rmS &eforl sm;uJo h @kd pum;jzifh t+rJppfx;kd ae=u.? ppfwu kd pf &m&Sv d sif olw@kd EpS Of ;D rSm ig;acG;&Smvdk cGmr&atmif yl;uyfae=u onf? b,fwikd ;f jynfrS olw@kd avmufaumif;aom arwWmppf'rD u kd a&pD r&Sad y? q&mawmfO;D OwWrum; 4if;'Dru kd a&pD[al om pum;. teuf t"dy`g,fudk ESpfESpfumumoludk,fwdkif oabmaygufoavmufyif 0HomEktrsK;d om;wd@k uv kd nf; oabmayguaf pvdv k aS =umif;udk *sLbvD uGezf &ifrh ed @f ceG ;f wGif txift&Sm;awG@Eikd o f nf? *sLbvDueG zf &ifu h pvsuf 21-OD;[lI ay:ayguv f m+yD;vsif *s/D pD/ bD/ at um; uGpJ ðyawmh.? vlw@kd . oabmt,ltqum; Tt wdik ;f yifjzpf&m jrwfpmG bk&m;aomfrS oHCmrsm;oif;uGI J ygvad v,su awmod@k 0ifawmfr&l avonfjzpf&m q&mawmfO;D OwWrum; bmr#wwf Edik rf nf r[kwaf y? od@k aomf q&mawmfO;D OwWr. !$ejf y&mudv k u kd af om oydwf *s/D pD/ bD/ at um; 0HomEktoif;aygi;f 4000-ausmrf # toif; qufa=u;ay;I qufo, G =f uonfukd o&ufòrd@ uGezf &if/h aygi;f wnf uGezf &ifrh sm;Y u|Eyfk w f @kd ud, k af wG@yifjzpfonf?

21 OD;vl}u;D pk 21 OD;vl}uD;pkrSm OD;baz/ ykodrfOD;bD/ OD;armifarmiftHk;cdkif/ OD;armif}uD;(trfat)/ OD;bvdi_ f (e,l; bm;rm;)/ OD;pde(f jrefrmhtvif;)/ OD;armifarmif}uD;(4if;)/ OD;oif;armif/ OD;yk/ OD;vSaz/ OD;vGe;f / a'guw f m vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 85

q&mawmf OD;OwWr b&if/ OD;xGef;a0/ OD;pHvif;(yJcl;)/ OD;xGef;vd_if(yJcl;)/ OD;vGef;armif (anmifav;yif)/ OD;bOD;(rE aW v;)/ OD;udu k (kd oxH)k / OD;aomf(urm&Gw)f / OD;armif}uD;(aysmfbG,f)/ OD;pdefb(ausmufqnf)wdk@ jzpf=uygonf?

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86 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr odr;f usLH ; tjypfqakd jymae=urnft h pm; vkyaf qmifaeqJ tvkyt f ay: wGio f m oifah wmf. roifah wmf.qdo k nfukd tusKd ;ta=umif; jyo a0zefyikd ;f jcm;jcif;jzifh ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufu trSeu f akd &mufonfxuf a&muf atmif csw D uf=urnfqv kd #if tdE, dN . wd;k wufrc_ &D;vrf;[m ajzmifph if; aep&m &Syd gonf” [lI ajymzl;avonf? 'Dru kd a&pDuókd uduaf v 'Dru kd a&pDatmifjrif}uD;xGm;r_ukd vdak vav a0zefjcif;udk emcHavav &Sad p& rnf? wzufu ca&aphwiG ;f us a0zefjcif;udck &H ojzifh tjcm;wzufu a0zefjcif;xuf ydI k aumif;atmif óud;pm;vmayvdrrhf nf? t*Fvyd yf nm&St d rwf}uD; avmhZufwvif;u tdE, dN od@k vm +y;D aemuf Ak'b < mompmaywd@k ukd avhvm+y;D v#if xkwaf zmfa&;om;vdu k f onfrmS u|Eyfk w f @kd t*Fvyd Ef iS hf Oa&mywdu k rf sm;Y ,ckavmavmq,f tvGe, f Ofaus;odraf rG@ygonf[I l vdu k ef musio hf ;kH aeaom 'Dru kd a&pD. tESpo f m&rsm;udk vGecf ahJ omESpaf ygi;f 2000-ausmu f yGiahf wmfral om a*gwrjrwfpmG bk&m;onfum; thzH , G jf zpfonf” [lIyif a&;om;xm; onf? od@k jzpf&m *sD / pD / bD / at uGpJ Oftcguyif aumifp0D ifoifh r0ifoif[ h al om jy\emw&yfa=umifh wzufowf jyif;jyif;xefxef yk*~v'dXmefjzifh &_H@csjcif;rsKd;udk q&mawmfonfESpfoufawmf rrlbJ aumifp0D ifI tusK;d r&Sad =umif; rdr. d xifjrifcsuu f kd wdwu d sus ajymqdk a0zefawmfral omfvnf; wbufEiS w hf buf 0d0g'udOk ;D wnfI t&rf; ykwfcwfpGyfpGJ qJa&;=ujcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;zdk@ 1284-ckESpf *sLyvDa[m tpnf;ta0;Y tus,w f 0ifh a[mawmfro l nf? (4if;rde@f ceG ;f tptqH;k udk aemufqufwYJG azmfjyxm;ygonf?)

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 87

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

'Dy&J if;0efaxmufO;D _rEJ iS hf OD;OwWr q&mawmfO;D OwWr rtlyifwiG f 1282-ckEpS f / axmifus+y;D onfh aemufrS 0HomEktoif;wd@k onf tvGew f ;kd wuf}u;D rm;vmcJ&h m rE aW v; òr@d wiG f (6) }urd af jrmufusi;f yaom 1283-ckEpS /f *spD b D aD t uGezf &if}h u;D Y róuHz;l atmifrsm;jym;aom y&dowfukd u|Eyfk w f @kd awG@c&hJ onf? (8) }udrf ajrmuf jynfòrd@wiG f usi;f yaomuGezf &ifu h v kd nf; a&mufczhJ ;l .? xdrk # rrsm;ay? rE aW v;Y y&dowfu, kd pf m;vS,af &m {nfo h nfyg wpfoed ;f ausmo f nf[k cef@reS ;f &onf? vlxky&dowf. pdwfqENrsm;vnf; vGwfvyfa&;twGuf jyif;xefvmav&m tkypf ;kd olt*Fvyd w f @kd EiS hf qef@usi&f rnfu h pd w P @kd wiG f txl;pdwx f ufoefvsu&f +dS yD; xdu k eG zf &ift h pnf;ta0;rS wdik ;f crf;vSnhf vnfvmaoma0vrif;om;udk oydwaf rSmuf&ef woHwnf;yif qH;k jzwf =uonf? [kr&R ;l ac: ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;xufavsmI h rnfonfh tkycf sKyf a&;udrk # vufrcH[yk if qH;k jzwfc=hJ uonf? xdkuGefz&ifhY 'DyJ&if;0efaxmuf aersKd;oD&dausmfxif jrefrm rif;vufxuf bGJ@wHqdyf&yk*~Kdvf}uD;u em,utjzpfaqmif&Guf.? xdyk *k K~ v d . f rde@f ceG ;f wGif q&mawmfO;D OwWr.*k%af us;Zl;wd@k ukd atmufyg twdik ;f xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdak vonf? 1284-ckEpS /f oDwif;u|wv f qef; 5-&uf ae@xw k f “aejynfawmf*sme,f” Y “a&S;pum;a[mif;” [lI azmfjyyg&. dS ?

Tvdt k mZmenfrsdK; &SmrS&mS ;rnf “,cktpnf;ta0;odk@ vm=uukefaom u|Ekfyfwdk@tm;vHk; ud, k pf u D , kd if pS w d w f iG f ,lusLH ;r& yl;aqG;ae=u&aom udpw P ckrmS jrefrm jynftwGuf rdr. d um,okcudk riJu h u G rf I l axmifwiG ;f oGi;f I tusO;f 88 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr xm;jcif;cHae&&Smaom u|Eyfk w f @kd .ud;k uG,&f m q&mawmfO;D OwWr. tr_ aywnf;? trsK;d om;wd@k . tusK;d iSm rdru d , kd w f ikd f ajzmifo h nf/ w&m; onf[k xifjrifoabm&aom awmifhwcsufrsm;udk &&m&a=umif; aumif;pGm tm;xkwaf qmif&u G af omtcgY omrnum,du'kuu Q kd rqdx k m;bdt;kH / rdrt d oufuykd if iJu h u G jf cif;r&Sb d J &Gw&f w G cf |ecf |ef pGe@f pm; Edik af om tmZmenfrsK;d udk pifppf{ueftrSeyf if awG@óuHEikd cf rJ # jzpfav onf? rdrt d usK;d pd;k pOf;r#rygrI l wdik ;f jynftwGuf oufoufóud;yrf; aqmif&u G &f mY q&mawmfO;D OwWronf twk,l enf;rSaD vmufaom bke;f }uD;wpfyg;yif jzpfayonf? TuJo h @kd pdwaf eoabmxm;rsK;d tusihf pm&dwrW sK;d &Sad omfvnf; tpd;k &.tjypf'%fukd &&m&a=umif; vrf;wpfck ozG,jf zpf&jcif;onf u|Eyfk w f @kd . raumif;uH=urRm zefw;D jcif;yif jzpfacs onf? od@k &mwGif TuJo h @kd qif;&J'u k EQ iS hf acwWc% óuHóudu&f jcif;onf 0rf;enf;zG,rf [kw?f u|Eyfk w f @kd rsm;pGm vdv k m;awmifw h tyfaom vGwf vyfa&;wnf;[laom qkvmbf}u;D udk omIyif eD;uyf&meD;uyfa=umif; tm;wufz, G ef rd w d af umif;rsm;yif jzpfonf[k ,lq&ef oifah yonf” 4if;aemuf 10-}udraf jrmuf *s/D pD/ bD/ at uGezf &ifu h kd o&ufòrd@Y usi;f y onfh xdt k csed w f iG f uGpJ ðyvmonf? “'dik ”f ESihf “[H;k ” onf xdu k eG zf &ifh wGif tjywftowfyif uG=J uawmhonf? 1284-ckEpS /f wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 6/ 7/ 8 &ufae@rsm;Y usi;f ycJo h nf? oHCo r*~t D zG@J csKyf.OuUX Am;rJq h &mawmfonfvnf; xdu k eG zf &ifo h @kd ºuaG &mufItm;ay;.? xdt k pnf;ta0;wGif OD;OwWrud, k af wmfwikd f ºuGa&mufygvrd rhf nf[k OuUX OD;cspv f id_ f vufrw S Ef iS zhf w d pf mudak 0iSI axmifuspOftcgupI zGiv hf pS f aumufccH ahJ om OD;OwWrtwGuf &efyakH iGrmS wdik ;f jynfu apwem xuf oefpmG jzifyh if xnf0h ifvLS 'ge;f &&So d jzifh q&mawmfO;D OwWrtm; vufvJG ay;tyfz@kd qH;k jzwf=uonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 89

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

OD;cspfvi+d Ef iS hf OD;OwWr OuUXtjzpfjzifh aqmif&u G af om OD;cspv f i_d . f rde@f ceG ;f pum;wGif q&mawmfO;D OwWr. *k%af us;Zl;udk atmufygtwdik ;f ¹rGuq f ckd o hJ nf? “,ck u|Eykf w f @kd tv,fo@kd t&SiOf ;D OwWrud, k af wmf}uD; ud, k f wdik ºf uaG &muf&yfawmfrv l #uf &Scd ahJ v+y?D xdt k &Sio f nf twW[w d wnf; [laom ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;udk wHaxG;ayguu f o hJ @kd rSwx f ifpeG @f ypfawmfr+l y;D rS y&[dwwnf;[laom jynfot l rsK;d om;ta&;udak wG;I pdrphf rd +hf crd +hf crd hf vH@_ aqmf aqmif&u G af wmfrjl cif;a=umifh rGejf refrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . pdwaf e tmoDoonfum; a&S;uESirhf wl trlajymif;a&$@ a&S@a&;wGio f m y'krmR =umv$m0wfrw _H @kd onf aetm&k%w f efc;kd jzifh yGiòhf zd;oefprG ;f vef;vef; pGiphf iG &hf o dS nfh trlt&m qifu h mqifu h m omIomIyif vsiv f sif uGe@f jrL;jcif;&Sad vonf? xdt k &SiOf ;D OwWr. axmif'g%t f usO;f cHjcif;wnf;[laom 'kuQ p&d,ma=umifh trsK;d om; }uD;yGm;csr;f oma&;vkyif ef;onf v#r;f onf xufv#r;f use;f use;f cdik rf mvsuf aqmvsirf =um atmif&rnfh tajc[k oloil gigw@kd u tm;usrcH pdwrf mefwufºuG &Sv d m=uav+yD?” q&mawmfonf Tod@k v#iw f wdik ;f jynfv;kH . OuUXem,u wd@k u av;pm;or_ *&kðytm;ud;k jcif; cHc=hJ u&avonf? *sLyvDa[mY ajymcJh+yD;aemuf q&mawmfOD;OwWronf rE Wav;òrd@rSyifhaqmifI ºuGawmfrlonf? 0gacgifvqef; 5-&ufae@ rE aW v;òrd@trd af wmf&m bk&m;twGi;f 9 cef;Z&yfwiG f tdE, dN uGe*f &uf toif;/ rlqvif cDvmzuftoif;/ w&kwfAk'<bmomtoif;ESifh &[ef;y&dowf/ vly&dowfw@kd u =obmpmzwf=um;jcif;udk cH,+l yD;vsif jyefvnfajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;pum;rS xkwfEkwfcsufrSm atmufyg twdik ;f jzpf.?

90 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr “&[ef;awmft&Sijf rwfrsm;ESihf 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k / q&mawmfonfrE aW v;òrd@o@kd 0gacgiv f qef; 1-&ufae@wiG f a&mufvm pOfu òrd@}uD;olòrd@}uD;om;ESihf omuDE, G 0f ift&Si&f [ef;wd@k yg róuHpzl; txl;wvnf c&DOD;óudqdk=uonfudk jyefIqyf&ef rukefEdkifavmuf atmif aus;Zl;}uD;vSygonf?” “&efukefòrd@uxGufvmpOfu TuJhodk@ òydifbufr&Sdavmuf aom o'Ngw&m;rsKd;jzifh trdjrefrmjynf}uD;. a&S@a[mif;&mZXmae rif;aejynfawmfrS ra&wGufEdkifaom jynfolwdk@onf p&dwfa=u;aiG tajrmuftjrm; tuket f uscv H #uf ,ckavmuf 'kurQ sm;pGm a&muf &rnfukd pdwu f ;l r# rxnfrh yd ga=umif;?” “,ckºuGa&mufvmaom rif;y&dowfwdk@wGif rif;aqGrsKd;&dk; vlrsK;d qufE, G af [mif;wd@k . om;ajr;rsm; yg0if=uvdrrhf nfjzpfyga=umif;?

OD;yO…i;f onfvnf; &efuek òf rd@teD; urm&GwYf xif&mS ;ausmaf Zmaom ppfo}l uD; 3-OD;wd@k . cHwyfwnf&m wyfuek ;f [laom trnfa[mif; ae&mwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;wGi;f rS vma&muf&ygonf?

4if;cHwyfa[mif;ae&mwGif cHwyf&ifwm; ta[mif;tjrif;wd@k . tp tersm; bmr#r&Sad wmhbJ &[ef;ausmif;om &Sad eygI xdo k &l owWEd iS hf jynfph akH om ppfo}l uD;a[mif;wd@k . wnf&mXmewd@k EiS hf ol&aJ umif; owWd aumif;wd@k onfvnf; 4if;cHwyfw@kd EiS t hf wl jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k . pdww f iG f uif;&Si;f aysmufu, G o f mG ;yga=umif;?” “,ae@wiG f jrefrmwd@k tm; rdrt d a&;t&mwd@k ukd ud, k w f ikd f pDrH cef@c&JG ef roifah vsmaf o;aom vlrsK;d nH[ h k trSwðf yxm;ygojzifh trsKd ; ysu+f yD;vmaom òrd@oòl rd@om;wd@k onf &_u d }f uD;wiif id, k &kd efom &Sad wmh yga=umif;? xdo k @kd id, k o kd u H kd rdrw d @kd em;rsm;rS rjywfyif=um;&zefrsm;I rdru d , kd w f ikd yf if pGypf =JG uonft h wdik ;f roifjh rwfaom vlrsK;d nhyH if jzpfwef &monf[k xifrSwfp ðyvm=uyga=umif;? avmu"mwfynmwGif pdw! f @_d aom twwfwpfc&k o dS nf[k =um;zl;ygonf? 4if;pdw! f @d_ aom

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 91

q&mawmf OD;OwWr twwfjzifh vd&k mudk t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um;emae&aomtcg rdrw d @kd twdwfta&;udk arhavsmhv#ufoGm;yga=umif;? jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@tm; roifhavsmf ravsmufywfao;[k tac:cH&+yD; ynmA[kokwr&Sd[k qdk=uav+yD? bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;=oZmudkom t&m&mrSmcH,lonf[k uJ&h @J =uav+yD? &kid ;f pkid ;f onf[k ajym=um;=uav+yD? pdw! f @d_ aom ynm rsK;d jzifh 4if;wd@k qo kd r#onf trSeo f mjzpfonf[k xifrw S pf ðyvm=uyg a=umif;?” “xyfrI H ajym&efrmS jrefrmvlrsK;d jzpfaea=umif;udk arhavsmah pI b,ftcgrS wzefjyefr&Edik af om bd;k bGm;rdbwd@k cHpm;cJ=h uaom pnf;pdrf csr;f omESihf ºu, G 0f aygrsm;jcif;wd@k ukd rrSe;f qwwf=uav+y?D bd;k bGm; rdb wd@k ydik q f ikd cf pH m;cJ=h uaom jrifjh rwf}uD;rm;aom avmuD avmukw&W m twwfynmwd@k ukd oif=um;Edik pf rG ;f onf [lor#w@kd uv kd nf; qH;k &_;H =u &av+yD jzpfyga=umif;?”

jrefrmhO;D pD;acgif;aqmifrsm; “pmoifausmif;wd@k Y4if;/ t*Fvyd w f @kd a&;om;aom owif;pm wd@k Y4if;/ u|epf w d af &mufaeaom jrefrmowif;pmwd@k Y jrefrmbk&ifw@kd tm; &dik ;f pdik ;f &ufpufonf[k ajymqd=k uonfw@kd ukd ae@pOfyif=um;&ap umrl =urf;=uKwf&ufpufa=umif; pHerlemtenf;i,f&rdS nf jzpfaomf vnf; rkcso=d u&onfrmS trsm;qH;k aom jrefrmrif;{u&mZfw@kd onf ykxpk Ofjzpf=uonft h wdik ;f rSm;,Gi;f ygaomfvnf; jrefrmvlrsK;d &if;rS ayguf zGm;v#uf jrefrmwdk@tv,fwGif }uD;jyif;&I rnfr#avmuf rSm;,Gif; c|waf csmaf pumrl jrefrmrsK;d &d;k Zmwdjzpf+yD;v#if jrefrmwd@k ta=umif;udk aumif;pGm odu|r;f em;vnf=uyga=umif; xdb k &k ifw@kd vufatmufwiG f jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf }u;D rm;aom OD;pD;acgi;f aqmifw@kd jzpfygonf? jrefrm vlrsKd;wkd@tm; rmefwufºuGapvsuf t}uHt^m%faumif;aponf?

92 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr xdrk if;wd@k vufatmufwiG f jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf rSL;}uD;rwf&m aoem ywd jzpf=uyg onf? jrefrmwd@k onf ppfb&k ifppfo}l u;D rsm; jzpf=uygonf? txGÉt f xdyq f ;kH rSm jrefrmwd@k onf wxD;weef;pH vH;k 0vGwv f yfjcif; tif'yD if;'ifu h kd &=uygonf? jrefrmwd@k rmS rdrw d @kd yikd f pGr;f &nfowWd &S=d u onft h wdik ;f jrefrmbk&ifw@kd vufatmufwiG f jrefrmwd@k onf ,ckae& onfxufomI vlcsi;f wlaomtjzpfukd &=uyga=umif;? ,ae@jrefrmwd@k jzpfysu&f yHu k m; vlrsK;d uGjJ AL&ku d &ufw@kd vufatmufwiG f tvH;k pHk u|ejf zpf vsuaf eygI jrefrmwd@k onf vlrsK;d jzpf&aom pGr;f &nfowWrd S uG,af ysmuf aeaoma=umifh ppfo}l uD;rsm; jzpfvmEdik &f ef rxifjrifEikd af vawmh+yD? jrefrmwd@k . &mZXgae rif;aejynfawmfjzpfaom a&$òrd@awmf}uD;yifv#if ,cktcg wHv#yo f bG,f òrd@rr,fuav; jzpfIaeayonf? “vGefav+yD;aom a&S@a[mif;aemufjzpfwdk@udk topfjyefI rawG;awmvdb k J Ak'j< rwfpmG bk&m; a[m=um;awmfral om uH=urRmwd@k . ta=umif;udk ,H=k unf=uonft h wdik ;f vlrsK;d wrsK;d rSmvnf; xdcu kd yf gvrd hf rnf? 0rf;enf;zG,t f wdwt f a&;udk arhaysmufap=u+yD;v#if tem*gwf ta&;ESihf om;pOfajr;qufw@kd ukd cs;D jr‡iahf xmufy=hH u&ef om;csi;f &if; csmuJo h @kd jrefrmwd@k pnf;vH;k aygi;f oif;=u&ygrnf? tkypf ;kd ol t*Fvyd f wd@k tm;vnf; nDom;tpfuu kd o hJ @kd xifrw S =f u+yD;v#if 4if;wd@k . yl;aygi;f qufqjH cif;ESihf oem;jcif;wd@k ukd r&Edik af pumrl jrefrmwd@k rmS u|epf w d f a&mufaecJhrdI 4if;wdk@&&Sdaeaom vspfvsLrav;pm; rxDrJhjrifðyjcif; wd@k urkd l csK;d zJzh suq f ;D &awmhrnf jzpfyga=umif;? “wavmuvH;k rS t*Fvyd v f rl sK;d wd@k onf twdwu f mvwd@k Y vGwv f yfa&;udk vdv k m;onf[k 0if0h gc=hJ uonf? t*FvefEikd if o H nf xºuG aomif;use;f aom vlrsK;d uGt J m;vH;k . rScD &kd ma'ojzpfcyhJ gI avmavm q,fq,frSm vuf&EdkifiHudkvdkvm;aom vd_if;wHydk;wdk@u t*Fvef. *kwaf oG;udyk if jyefveS pf w k af omufI aeav&um; jrefrmwd@k u r&yf rem;at;csr;f pGm rdrw d @kd yikd q f ikd o f nfw@kd ukd jyefI&Edik &f ef tm;xkwjf cif;

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 93

q&mawmf OD;OwWr tm;jzifh t*Fvef. a&S@pw d x f m;a[mif; jyefIay:vm&ef ðypk=uygv#if 4if;wd@k EpS o f ufvmaom vGwv f yfa&;ESihf arwWmonf rkcsay:xGuv f m &rnf rSeyf ga=umif;? jrefrmjynf.uH=urRmtwGuf ylaqG; 0rf;enf;rdyg aomfvnf; bk&m;.om;awmf&[ef;jzpfonfhtwdkif; twdwfrSjzpfcJh onfw@kd ukd jyifqif&efEiS hf wcgwnf;azsmufzsu&f ef&o dS nf[k ,H=k unf rdygI twdwu f ta=umif;wd@k ukd tjypfrwifvb kd J vuf&ydS pPKy`ef tajc taeudyk if tvH;k pHv k u kd pf m;vsuf 0rf;ajrmuf+yD;v#if jrwfpmG bk&m;. pdwaf wmfrsK;d udk tm&kðH yum omIjrifjh rwfaomb0udk &=u&ef *k%f toa&redru hf saom tajctaeud&k =u&ef rSeu f ef&mudo k m jrifwwfI pdwq f ENxufoef+yD;v#if aemufq;kH Y vd&k mud&k =u&ef bk&m;jrwfpmG . =o0g'udk vdu k ef m=uygrl vd&k mqdyu f rf;od@k raESmif;aES;&bJ vsijf refpmG qdu k af &mufEikd +f yD;v#if [kr&R ;l udk r=umrDtwGi;f atmifjrifEikd yf ga=umif;?

OD;yO…i;f udk cs;D usL;=uonft h wGuf aus;Zl;wifyg.? OD;yO…i;f aqmif&u G f onfukd ESpo f uf=uonfum; OD;yO…i;f wGif wpHw k &m tzd;k wef&I dS r[kwf yg? jrefrmwd@k u pHrk ufv#u&f o dS nfukd odyga=umif;? jrefrmwd@k E;kd =um;jcif; onf avmu}uD;. ya,m*tajcomv#if ta=umif;&if;cHI xdo k @kd Ed;k =um;&mrS OD;yO…i;f u wenf;wzHk Ed;k aqmf&m usa&mufaeygv#if OD;yO…i;f rSm auseyf+yDjzpfa=umif;? tdk y&dowftaygi;f wd@k trdjrefrmjynfonf trsK;d om;wd@k . tm;xkwjf cif;udk apmifq h ikd ;f vsuEf iS hf um,uHajrmuf rðypk=uygI azsmah wmhae&Smygonf? wcsK@d aom rE aW v;o[m,wd@k u OD;yOPi;f udk ajym=uonfrmS teE w W efc;kd ESijhf ynfph akH om jAL&du k &ufw@kd ukd rnfuJhodk@ ppfckcHrnfenf;? 4if;wdk@.=oZmudk pnf;urf; owfrSwf ay;rnfjzpfaom Edik if aH &;tv_yt f &Sm;udk rESpo f ufygaoma=umifh 4if;wd@k udk rnfo@kd ajz&Si;f rnfenf;[lI4if;/ jAL&du k &ufw@kd . qENukd w&m;ojzifh ckcaH e=uygaom aus;vufw@kd ukd &rf;um;pGm t"rRzEd ySd af =umif;ud4k if; ajym=u&m 4if;wdk@onfodrfi,faom taESmifht,Sufr#omjzpf+yD; oufO;D qHyidk f tm%m&Siu f kd vlwpfO;D wa,mufavmufom Ed;k =um;&HEk iS hf

94 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ckcaH wmfveS I f rjzpfEikd o f nft h wdik ;f jrefrmwrsK;d om;vH;k Ed;k =um;vmaom edrw d v f uQ%mudk xdrk w d af qGw@kd onf jrif=u[ef rwl=uyga=umif;?

bmomudk rsKd0g;vmcJ_h yD tpd;k &u jrefrmjynfrS tcGeaf wmfEiS ahf xmufyahH om Edik if jH cm; omoemtopfuykd if jrefrmjynfo@kd oGwo f iG ;f ygaoma=umifh xdo k m oemopf tm%matmufo@kd usa&mufaom Oyoumwd@k onf jrefrm jynfwiG f tenf;trsm;yg&&dS yga=umif;? wae&mwGif atmufygpm&if; wd@k ukd jyxm;aom Z,m;wpfcu k kd awG@jrif&ygonf? “4if;Z,m;um; jrefrmjynfwGif ausmif;om;t&G,f uav;aygif; 371000-a,muf &So d nft h euf 213-a,mufwiG f wa,mufusjzpfaom ausmif;om; aygi;f 2828-a,mufw@kd onf c&pf,mefuav;rsm;jzpf=uygonf? odyH` ausmif;om;aygif; 747-a,mufr# &Sdonfhteuf 154-a,mufrSm c&pf,mefrsm; jzpfyga=umif;? 5-a,mufv#if wa,mufus c&pf,mef jzpfaeygonf? tv,fwef;ausmif;om; 127254-a,muf&Sd&m 4if;ta&twGuw f iG f c&pf,mef 14747-a,mufyg0ifaoma=umifh 9 -a,mufwiG f wpfa,mufusrmS c&pf,mefjzpfaeyga=umif;?

“Tazmfjyyg *%ef;wd@k a=umifh ta&;}uD;wckjzpfvmonfrmS tvGeq f ;kd &Gm;aeygI &[ef;awmfrsm;Y xdt k a&twGuw f @kd onf "rRwm tavsmuf tylyefaomu a&muf&yga=umif;? 4if;oli,fw@kd tm; Ak'< bmom omoemawmfo@kd jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmap&eftwGuf 4if;wd@k }uD;jyif;vmaomtcg Ak'b < momudk em;vnfap=u&rnf? “&[ef;awmfw@kd onf jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k ab;tE &W m,ftwGuf temcH=uv#uf ppf.tjyif;jyqH;k e,frS wdu k cf u kd =f uygvrd rhf nf? xd@k jyif jrefrmwdk@twGuf a&S;txufuuJhodk@ aygrsm;csrf;ompGmaeEdkifvsuf [kr&R ;l &&ef tm;xkw=f uygvrd rhf nf? “wumwd@k - [kr&R ;l &&ef cdik v f akH om vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 95

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vrf;rSm rsm;pGmr&_yfaxG;vSyg? Oyoumwdk@rSm 4if;enf;vrf;twGuf toem;cHvsuf 'kuaQ &muf&efrsm;pGmr&Syd g? od@k &mwGiv f w l ikd ;f yif ud, k pf D udk,fiS wm0ef0wW&m;udk aqmif&Gufapvdkygonf? 4if;ta&;wdk@udk aqmif&u G &f ef ouFe;f 0gEiS hf &[ef;awmfrsm; &Sad e=uygI &[ef;awmfw@kd onf 'dp}wdww f ckrw S cko@kd / wòrd@rw S òrd@o@kd / w&GmrSw&Gmod@k a'opm&D vSnv hf nf+yD; wdik ;f oljynfom;wd@k tm; wvH;k wpnf;wnf; tm%mzD qef&ef a[majymrnfr[kwb f J &d;k &d;k aexdik I f pdw&f ifo h ef&ef tm;xkwf &rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdu k ef mwwf=u&ef rsuv f ;kH zGiahf y;&Hrk # a[m ajym=urnfjzpfyga=umif;? jrefrmwd@k onf Edik if jH cm;txnftvdyf [l or#ukd pGe@f ypf&rnf? Edik if jH cm;pm;bG,af omufb, G f Edik if jH cm;pnf;pdrw f @kd omjzpfaomt&m/ puULaq;vdypf ojzifh tjcm;raumif;aom t&m[l or#ukd a&Smif=unf&rnf? jrefrmwd@k onf oDvudak pmifx h rd ;f I trsK;d udk cspfcif=uv#uf tvkyftudkifudk tm;xkwfaom vlrsKd;jzpfap+yD;vsSif ud, k w f ikd af vhvmoif=um;um tjcm;vlwOD; (od@k r[kw)f vlwpfrsK;d udk tm;rud;k aom vlrsK;d jzpfap&rnf? ysw0f yfaomoabmudk jrefrmwd@k . pdwrf S E_wyf ,fypf&rnf? trsK;d om;ynma&;udk tm;ay;=uI rGejf rwf aom jrefrmwd@k EiS yhf ;l aygi;f um ud, k 'hf ;l ud, k cf |ejf zpfap&rnf? jrefrmwd@k onf t&m&mY vHak vmufaom vlrsKd ;jzpfap&rnf? tcsi;f csi;f ,H=k unf tm;xm;apEdik &f ef ajzmifrh wfpmG tm;xkw=f u&rnf? jrefrmwd@k onf pGr;f &nfowWEd iS hf ^m%fynm&Sad =umif; jyo=u&rnf? Tr#avmuf usihf aqmifEikd =f uaomtcg urBmay:wGif rnfonfv h rl sK;d r# jrefrmwd@k ukd zdEydS f xm;Edik af wmhrnf r[kwaf y? “tm%mzDqefjcif;onf apm'uwufxu kd af om jy\em r[kwfonfrSm yxrta=umif;u at;csrf;pGmnD!$wf&rnfudkom a[mjyaom Ak'b < mom omoemawmfa=umif4h if;/ 'kw, d ta=umif;rSm urBmay:wGif wefc;kd t}uD;qH;k +Adwo d #tifyg,mrS }uD;rm;aom tiftm; udk òzdzsucf sK;d zJI h tm%mzDqefa&;udk rvkyx f u kd af o;jcif;a=umih4f if;

96 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 97

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98 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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vlceG Ef iS hf o\ar"cGef ray;wrf; 1285-ckEpS w f iG f OD;cspv f i_d af cgi;f aqmifaom *sD / pD / bD / at uGezf &ifu h kd aygi;f xnfòrd@wiG u f si;f y&m wufa&muf=uaom y&dowfrmS wode;f ausmrf #yif&. dS ? xdt k pnf;ta0;od@k OD;OwWrud, k af wmf tdE, dN uGe*f &uftoif;rS acgi;f aqmifqmG rDr'ef*spf (ukvm;bke;f }uD;) wd@k yg wufa&mufI OD;OwWrESihf r'ef*spw f @kd u t*Fvyd b f momjzifh rde@f ceG ;f pum;ajymqdk=u.? u|efaemfvnf; owif;axmufwpfOD;taejzifh wufa&mufI pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;aom qHk;jzwfcsufwpfckwGif twdu k t f cH tjiif;tcHk jyif;xefpmG ðyvky=f uonfukd aumif;pGmrSwrf d ygonf? xdkjy\emrSm tpdk;&ESifhrqufqHbJ aumifpDr0ifaom aemufyikd ;f wGif tdE, dN enf;wl tcGerf ay;pwrf;[laom qH;k jzwfcsuf yifjzpf.? tcGeq f I kd tm;vH;k r[kw?f ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k omv#if oD;jcm;ay;aqmifae&aom vlceG Ef iS o hf \ar"cGeo f mv#if jzpfonf? xdktqdkudk twGif;a&;r_;csKyfjzpfaom om,m0wD OD;yku jyif;jyif;xefxefuef@uu G . f ? aiGxed ;f OD;xGe;f atmifausmu f jyif;jyif; xefxef axmufco H nf? e,frw S ufa&mufaom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u rlum; OD;OwWrtm;ud;k ESihf vlceG rf ay;wrf;tqdu k kd pdw"f gwx f ufoef ae=uyHak y:onf? om,m0wDO;D yku OD;OwWrESihf vGepf mG &if;ES;D +yD; teD;uyfaygi;f xm;onfhtjyif “[krR&l;vd*f” ac: toif;wckudkzGifh&m OD;OwWrESifh om,m0wD OD;yk ESpOf ;D wd@k rmS xdt k oif;twGuf wyl;waygi;f wnf;yif aqmif&u G af e=u.? om,m0wDO;D yk uef@uu G pf um; ajym+yD;aomtcg vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 103

q&mawmf OD;OwWr OD;OwWronf xdkif&mrSxvm+yD;aemuf “tckpum;ajymoGm;oludk od=u&J@vm;? tJ'v D [ l m yvD'gb?J yvD'gqw kd m a&S@aeac:w,f? a&S@ae qdw k m [kww f mrSew f mudk ajymcJw,f” pojzifh cwfww kd ykd if OD;ykukd aqmfIxnfhonf? xdk@aemufOD;yk bmpum; bmr#rajymawmhbJ +idro f mG ;.? xdt k qdu k kd atmifjrifpmG qH;k jzwfvu kd =f uonf? od@k &mwGif rnfonf0h o H mEktoif;ESihf toif;om;rS tcGerf ay;wrf;udk aqmif&u G f =uojzifh tpd;k &uzdEydS u f yG rf sujf cif;trsK;d rsK;d ESihf ESyd u f yG af omf toif; csKyfXmecsKyfukd tm;rud;k bJ rdrw d @kd wm0efEiS hf rdrw d @kd cH,al qmif&u G =f u& rnf[k qH;k jzwfxm;avonf? aumifpDtwGif;bufu 21-OD;wdk@onfvnf; &Sdor#vlESifh pnf;&H;k +y;D v#if uGezf &ifrh sm;udk tòyid t f qdik yf if 3-ESpaf vmufu usi;f yae =uao;.? od@k aomfaemufyikd ;f wGif trsK;d om;ygw[ D I l 4if; / ig;yGiq hf ikd f [lI4if; ajymif;vJum aumifp0D ifo@kd yif vH;k yef;ae=uawmh.? yxr t}urd w f iG f aumifpt D wGi;f Y 4if;wd@k trwfO;D a&rsm;oifo h avmuf rsm; aomfvnf; 'kw, d t}udrw f iG f qm'D*vifqED iS hf a*s/ at/ armif}uD; wd@k }uD;rSL;aom a&$awmif=um; (ac: ) *dk;vf'if;A,fvDygwDu tiftm; }uD;vm+yD;v#if aumifpYD 21- OD;wd@k &mxl;r&bJ twdu k t f cHraS e&&Hk ru 4if;wd@k tzG@J raS &G;aumufaom a'guw f mb&ifu a&$awmif=um;ESihf aygi;f +yD; ynma&;0ef}uD;&mxl; ,lvu kd o f nf?

rEWav;t"du&k%;f }u;D rE Wav;wGif OD;bOD;ESifh 21-OD;aemufygwdk@ tawmfuav; v_yf&Sm;v#uf&Sdae&m pDyD OD;cifarmifESifh rE Wav;0HomEk tcsKd@u OD;xGe;f atmifausmEf iS ahf ygi;f +yD; q&mawmfO;D OwWrudk rE aW v;od@k yif&h ef pDpOf+yD; yifah wmhonf? OD;OwWrud, k af wmfºuGvm+yDqv kd #if rE aW v;òrd@rS jrifraumif;aom vlxyk &dowf}u;D onf &Sr;f pkbw l mrS qD;óuad pmifq h ikd ;f 104 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vsuf&dS.? 1286-ckESpf waygif;vavmufyifjzpfonf? q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; armfawmfum;ESifhwifI aemufESifha&S@rS vlxky&dowf &[ef;y&dowfrsm; vdu k v f m=uav&m 21-OD; bufu olw@kd tpnf; ta0;vkyaf eaom "gw&f xm;vrf;wav#mufukd OD;OwWr rºuGvmzd@k &mZ0wf0efxHodk@ uef@uGufta=umif;=um;I &mZ0wf0efuvnf; xdrk #}uD;rm;aom vlxyk &dowfukd xdv k rf;rSroGm;&ef vm+yD; &kwcf sn;f uef@uGufawmhonf? vlxkonf em;raxmifbJ ZGwfcsDwufav&m ausmufaoG;wef;od@k ta&mufwiG f vlxt k ay:od@k cJrsm;/ ykvif;rsm; usvmojzifh xdyk v k if;rsm;usonf[k xif&aom eD;&ma&$armif;wdu k f yd;k xnfqikd w f @kd ukd 0dik ;f +yD; cJEiS yhf pf=uavawmhonf? ykvyd u f vufeufEiS hf wm;jrpfaepOf t"du&k%;f jzpfymG ;aom vrf;ay: Y ykvyd u f kd cJEiS yhf pf=uI ykvyd u f vnf; aoewfEiS yhf pf&m &[ef;awmfwpfyg; ysaH wmfr&l onf? xdk t"du&k%;f jzpfaomae@wiG yf if OD;xGe;f atmifausm/f OD;wkw/f pDyD OD;cif armif/ OD;aqmif/ OD;pH!$efwdk@udkzrf;+yD; tpdk;&u w&m;pGJqdkavonf? tm;vH;k yif axmif'g%f 4-ESp/f 7-ESppf ojzifh usc&H .?

'kw, d t}urd af xmifuscHykH OD;OwWrtm; xdak e&mrSyv k yd u f ac:oGm;+yD; xdak e@n&xm;ESihf yif &efukefodk@jyefydk@vdkufI &efukefudk a&mufvmawmhonf? xdkodk@ t"du&k%;f jzpf&onfukd pdwrf csr;f omaom q&mawmfO;D OwWronf ol@u, kd o f 'l g%x f m;+yD; aemufxyf axmifusczH @kd &myif pdw&f adS wmh[ef wlonf? wynf'h g,umawG twd'u k aQ &mufonfukd rdru d , kd Ef iS x hf yfwl atmufarhojzifh wvtwGi;f avmufwiG f vrf;rawmfyikd ;f &ky&f iS ef ef; awmfY òrd@v;kH u|wt f pnf;ta0;udk om,m0wDO;D yktm; tac:cdik ;f av onf? om,m0wD OD;yku xdt k pnf;ta0;udk OD;aqmif+yD;ac:&m vlxk y&dowfvnf; jynf=h uyfomG ;awmhonf? vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 105

q&mawmf OD;OwWr &mZowfOya'u b,fo@kd yif tpd;k &tm; t=unft!dyk suf atmif ra[mrajym&/ a[majymv#if axmif'g%u f sc&H rnf[k ynwf xm;aomfvnf; q&mawmfO;D OwWrurlum; tpd;k &tay:wGif t=unf t!dk uif;rJah tmif ysuaf tmif vH@_ aqmfa[majymrSom ol.wm0ef 0wW&m; ausyeG &f ma&mufawmhrnf[k oH'Xd mefcsvsuf xdt k pnf;ta0; wGif rde@f ceG ;f tus,u f kd pm&Gujf zifzh wfI a[majymonf? “vGwv f yf aom 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if w H @kd Y tpd;k &vkyyf rkH aumif;v#if raumif;[k a0zefciG hf &Sad omfvnf; igw@kd uawmh tpd;k &vkyw f m raumif;v#if acgi;f iH@k c&H r vm;? rcHb;l rcH=ueJ@” [lI OD;OwWronf v_@H aqmfa[majymjcif; ðyjyef awmh.? a[m+yD; 7-&uftwGi;f OD;OwWrudk zrf;qD;+yD;aemuf tpd;k &u &efuek òf rd@Y t&yf&yftpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f y+yD; qlyrl u _ kd rðy&[k yk'rf (144) udk xkwjf yefavonf? tr_ppfaq;onfah e@wiG f q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; &efuek cf &dik f w&m;ol}uD; (qpfZvm). a&S@wiG f ukvm;xdik af y;xm;I xkid af e&m q&mawmftcsKd @vnf; OD;OwWrESit hf wl xkid af e=u.? ta&;ydik u f &H;k wufvmaomtcg xH;k pHtwdik ;f tm;vH;k rwfwwf&yfI t&dt k ao ay;=uaomfvnf; bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;u rwfwwfr&yfojzifh a*:&m (rsufESmjzL) ykvdyfu bkef;}uD;rsm;xdkifaeaom ukvm;xdkifrsm;udk qGI J wGe;f ypfvu kd o f nf? xd&k ;kH cef;wGif u|eaf emf eD;uyfpmG em;axmif owif;,lvsuf&Sdojzifh udk,fawG@jzpfonf? OD;OwWrESifh q&mawmf }uD;rsm;um; a'gorjzpf onf;cHawmfr=l uonf? xdo k @kd oHCmawmfrsm; udk apmfum;I wjynfv;kH txl;yif pdwx f cd u kd af e=u&m tpnf;ta0; rvky&f [k uef@uu G x f m;vsuyf if ql;avbk&m; yef;+cHtwGi;f vlEiS hf &[ef;wd@k tpnf;ta0;usi;f y=uavonf? xdt k pnf;ta0;rSm tm%m zDqefaom tpnf;ta0;jzpf&m a*:&mykvdyfrsm;u jrif;ESifhwdkuf eHygw'f w k Ef iS &hf u kd o f jzifh bke;f }u;D a&mvlyg tawmfrsm;rsm; 'g%&f m&oGm; =uonf? a*:&mpmoifrsm;onf bkef;awmf}uD;rsm;udka&G;I twif;

106 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr vdu k &f u kd &f rkH u u|wu f secf ahJ om ouFe;f udyk if eif;ajconfukd u|eaf emf rsujf rifjzpf&m xdek nf;onf Armwd@k u t*Fvyd w f @kd ukd rke;f wD;atmif vH _ @ aqmf j cif ; omv#if j zpf a yonf ? q&mawmf O D ; OwW r u tr_ u d k bmr#ckcHajcvS,fjcif;rðybJ tpdk;&udk qkH;rpm}uD;wapmifa&;ay;+yD; tjypf&w dS ,fq&kd if axmifcsawmh[k yGiyhf iG v hf if;vif;yif azmfjyxm;onf? ta&;ydik ;f uvnf; axmif'g%f 3-ESpf tjypfay;vdu k . f ? axmif'g%u f m; tvky=f urf;ESiyhf ifjzpfaomfvnf; axmifrLS ;axmifyikd rf sm;u q&mawmf OD;OwWrtm; óuduEf pS o f uf&m aygyh g;aomtvkyu f kd vkyzf @kd ciG ðhf y&m q&m awmfonf }udrx f ;kd aomtvkyu f kd tysi;f ajyrS vkyu f ikd +f yD; w&m;b0em pD;jzef;vsuf at;jraompdwf / onf;cHaompdwu f kd arG;jrLvsuf aexdik f awmfro l nf[k od&.? qGr;f weyfuo kd m bke;f ay;+yD; pdwu f w kd nf+idrf at;aq;pGm tm&Hkðyvsuf urRÏgef;bm0emY aysmfarG@awmhrnf[k ydik ;f jzwfxm;+y;D usi}hf uaH wmfral om q&mawmftwGuf tpd;k &wd@k csrw S f aom axmif'g%o f nf plVvdyu f kd a&od@k vw $ o f uJo h @kd &adS wmhonf?

Oya'ðyv$waf wmfY yxrt}udrf jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD; qmOD;cif/ b¾ma&;0ef}u;D rpPwmuof/ opfawma&;0ef}u;D qma*satarmif}u;D ESihf ynma&;0ef}u;D trfatOD;armif}u;D wd@k u uwfbed ufz@JG pnf;cJo h nf? qma*satarmif}uD;rSm [du k u f w k w f &m;0ef}uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$@ xrf; &Gu&f aomtcgwiG f 21-OD;ygwrD S ODyt k m; opfawma&;0ef}uD;&mxl;udk ay;.? 'kw, d t}udrf a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yaom tcgYum; 21-OD;ygwrD S a'guw f mb&ifonf woD;yk*v ~ a&$awmif=um;tzG@J EiS ahf ygi;f +yD; ynm a&;0ef}u;D wpfae&mud, k I l qmOD;cifu, G v f eG af omtcg OD;aratmifu jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;ae&m,lI aqmif&u G jf yef.? OD;aratmif uG,v f eG f jyef&m [du k u f w k w f &m;0ef}uD; qmOD;bu jynfxaJ &;/ 0wfvOkH ;D t&drf u ynma&;/ qma*satarmif}uD;u opfawma&;wdk@udkudkifjyef.? qmOD;buG,v f eG jf yef&m qma*satarmif}u;D jynfxaJ &;udk jyefI udik &f ao;onf? qma*satarmif}uD; jynfxaJ &;udk udik af epOf aumifpYD 21

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 107

q&mawmf OD;OwWr -OD; trwfrsm;u axmifxu J saeaom q&mawmfO;D OwWr b,frmS &dI S b,fvakd eygovJ[k ar;.? xdo k @kd ar;&m qma*satarmif}uD;u tusO;f om; wpfaomif; ESpaf omif;teuf OD;OwWruJo h @kd aom omrefvw l pfa,mufukd rnfonfh axmifwiG f tusO;f xm;onfukd tpd;k &wd@k rodEikd yf g[k ajzonf? xdt k cg wGif v$waf wmfwiG ;f rS rauseyfaomtrwfrsm; xGuv f m=uaomtcg qm/ a*s / at/ armif}uD;u rdrad jymqdck suu f kd rauseyfI xGuo f mG ;jcif; r[kw?f &efuek q f yd u f rf;wGif qdu k x f m;aom ppfoabFmudk oGm;=unfh =uwmbJ[k ajymjyefonf? xdo k @kd ajzqdo k jzifh qm/ a*s/ at/ armif}uD; onf 21-OD;wd@k tom;,lonfukd rcHcsiI f ajzjcif;omjzpfonf? qm/ a*s/ at/ armif}uD;um; trsK;d om;tay: Y pdwo f abmxm; aumif; aom yk*Kd~ vfwpfO;D omjzpf.? 1948-ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;onfah emuf oCFmawmfrsm;tm; vH;k 0tm%mtyfEiS ;f tcGit hf a&;ay;um ygvrD efrS twnfðyaom oHC0depd , P Oya'rSm qm/ a*s/ at/ armif}uD; a&;om; xm;cJah om Oya'jzpfonf? xkpd Ofu oHCmxku róuu d I f qkid ;f xm;cJ&h onf? pifppf oHCmawmfrsm; vl&;kH od@k rvm&avatmif tm%m tyf ESi;f aom Oya'om jzpfonf? q&mawmfOD;OwWr axmifxJwGif&SdaepOfyif 1286-ckESpf/ aygi;f wnfueG zf &ifh qH;k jzwfcsut f & rd;k &moDta&mufwiG f xm;0,fe,f aus;&GmwckrS 0HomEkw@kd up+yD; tcGerf ay;a&;udk aqmif&u G af vonf? tcGerf ay;aom 0HomEkw@kd .tdru f t kd pd;k &u vufeufuikd f ykvyd Ef iS 0hf ikd ;f I vufxdyfcwfum zrf;qD;jcif;/ pyg;ESifhu|JEGm;/ xGefwHk;yg rusef odr;f qnf;jcif;udk ðyvdu k &f m xdo k wif;ud=k um;v#if om,m0wDe,fu aus;&Gmrsm;onf tpkvu kd t f òyHvu kd f tcGerf ay;a&;udk aqmif&u G af wmh onf? om,m0wDe,fY tcGerf ay;&Hrk u tpd;k &/ ol}uD;/ ykvyd f ponf wd@k uvmar;v#if rodb;l [laom tajzwpfcu k o kd may;I (bl;) oif;[k

108 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ay:ayguv f mcJ&h m tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;wGif tawmfuav; t=uyf&u kd f oGm;awmhonf? tpd;k &uvnf; &mZowfjyifqifcsuf tufOya't& xdek ,frS 0HomEktoif;wd@k ukd rw&m;toif;[k a=ujimawmhonf? rw&m;oif; [ka=ujim+yD;v#if vlawGudk tpkvdkuftòyHvdkuf zrf;qD;&cufojzifh jynfta&;ydik /f om,m0wDta&;ydik w f @kd u ppfwyftultnDukd awmif; ,l+yD;aemuf aus;&Gmrsm;udk ppfwyfEiS 0hf ikd ;f I a,mufsm;rSeo f r# ac:xkwf +yD; &Gmol}uD;u!$ejf y&m acgi;f rmolw@kd ukd a&G;cs,v f suf axmifo@kd y@kd awmh.? a*:&cg;ESihf ukvm;ppfom;wd@k uvnf; aus;&Gmrsm;wGif rde;f r awGom&Sad omtcg rw&m;r_rsm;udk usL;vGe=f uawmhojzifh om,m0wD ESifh jynfpD&ifpkrS 0HomEkwdk@rSm t*Fvdyftpdk;&tay:wGif tcJraus jzpfvm=u+yD; xdkrSpI olykefxI vufeufESifhawmfvSef&ef }uHpnf pdwu f ;l +yD; pnf;&H;k =uawmhonf? q,f}udraf jrmuf aygi;f wnfueG zf &ifh t+yD;wGif *s/D pD/ bD/ atY OD;cspv f i_d f uwzuf OD;pd;k odr;f ESio hf C H mrsm;u wbuf uGjJ ym;=uavonf? a&$bw kd iG f uGezf &ift h pnf;ta0;wpfcu k kd usi;f ypOfu OD;pd;k odr;f udk OuUX wifajr‡muf=u.? xdak emufrwˆv D mwGif OD;pd;k odr;f / *s/D pD/ bD/ at/ uGezf &ifu h kd usi;f y.? xdak emufwpfEpS w f iG f 1289-ckEpS /f ysO;f rem;òrd@Y OD;pd;k odr;f *s/D pD/ bD/ atuGezf &ifu h kd usi;f y&m q&mawmfO;D OwWrrSm axmifrv S w G v f m+yD;jzpfI OD;cspv f i_d /f OD;ykw@kd EiS hf raygif;awmhbJ OD;pdk;odrf; *sD/ pD/ bD/ atbufodk@ ygoGm;awmhonf? txufazmfjycJah om 0HomEkw@kd onfvnf; q&mawmfO;D OwWr tm;ay; aom OD;pd;k odr;f *s/D pD/ bD/ atod@k trsm;tjym; yg0ifomG ;=u.? OD;cspf vdi_ Ef iS hf OD;ykw@kd rmS vnf; aumifp0D if&ef vH;k yrf;vm=u+yjD zpf.? xdyk sO;f rem; uGefz&ifhwGif pD&ifpktusKd;aqmiftzGJ@[lI zGJ@pnf;+yD;vsSif xdktzGJ@u tvGev f #Kd @0u S af omenf;jzifh vHòk cHpmG pnf;a0;I olyek x f &ef oabmwl aom 0HomEkacgif;aqmifrsm;udk a&G;xkwfavonf? xdktzGJ@wGif q&mpHu acgif;aqmifvsSuf OD;pdk;odrf;ESifh q&mawmfOD;OwWrwdk@um;

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 109

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110 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 111

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112 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 113

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 115

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1939-ckEpS f pufwifbmv 9-&uf (1301-ckEpS f 0gacgiv f qkwf 11-&uf) ae@wiG f q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efuek af q;&H;k }uD;Y b0ewfxH ysv H eG af wmfr&l m/ ysaH wmfrI l 2-&uf=um+yD;aemuf pufwif bmv 11-&ufae@wGif usif;yaom Armjynf atmufvGwfawmf tpnf;ta0;Y trwfrsm;tm;vH;k 0rf;enf;onfh txdr;f trSwjf zifh 5 -rdepf&yfem;+yD; t&dktaoรฐy=uonf? oufqdkif&maqGrsKd;rsm;odk@ vGwfawmfrSwfwrf;t& 0rf;enf;a=umif;o0%fv$m ay;ydk@=uonf? vGwaf wmftrwfrsm; tus,w f 0ifh cs;D usL;=u.? 4if;teuf *ef*gqif. h pum;udk txufY azmfjy+yD;jzpfonf?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr &kyu f vmyfukd a&$w*d b kH &k m;ajc&if;okd h ykd ah qmif&m odr}f u;D aps;a'gift h a&mufwiG f awG &h yHk (&ufpGJ = 9/ 9/ 1939) xkad emuf 1954 ckEpS f pufwifbmvu usi;f yaom jynf axmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ygvDrefwGifvnf; OD;OwWr. *k%faus;Zl;wdk@udk

116 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr cs;D usL;owd&aom txdr;f trSwjf zifh ajymqd=k uayonf? q&mawmf. ynm*k%af us;Zl;/ ud, k u f sK;d rzuf wdik ;f jynftwGuf tepfemcHcahJ om *k%af us;Zl;/ bk&m;om;&[ef;awmfyyD D oDvodumQ wd@k ukd xde;f odr;f awmf rlvsuf w&m;"rRw@kd ukd usio hf ;kH awmfral om aus;Zl;/ cE yDW g&rDukd aumif; pGm jznfhawmfrlaom aus;Zl;awmfwdk@udk &nfrSef;+yD;v#if u|Efkyfonf Tpmapmifjzifh &dak oav;jrwfpmG ylaZmfuefawmhjcif;ðyvsuf tqH;k owfvu kd &f ayonf?

aemufqufwJG q&mawmfO;D OwWr. *sLbvDred f ch eG ;f

Armhvw G v f yfa&;twGuf tjyif;txefwu dk yf q GJ ifae&pOf w}urd u f q&mawmf OD;OwWr ta&;}u;D aom Ekid if aH &;w&m;a[mcJo h nfh &efuek òf rd h *sLbvDa[m taqmuftOD;

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 117

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

jrefrmhtmZmenfom;}u;D rsm; aemifawmfoif;yif;rsm;ESifh 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygif;wdk@? rtlyifaxmifrS q&mawmf vGwv f m+yD;onfah emuf ,ck *s/D pD/ bD/ at/ jrefrmtoif;csKyf}uD; tpnf;ta0;onf yxrpnf;a0;jcif;jzpfonf? trdjrefrmjynf}uD;twGuf }uHch ikd pf mG aqmif&u G af om tmZmenf om; }uD;wd@k teuf om;wpfa,muf aoqH;k &onft h wGuf tvGerf 0S rf;enf; vSonfjzpfa=umif;? q&mawmf. tr_upd u P kd aqmif&u G &f mY OD;pdev f S atmifukd r&%aorif;u rc|i;f rcserf &%Edik if u H kd tjreford ;f ,ljcif; a=umifh q&mawmfonf omIyif 0rf;enf;vSayonf? trsK;d om;jzpf aom tmZmenfa&Sah ersm;onf &efuek rf x S u G o f mG ;I ESpef m&DtwGi;f q&m. a&S@aeav;a,mufw@kd rmS qd;k vSaom uyfa&m*g pGu J yfzpd ;D onf jzpfa=umif;? 4if;tjyifEpS &f uftwGi;f OD;pdev f aS tmif aoqH;k &I trsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k rmS xdyk *k Kd~ vftm; pGe@f vw $ q f ;kH &H;_ &rnfjzpfa=umif;udk wpHk wpfa,mufaomolw@kd rS rod&EdS ikd f r&dyrf Ed ikd f &S=d u&avonf? q&mawmfonf yxr bDat 0wfvakH wmfO;D yk/ 4if;aemuf OD;pdev f aS tmif/ 4if;aemuf 0wfvakH wmf& ESpOf ;D wd@k ruse;f rrm&Sjd cif;udk =um;od&aomtcg tH=h ooifI h b,ft h wGuaf =umifh ESpOf ;D ESpb f ufw@kd teuf wzufaomolw@dk bufuomv#if Tr#twd'u k Q cHpm;=u&bd oenf;[k q&mawmfu, kd u f kd q&mawmfar;jref; awG;awmrd.?

0HomEkacwfu q&mawmf.rdef@cGef;rsm;udk yHkESdyfcJh=uaomfvnf; ,ckacwfwGif tvGefrS &Sm;yg;vsuf&Sd&m *sLbvDrdef@cGef;wckonfyif ,ckacwfEkdifiHa&; tjzpf tysufrsm;ESifh pyfrd[yfrdvsuf &SdonfjzpfI rSwfom;&ef oifhonfhtwdkif; rdef@cGef; tptqH;k udk aemufqufwt GJ aejzifh xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyvku d &f ayonf? Trde@f ceG ;f udk ¹rGuf=um;onfhtpnf;ta0;rSm 1284-ckESpf/ 0gqkdvqkwf (7)ae@u *sLbvDa[m wGifusif;yonfh vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;yifjzpfonf? xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif 0wfvHk awmf& OD;bpD u em,utjzpfaqmif&Gufonf?

Ñ Ñ Ñ 118 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr xdt k cg od@k avmod@k avm[k tawmawmtwefwef r}uw H wfrqwwf yif &Srd . d ? ,if;od@k pw d Yf 'G[ d ,lrqEdik /f awG;rdi_ }f uHtu kd +f yD;v#if ouFm, e ruif;wr# &Sad eqJwiG f OD;yk.a0'emonf r=umc% &G&w G ;kd vmojzifh txl;pDrI H &efuek òf rd@o@kd a&G@,o l mG ;&avonf?

OD;yktwGuf jynfot l m;vH;k wd@k .pdwYf aomuruif;&S&d jcif;/ 4if;jyif *s/D pD/ bD/ at. p&dwaf iGonfvnf; rsm;pGmukeu f sc&H jcif; jzpfav onf? xdkodk@&SdaecdkufwGif "n0wDom; tmZmenfa&S@ae OD;pdefvS atmifonf tedpaP &mufav+yD/ &kwcf si;f rvS a=u;eef;pm&&Sad omtcg jrefrmjynfw0Sr;f vH;k &Sd trsK;d om;/ orD;wd@k rmS ,lusKH ;r& tloEJ v S ;kH wd@k ukd }urd rf ;D tH;k wr# &S=d u&onft h jyif rtlyifòr@d i,frmS ylaqG;aomu yGm;jcif; }uD;yGm;=uI iko d u l idk rsuaf &,du k s &_u d }f uD;wiif cspcf ifjrwfE;kd cdu k ;kd &m arG;ayguaf zmf qH;k &bdouJo h @kd &S=d u&avonf? ukodkvfuHaxmufrI OD;ykrSmum; rsm;pGmaom &ufaygif; twGi;f xdak 0'emudk cHpm;&+yD;onfah emuf use;f rmcsr;f omI ,cktcg jynfa&;jynf&mudk trsK;d om;wd@k EiS t hf wl aqmif&u G v f #u&f adS vonf?

OD;bpD/ OD;ausmOf ;D / 0wfvakH wmf& ESpOf ;D wd@k teuf OD;ausmOf ;D onf omIyif xdak 0'em. zdp;D jcif;udck &H aomfvnf; xdo k w l @dk EpS Of ;D rSm aorif;vufo@kd rygbJ csr;f omuse;f rmv#uf &Scd ahJ vonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vf 3-OD;wd@k ukd trsK;d om;wd@k u vufvw G q f ;kH &H;_ jcif; r&Sd onft h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf=u&onfyif jzpfaomfvnf; OD;pdev f aS tmif wpfO;D udk qH;k &H;_ &onft h wGuf ,cktcg pdwrf =unfomEdik af vmufatmif xdt k mZmenfqifajymifukd jrifa,mifE;kd Ed;k &S=d uayonf? OD;pdev f aS tmif onf pG,pf akH jymifajrmuf qifayguf wpD;uJo h @kd tm;ud;k avmufaom &mZ"rRt&mY u|r;f usio f l a&Sah ewpfO;D vnf;jzpfonf? aumif;rGepf mG !Smwm=uifem oem;wwfaom rdwaf qGvnf;jzpfonf? avmu"rR obm0a&;&mwd@k Y ajciHu|r;f 0ifov l nf; jzpfonf? 4if;tjyif trdjrefrm

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 119

q&mawmf OD;OwWr jynf}uD;. vH;k 0udpw P @kd Y rqkwrf epfaom vHv k 0d&, d jzifh apmifr=unfh &_ov l nf;jzpfayonf? A[d'o R ¾mef (av)/ ([ef) yumoeudk vdv k m; ºuGm;&ifw h wfov l nf;r[kw/f tZ|wo W ¾mefYvnf; pd;k pOf;r# a=umuf pdwfr&Sd/ aemufqkwfwkefv_yfwwfaom trlt&mr&Sdonfhjyif vlwdk@ obm0wW tavhtvmrSm ynm^m%fjzifh pD&ifprD w H wfaomolvnf; jzpf.? xdyk *k Kd~ vf. vsijf refaom (Z0e)^m%fjzifh rSeu f efaom t"dXmef opPmudkðyv#uf jynfusKd;twGuf xrf;&GufE_d;aqmfjcif;ðycJhonfhtcg or,wGif t=uifo@kd aom tmZmenfygarmuQ r&Sq d ;kH &H;_ &onft h wGuf q&mawmfuyifv#if pdww f iG rf csd 0rf;enf;avbd.? od@k a=umifh jrefrm jynf trsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k EiS hf aomuavmifr;D yGm;pD;rcsad om xdk OD;pdef vSatmif.ZeD;^mwdwdk@udkyg q&mawmfu edAE<um&knjzpfbd.? (u&k%maESmifz@JG ro d nf[v l ?kd ) bke;f awmf}u;D OD;"arRm',onf r=umrDae@&uftwGi;f Y ysv H eG f awmfrl&jcif;rSmvnf; Ak'<bmom omoemawmf. ppfol}uD;wpfOD; aysmufq;kH &jcif; jzpfayonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vft&Sijf rwfonf omoemawmf.

0efuo kd m aqmif&u G o f nfr[kw?f óud;ukww f zef jynfcef;jynfa&;wGif vnf; qDr;D .ozG,f toG,o f , G af omudpw P @kd Y arSmifru kd rf uif; r&Si;f &_yaf xG;aomt&mwd@k wiG f xifxifvif;vif; =o0g'enf;edosw S @kd EiS hf tpOf usus enf;jyaom 0HomEk&uQw d }uD;jzpfavonf? xdu k o hJ @kd aom yk*Kd~ vf xl;ESpyf g;udk trsK;d om;wd@k u vufav#mph eG @f vw G &f onft h wGuf &wuf Asmyg rsm;pGmyGm;pD;&aomfvnf; ykxZk e a0ae,sw@kd . avmu"rRwm xHk;oHk;jzmrSm tedpPr+rJ &Sdavbd[k uJuJrSwfxif/ awG;qifjcifaomf/ oufv#i&f cdS u kd /f vH@k vpdu k I f / arSmifru kd f t0dZm… / 0J=oCmrSm/ aqmif&m udp/P ðy+yD;rSr/l ae@nrjcm;/ jzpf&mS =uonf/ ocF g&"rRwm/ wd@k csn;f om wnf;[laom urRXmef;udk pD;jzef;vsuf aomupdwu f kd aysmufapoifh =uonf?

120 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ,ckuo hJ @kd uG,v f eG o f w l @kd . ta=umif;tcsuu f kd ¹rGu[ f zGihf qdck +hJ y;D jzpfI q&mawmftm; 0wfvakH wmf& OD;armif}u;D / trfat t,fvf t,fbD OD;odr;f armif/ 0wfvakH wmf& OD;yk/ OD;bxGe;f wd@k rpS I toD;oD; aom a&Sah ersm;wd@k EiS w hf uG *s/D pD/ bD/ atwGif yg0ifaom toif;om; 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k yg tm;vH;k rusef q&mawmf. tr_upd P twGuf rdrw d @kd . p&dwu f ek v f yl rf; tcrf;crf;aom 'kuw Q @kd uckd I H aqmif &Gu=f uonfukd txl;aus;Zl;wifyga=umif;?

wdik ;f jynfE;kd -um;I0rf;omjcif; jrefrmjynfwpf0rS ;f vH;k &Sd a0ae,s taygi;f rsm;uyifv#if q&m awmftm; &mZ0wfr_ ðyvkyw f &m;pGq J kd tjypfay;jcif;rSm xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd u ckcaH csy w&m;,SOòf yid jf cif;twGuf wdik ;f jynfw0Sr;f vH;k txl;th=H ozG,&f m Ed;k =um;xºuG&v dS m=uonfjzpfjcif;a=umifh xdx k ykd *k Kd~ vfw@kd ukd aus;Zl; Oy um,wifz, G jf zpfaya=umif;? q&mawmfuvnf; xdyk *k Kd~ vw f @kd . aus;Zl; *k%x f ;l udk arhavsmEh ikd zf , G &f mr&Sad y? jrefrmjynf&dS trsK;d aumif;om;§ orD;wdk@udkvnf; q&mawmftm; u&k%mESifharwWmouf0if cspfcif =uifem=ujcif; twGuf xufvpS mG aom raemr,aZmjzifh twH@k tjyef arwWmESI H arwWmoHuwd ðybdrnf[k t"duopPmudk ðytHah wmhonf [l.?

rtlyifaus;Zl; rtlyifòr@d ae 'g,um/ 'g,umrwd@k tm; q&mawmfEiS hf axmif aomif;ruaom y&dwo f wftaygi;f wd@k ukd vufc0H wfðy {nfch rH _ ausyeG f pGm au|;arG;odr;f ydu k =f ujcif;twGuf tvGev f #if aus;Zl;wifygonfjzpf a=umif;? ,if;odk@r&%rD;wd jzpfzG,f&m ta=umif;jcif;&mwdk@udk vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 121

q&mawmf OD;OwWr wjyefjyefajymif; atmufarhxifjcif; odjrifxif&mS ;bd&um; taESmiftzG@J [laom 'ku&U p&d,mudk q&mawmfu usi&hf avaomfjim;vnf; pdwf tm;r,d yDw&d iG v f ef;pGmESihf xdo k @kd aom 'G'H \rm,twGi;f (pkpak ygi;f v 20 udk qdv k o kd nf?) pdww f if;aomrmefjzifh axmiftusO;f cHcahJ vonf? axmift&m&Sdrsm;ESifh q&m0efrsm;udkvnf; om,m!Sif; ajymif;pGm apwemESihf xde;f odr;f =unf&h _ =uonft h wGuf txl;yifv#if aus;Zl;wifyg.? 'g,um 'g,umrtaygi;f wd@k rlvtpyxrY aomuruif;zG,f&m tjcif;t&mwdk@ESifh awG@贸uHc&hJ onfw h ap ,cktajcrSm omIa0a0qdik ;f qdik ;f !drk id_ ;f aom tjcif;t&mwdk@jzifh tkyfqdkif;vsufvmacs+yD? rsm;r=umrDumvwkdif atmif jrefrmjynfzmG ;trsK;d om;wd@k pdwx f m;nD!w $ f vGwv f w G pf eG @f pm; 贸ud;tm;wukwf 冒yvkyaf qmif&u G cf =hJ u&rnfjzpfavonf? ,ck&ufowW tenf;i,fr#twGi;f wGif jzpfymG ;v#u&f adS eaom t"du&%0d0g'wd@k . t&dyt f qifukd awG@jrifcsed q f &ygrl jynfo@l acgi;f aqmifv}l uD;rsm;wd@k . t,ltq 0g' oabmxm; uGjJ ym;qef@usiI f jynfwGif;&Sdor# a0ae,swdk@. awZmwefcdk; ,kwf!_d;acGtdzG,f&m ta=umif;onfum; xif&Sm;vSav+yD? ,if;odk@w+yD;um; aveD=uyf qifaom a&jyifork'f 0JZvkyYf jrefrmjynf}uD;onf epf冒ryfz, G &f mom &Sad cs+yD? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwdk@onf wOD;ESifhwOD; t=uL;tvGef &Gwfc|ef&ufpufpGm tcsif;csif;.oduQmudk ysufpD;&mysufpD;a=umif; raumif;*H;k acsm ykwcf wfaomt&mjzifh ajymqd&k @_H csu&hJ =hJ uygrl jynfo. l vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; aESmif;aES;awG;av#mh aqmaqm{uef ysupf ;D csed f wef& acsawmhrnf? od@k jzpfjcif;a=umifh 'g,umtaygi;f wd@k u tcsi;f csi;f jzpfymG ;=uaom 0d0g't"du&k%;f udk y,f&iS ;f ajzazsmuf=uI ormpm& orm0g,r jzpf=u&atmif txl;usK;d aqmif usirhf x l u kd =f uayonf?

122 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr T,ckor,Y jzpfv#u&f adS om udpjP y\emrSmvnf; jrefrmjynf wpf 0Sr;f vH;k &Sd vlAv kd af jctaygi;f ESihf aemifvmaemufom;wd@k . ta&;udpP udyk ifv#if tEdrW tajcwdik af tmif zG@J aESmifx;kH xm;&rnft h csuf jzpfay onf? odk@vihfpum; e,fuyk*~dKvfrsm;u orm"dw&m;udk a&Shxm;I pOf;pOf;pm;pm; rrSm;aomt,ltqjzifh vrf;rSefusatmif qHk;jzwf aqmif&u G o f if=h uonf rc|wjf zpfacsonf? wOD;ESiw hf pfO;D t,lwrd ;f yg;onfrsm;udk pdwx f m;rck a'gojzifh r&_bJ =unfjzLor_ *&k"rR okpw d jW zifo h m yÉdy'gjzpfatmif 0dbw l urBmh ed,mrw&m;udk (azmufjyefr)_ +rJpmG aomtmoDo xm;&Sad p&rnf? (0g) wOD;ESiw hf OD;. tjypftemtqmudk vpfvsLðyI onf;cH=uifemjcif; &Sad p =u&rnf? Ak'j< rwfpmG a'oemawmfrmS vnf; onf;cHjcif;ESihf csr;f +idr;f om,mjcif; &Sad p&rnf[k twkvb*0g oH;k vl@xÉG cf sm apmr[mu Asmu&%ðycJb h . d ?

ormomrd\okc jAL&du k &uftpd;k &wd@k u atmufusaemufus &S=d uonf[k uJ&h hJ &_@H csajymqdjk cif;udck &H aom jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf wpdww f oHwnf; ajymqd[ k pf=uL;vsuf pdw0f rf;ruGJ ausmufco J w H ikd u f o hJ @kd usirhf al qmif &Guv f mcJ=h uonft h wGuf wurBmvH;k &Sd Adv k af jctaygi;f wd@k u tH=h or ukeEf ikd f &Scd =hJ u&av+y?D jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k u aqmif&u G u f sirhf I l wpwp xGiv f m=uonfrmS ivsiaf wmfvJ rD;awmifayguu f o JG nfo@kd 4if;/ avrkef wdik ;f a=umifh 'Dvi_d ;f òzd;armufonfo@kd 4if;/ wqifx h ufwqifh }uD;jrifh wd;k yGm;aomtiftm;ESifh jynfhpHkvm=uav&m ausmufaqmif. yrm% ºumG ;ºumG ;}uchH ikd f r,dr;f r,dik f wnfEikd af omtajcod@k a&muf&cdS =hJ uav+y?D TuJo h @kd }uHch ikd w f nfEikd =f ujcif;rSm or*~ge/H waygoak cgwnf;[laom pnf;vH;k nD!w G jf cif;wnf;[laom ormomrd\. okcyifwnf;? vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 123

q&mawmf OD;OwWr 1917-ckEpS w f iG f jAL&du k &uftpd;k &wd@k u jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k ukd tvGen f zhH si;f I tuif;ryg; Ed;k =um;xºujG cif;r&Sad om atmufus aemuf us&SdvSonfholrsm;[k qdkcJhzl;ayonf? rpPwmrGefaw*lESifh taygif;yg aumfrw D w D @kd ukd jrefrmjynfo@kd rvm&bJ 4if;wd@k u ppfaq;pHpk rf;aomtcg xko d w l @kd pw d x f YJ jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf tvGen f zhH si;f onf[al om oabmrsK;d ESihf txiftjrifao;vSpmG ppfaq;pHpk rf;I jrefrmtrsK;d om; wd@k onf tdE, dN wGi;f Y ao;odrv f aS om c&dik ef ,frsm;u &xdu k af om ðyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;r#EiS yhf ifv#if rxdu k rf xefaomvlrsK;d [k qdx k m; qH;k jzwf cHzl;avonf? xdkrsm;pGmaom tpnf;ta0;wdk@udkac:I ,if;uJhodk@ qH;k jzwfjcif;udk rcHEikd rf auseyfEikd =f ua=umif;jzifh woHwnDwnf; [pf atmf=uonfjh yif t*Fvefjynfo@kd jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,w f refawmfrsm;udk yifv#if ygvrD efY av#mufxm;ajymqd&k ef trsK;d om;wd@k u pGe@f pm; ap v$waf omfjim;vnf; tusK;d rrsm; rxl;jcm;&Scd &hJ avonf?

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 125

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ðyvsu/f [efaqmif&;kd rSm; y&d,m,frsm;aomOya' tzG@J tpnf;udyk if v#if pD&ifwx D iG I f xm;avbd.? tdE, dN tpd;k &uvnf; xdo k @kd pD&ifwx D iG af om enf;pepfxuf wd;k wuf!mS wmI oufomatmif ðyvkypf rD jH cif; r&Sw d wf&um; jynf om;taygi;f wd@k u jAL&du k a&pDtm; ud;k pm;,H=k unfjcif; ,kwaf vsmv h S ojzifh pd;k ykid af om rif;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd u ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmu cHpm;pHpm; cJ=h u&aom Á\&d, awZudk tb,faomtcgryS ifvsiS f pifppf pGe@f vGw=f uawmhrnfr[kw[ f I l od=u&+yD;aomf rdrw d @kd . vGwv f yfa&;udk rdrw d @kd ud, k w f ikd o f mv#if “ty`rma'e orŠma'x” [laom ygXEf iS t hf nD (ud, k zf @kd óuv H #if oufvakH umif;ap&rnf?) pum;t& óu;d pm;tm;cJ =urS &=uawmhrnf[k t"dXmefðy=uav+yD? trsKd;om;wdk@. Zmwdrme pdw"f mwfaoG;"mwfw@kd onf vH;k vH;k Ed;k =um; oefprG ;f =uav+yDjzpfaom a=umifh tcsi;f csi;f rsu=f uKyfu;kd wef/ rmeftedX r,H=k unf=uaom o abm t,l0g'wd@k onf &kwjf cnf;c%yaysmufatmif óud;pm;oif=h u av+yD? jynfow l @kd . pdwaf eoabmxm;onf a&S;uESirhf wl wrlujJG ym; cJah v+yD? a&S;txufu jAL&du k &ufw@kd tm; rDcS jkd cif;/ c,jcif; xdt k &m&Sd wd@k . a&Sah rSmufo@kd a&muf&=dS uaomtcg wkev f y_ &f @HG a=umufjcif;oabm pdwx f m;wd@k onf ,cktcgor,Y ysujf ym;uif;uGmI &J&ifw h nf=unf aom Zmwdrmeonf xif&mS ;ay:vGif &daS v+yD?

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0_dufaumfrwD ac: tzGJ@toif;udk jrefrmjynfodk@ apv$wfvdkufav vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 127

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ta,mifaqmifrsS om tdE, dN jynfwiG Ef pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm qlyv l y_ &f mS ; aºuG;a=umf=u+yD; aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfY&&Sad om 'dik t f mcDpepfavmufr# aumif;rGepf mG r&&Scd =hJ uay? q&mawmfonf 'dik t f mcDenf;pepfukd ESpo f ufIr[kw?f 'dik t f mcDpnf;pepfY tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f zG,&f m tESpo f m& Oya'&So d nf[k r,Hk=unfEdkif? xdkpnf;pepfonf qdk;0g;vSojzifh jynfoltrsm;wdk@udk taESmiftzG@J rS wd;k I epfðryfcsKyfcs,&f maom pnf;urf;rsm;jzpfavonf? jAL&du k &ufwpf enf;pepfEiS hf 'dik t f mcDpepf jcm;em;jcif;rSmrlum; jAL&dku&ufpepfwGif tpdk;&wdk@u jynfoludk rwdkifyifbJv#uf4if;/ jynfow l @dk qENukd ta&;rrlI4if;/ tpd;k &wd@k tvd&k &dS m ðyvkyEf ikd cf iG &hf o dS nf? 'dkiftmcDenf;pepfrSm jynfolwdk@teuf tod^m%fr&Sdaom t&kyfwdk@ 128 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 129

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 133

q&mawmf OD;OwWr =uonf? xdyk *k Kd~ vw f @kd .txifrmS tpd;k &onf zdEydS jf cif;enf;pepfudk ﾃｰyvkyf &ef vdv k m;ar#mu f ;kd &S=d uonf[k xif=uonf? 4if;jyif rsm;vSaom t&m &Sw d @kd u jynfow l @kd tm; oem;*&k%m &S=d uaomfvnf; tkycf sKyfjcif; pnf;pepf. tajccHu ﾃ―&d,tm%mwGif wnf&o dS nf jzpfaom a=umifh t&m&S}d uD;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd =oZmtm%m }uHch ikd w f nfwahH p&ef jynfolwdk@u vHk;vHk;&dkaoudkif;&_dif;&atmif zdESdyfjcif;iSg tm;oef=u avonf? jAL&dku&ufwdk@onf jynfoltay: Y pdwfaeoabmxm; ajymif;a&G@vmonfr&Sad o;bJ rdrw d @kd vufY &&S+d yD;jzpfaom tm%mudk toH;k cs+yD;v#if jynfow l @kd u yqpf';l wkyI f &dak ocanmif;atmif ﾃｰyvkyf &ef &nfoefvsuyf if &daS csao;onf? aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifvu kd af omtrsK;d om;wd@k onf txuf qdck ahJ om qifajcrsK;d udk ta=umif;jycJo h nf[rl u l m; xdq k ifajcrsK;d jzifyh if q&mawmfu aumifpt D wGi;f od@k r0ifxu kd =f uay[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf?

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q&mawmf OD;OwWr ,ckvmvwHah om 'Dru kd a&pDacwf}uD;onf ESv;kH &nfAvjzifh usi}hf uHรณud;pm;zd@k &m E_;d aqmfwu kd w f eG ;f &ayonf? ,if;od@k ta=umif;udk jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k u aumif;aumif;}uD; odxu kd v f aS yonf? jrefrmwd@k onf ol&owWed nf;yg;jcif; rdrw d @kd t}uHrS ,dr;f ,dik I f wbufo@kd ygjcif; jAL&du k &ufw@kd . trde@f [o l r#ukd wprusef rSerf rSe[ f I l rawG; aumif;qd;k ra&G;bJ OD;acgi;f iH@k I vdu k ef m=ujcif;udk azsmufzsuf z,f&mS ;=u&rnf? jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k onf taESmiftzG@J rS vGwv f yf aom olrsm;uJo h @kd tawG;txif tjriftusi[ hf o l r#aom "avhw@kd Y avhvmusifhrlI igwdk@. avmuobm0w&m;twdkif; vGwfvyfpGm aexdik cf iG u hf kd &atmif,&l rnf? jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf Edik if jH cm;tpd;k &. vufatmufwGif aeor#umvywfvHk; rnfonfhtcgr# }uD;us,f xGe;f um;Edik af wmhrnf r[kwaf y? jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k onf vGwv f yfa&;udk awmif;wvdv k m;=uonf? xd@k a=umifh tyolw@kd .0ifpu G zf uf aESmifh ,Sujf cif; r&Sad p&bJ rdrw d @kd u, kd w f ikd f vGwv f yfjcif;udk &atmif}uHaqmif =u&rnf? wcsK@d aomrdwaf qGw@kd u aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifI tpd;k &wd@k . aqmif&u G jf cif;udk taESmift h ,Suf รฐyvky=f urnf[k }uHpnf=uonf? bHak bu&dek u d ,f ac: owif;pmY awG@&aom aqmifyg;wpfc. k tqdrk mS um; txufxufu aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifa&muf&ef vdv k m;wdu k w f eG ;f =uaom yk*K~ v d }f uD;wd@k onf ,cktcg tdraf cgi/f vrf;ab; t00wd@k uyif v#if taESmift h ,Suรฐf yvky&f ef aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0ifa=umif;? xdak umif pDtwGi;f Y wpHw k &mtaESmift h csuu f kd rรฐyEdik af =umif; zGiยนhf ru G 0f efc=H u+y;D rS tpdk;&ESifhrqufqHbJ a&Smif=unfjcif; (eef;udkatmfya&;&Sif;) ta&; a=umifo h m TuJo h @kd ratmifjrifEikd f &S&d a=umif;ESiahf &;cJo h nf? xdq k ckd ahJ om yk*K~ v d w f @kd tm; wpHw k &mraumif;aom pdwx f m;&Sd onf[k rqdv k /kd od@k &mwGif xdyk *k K~ v d w f @kd rmS ynm^m%f tajrmftjrif r&S=d ujcif;a=umifh pmayrwwf/ ryg;eyfaom jynfoq l if;&Jw@kd u 4if;wd@k

136 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr tm; aumifpo D @kd 0ifEikd af tmif rm,mjzifh xdo k @kd vn S jhf zm;I rJqENay; apjcif;tvd@k igS xdo k @kd aumifpo D @kd 0ifa&mufrnf[k ajymqdo k nfh vuQ%m &Sad =umif; q&mawmf.pdwYf rjiif;y,fom Tod@k reS ;f &m awG;xifawmh avonf?

aESmif, h u S rf nft h }uH aumifpo D @kd aESmif, h u S &f eftvd@k igS 0ifjcif;rSm roifah wmfa=umif; udk q&mawmfuazmfjyyg.? aESmifh,Suf&eftwGuf aumifpDodk@ 0if a&mufjcif;onf 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufcI H tpd;k &udk yl;aygi;f uln&D m a&muf onf? tpdk;&wdk@ESifh yl;aygif;ulnDjcif;twGuf 'dkiftmcDudk xajrmuf atmifaqmif&u G af omolw@kd rmS &Hzef&cH gw@kd Yyif tpd;k &. tvdo k @kd rvdu k f bJ jiif;qefcck &H avonf? od@k rS aESmif, h u S 0f ifa&mufvmolw@kd rmS vH;k vH;k ckc&H m a&mufonf? xdo k @kd v;kH vH;k ckcH 0ifa&mufvmaomolw@kd rmS tpOf rjywf rdrdwdk@bufu oabmwlrJqENay;rnfhtrwfrsm; &Sdap&rnf? odk@jzpfI tpdk;&wdk@aqmif&Gufvdkaom tvkyfpnf;urf;rsm; txr ajrmufEikd af tmif รฐyvkyv f o kd w l @kd bufu tpOfrjywf trwfO;D a&rsm;rsm; r&&SEd ikd o f r#umvywfv;kH rnfonft h cgrS xdo k @kd aESmif, h u S &f ef t}uH onf atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw?f q&mawmfonf aumifpo D @kd taESmift h ,Suf 0ifjcif;tm;jzifh tpd;k &wd@k vyk if ef;ysuEf ikd af =umif;udk rjrif? od@k &mwGif aESmif, h u S jf cif; rpGr;f Edik o f nfuu kd m; "dร jrif&ayonf? tpd;k &wd@k ukd aESmif, h u S jf cif;iSg aumifpD od@k 0if&eftwGuf pdwu f ;l ^m%fukd prf;oyfz@kd &mtrwf 103-OD;&Sad om aumifpw D iG f tenf;qH;k jynfou l a&G;aumufaomtrwf-60 r&Edik f or# umvywfv;kH rpOf;pm;xdu k =f uay? ,ckacgif;aqmifvl}uD;rsm;u cef@rSef;csuft& aumifpDwGif trwfae&maygi;f 40-xuf ydrk &Edik af =umif;? awmaus;vuf Zeyk'f vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 137

q&mawmf OD;OwWr rsm;Y 0HomEktoif;wd@k u rnfr#yif atmifjrif&=dS uonfjzpfap òrd@rsm; wGif tpd;k &t&m&Sw d @kd . =oZmzH;k v$r;f ayvdrrhf nf? tu,fI 0HomEkw@kd u a&$;aumufyJG 0ifEaJG tmifjrif=uonfjzpfap aiGtajrmuftjrm; uke=f u ayvdrrhf nf? od@k aomfvnf; 0HomEkw@kd EiS hf twdu k t f cHðyvkyrf nfo h rl sm; rSm omIyif aiGa=u;tiftm;rsm;vSayonf? ,if;od@k w+yD;um; aumif pDtwGi;f od@k 0ifI aESmif, h u S rf nf[al om t}uo H nf rnfonfeh nf;ESirhf # txajrmuf atmifjrifEikd v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf cs? ,if;tcsufrsm;udkpOf;pm;I aumifpDtwGif;odk@ 0ifa&muf aESmif, h u S &f ef t}uHay;aomyk*K~ v d w f @kd onf xdo k @kd t}uHjzif/h tpd;k &wd@k . enf;pepfukd ajymif;vGaJ pEdik rf nf[k t,l&jdS cif;onf rdrw d @kd pw d u f kd rdrw d @kd vSnphf m;jzm;a,mif;&mvnf; usonf? jynfot l rsm;wd@k tm; vrf;vGJ vrf;rSm;od@k !$ejf y&mvnf;jzpfayonf? aumifp0D ifvakd om olw@kd onf 0if=uay? od@k aomfvnf; xdak umifpo D @kd 0ifI taESmift h ,Suðf yvky+f yD; v#if tpd;k &.t,l0g'udk ajymif;vGaJ pEdik rf nf[al om t,l0g'jzifh r0if xdu k =f uay? ta=umif;udq k akd omf xdo k w l @kd onf aumifpt D wGi;f od@k 0if a&muf aqmif&u G af omtcgrS trsm;olw@kd . &,fz, G jf zpfvrd rhf nf? tcsKd@aomrdwfaqGwdk@u rpPwmbdvyf. enf;twdkif; 0if a&mufaqmif&u G =f u&ef t}uaH y;avonf? xdek nf;twdik ;f tpd;k &wd@k u jynfol@tvdkodk@ vdkufygoifhaomtcgrS trwfwdk@u vdkufygulnDI tvdrk wlaomtcg twif;ckcjH iif;qef&rnf[k t}uHay;onf? Tt wdik ;f ðyvkyaf omfvnf; xdt k }uHonf atmifjrifEikd rf nfr[kwaf cs? {uef ysujf y,f=uayvdrrhf nf? 'dik t f mcDonf enf;opfr[kwaf y xdek nf;udk tjcm;c&dik ef ,f rsm;Y prf;oyfcJhzl;av+yD? tpdk;&wdk@onf jynfoltvdkodk@rvdkufbJ zdEydS jf cif;ESihf óu;d }urd t f m%mudk jyjcif;rsm;vSojzifh armf'&dwf ac: tpd;k & ESihf yl;aygi;f vdak om tvdak wmf&w d @kd yifv#if rcHr&yfEikd af tmif &Scd =hJ u& avonf?

138 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr tdE, dN rif;wdik yf ifaumifpt D zG@J rsm;Y tqdt k ajcESiw hf uG ajymqdk =uaomtcsurf sm;udk pOf;pm;=uaomf tao;tzG@J jzpfaom tcsurf sm; rSwyg; tjcm;aomta&;udpPwdk@Y jynfolbufu aqmif&Gufaom trwfw@kd u wpHw k &mtcGio hf mcJzh ;l onf r&Sad =umif; awG@=u&ayvdrhf rnf? rsm;r=umrDu rpPwm&Sypf w&D tdik , f m; ajymqdak ompum;rSm 'dik t f mcDukd ESpo f ufvv kd m;aomolw@kd onf ,cktcg xd'k ikd t f mcDaumif pDY0ifI jynfot l usK;d twGuf wpHw k &maqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; tcGirhf &I rsm;pGmpdwyf suv f ufav#m&h a=umif;? xdo k @kd jynftusK;d twGuf raqmif &GufEdkifjcif;rSmvnf; jAL&dkua&pDwdk@. pdwfoabm taetxm;ESifh txiftjrifonf wpHw k &majymif;vJjcif; r&Sad o;aoma=umif[ h k qdk onf?

xd;k qGay;±Ho k m rpPwmtdkif;,m;u aumifpD.pGrf;aqmifjcif; ta=umif;ESifh ywfoufI qdjk yefonfrmS ðyjyifajymif;vJtyk cf sKyfa&;ESihf ywfoufI tusKd;xl;wckomv#if &Sda=umif;? xdktusKd;xl;onfum; jynfolwdk@ onf wdik ;f a&;jynfa&;twGuf Ed;k =um;wufºuGatmif xd;k qGay;jcif;om v#ijf zpfa=umif; od@k &mwGif xdt k yk pf ;kd jcif;. pnf;urf;wd@k onf tvGe&f y_ f axG;vSonf jzpfaoma=umifh p&dwpf uudt k vGew f &m armufòz;d ukeu f s ojzifh/ tdENd,jynfolwdk@a&S;uxuf qif;&Jyifyef;jcif; jzpf&avonf jzpfa=umif;/ xdo k @kd qif;&Jjcif; rlvtajconfum; Oya'ðyaumifpt D zG@J u wdik ;f jynf. tqDtcGeb f ¾mwd@k ukd rnfuo hJ @kd o;kH pG&J rnf[k ajymqdEk ikd f cGirhf &Sjd cif; aumifp.

D tpGr;f ukeo f wWrd mS t}uaH y;Edik &f rHk #jzpfjcif;/ aumifpD ud0k ifaomtrwfw@kd u rdrw d @kd t}uHay;csuu f kd rsm;aomtm;jzifh tpd;k & wdk@u vdkufemaqmif&Guf=uvdrfhrnf[k xifrSwf=ujcif;/ odk@twGuf r=umrDu awG@&cdS zhJ ;l aom udpw P @kd wiG f trwfw@kd u xdt k oH;k &efyakH iGukd

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 139

q&mawmf OD;OwWr oabmwl cGiðhf yEdik &f o kH mjzpfI xdak iGukd 4if;wd@k tvdt k wdik ;f oH;k pGv J rd hf rnf[k uwdwpHw k &m r&&Sjd zpfa=umif;ESihf qdak vonf? ,if;uJhodk@qdkjcif;rSm tdENd,bk&ifcHcsKyfonf urBmw0Srf;vHk; tES@t H jym; od=um;apjcif;tvd@k igS rnfo@kd aqmif&u G ðf yvkyrf nf[k uwd xm;aom pum;twdik ;f aomf4if;/ armf'&dwf ac: tvdak wmf&rd sm;u bk&ifcHcsKyf}uD;tm; udk;pm;ar#mfvifhonfhtwdkif;aomf4if; wpHkw&m bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;u aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; r&S[ d q k v kd o kd nf?

vGwv f yfpmG aqmif±u G Ef ikd cf iG hf TuJo h @kd tcuftcJ óuHawG@&jcif;wd@k yaysmufapEdik &f ef enf; vrf;ESpcf o k mv#if &Sad =umif;? yxrwpfcrk mS jynfow l @kd tm; tpp t&m &mY vGwv f yfpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd jf cif; tcGiv hf ;Hk vH;k udv k #iv f nf; csucf si;f ay;&rnf? od@k wnf;r[kwf jynfow l @kd u ,H=k unftm;xm;ojzifh ud, k f pm;vS,t f jzpfEiS hf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom trwfrsm;. aumifpYD ajymaompum;rsm;udk tvGew f &mta&;}uD;I tpGr;f xGuaf omtcg rsm;rSwyg; jAL&du k a&pDw@kd u ry,fr&Sm;bJ emcHaqmif&u G rf nf[al om pdwx f m;t"dXmef&adS p&rnf jzpfa=umif;?

4if;jyiftpd;k &wd@k u ,ckuo J @kd usirhf pl rD jH cif;onf tdE, dN xuf +Aw d o d #.tusK;d udk vdv k m;apmifx h rd ;f &ef qEN&jdS cif;a=umifh jzpfayonf[k xifa=umif; tu,fI t*Fvefu tdE, dN tm; rdrEd ikd if u H kd rdrw d @kd tyk pf ;kd ap awmh[k tcGiv hf w G jf cif;iSg orRmqEN&cdS yhJ grl {uefrck s t*Fvefom;wd@k . tusK;d onf tdE, dN jynftwGuf rnfr#yif epfemonfreS af p xdek pfemjcif; udck I H tdE, dN tm;+ird ;f csr;f oufomcGiu hf kd ay;awmhrnf[k pdwYf qH;k jzwf &ef oifo h nfjzpfa=umif;? ,if;od@k qH;k jzwfaomfvnf; tdE, dN jynfu rdrdtusKd;aus;Zl;twGuf aqmif&Gufwdk;wufvmor#wdkif;yifv#if +Adwo d # tusK;d qkw, f w k v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf =umif;?

140 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr Tenf;ESpfenf;wdk@teuf wenf;enf;udkr# rvdkufacsaomf tdE, dN jynfonf (ae&Sief ,fvpf) [laom 0HomEktrsK;d om;[k woif; wnf;&Sad yvdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif;? xdu k o hJ @kd jzpf&cdS ahJ omf pdwaf uscsr;f Edik I f wdik ;f jynfa&;wGif w0ufwpdwrf # pdw0f ifpm;ol 35-ukaËaom Adv k af jc taygi;f wd@k ukd tb,fuo hJ @kd +Adwo d # vlrsK;d wd@k u tkycf sKyfEikd v f rd rhf nf[k awG;xifr&a=umif;?

'Dru kd &ufwpfacwf +Adwdo#trwfvdrRmwdk@u tdENd,tusKd;jzpfxGef;&eftwGuf ,cktcsurf mS &d;k ajzmifph mG aqmif&u G o f ifah =umif;udv k nf; qdak vonf? +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k onf +Adwo d #w@kd .tusK;d udo k m apmifph m;=unf&h o _ nfh twGuf ,ckuo hJ @kd jzpf&adS eonf[k od&EdS ikd af =umif;udv k nf; qdak vonf?

Trm'&yfe,fu rif;wdkifyiftrwf rpPwmtm,m;.pum;ESifh rauseyfEikd af o;v#i/f bHb k ikd ef ,ftrwf.pum;udv k nf; em;axmif=u bdavm? xdt k rwfonf bHb k ikd ef ,faumifpt D zG@J rS [kr;f rif;om; ac: jynfwGif;a&;qdkif&m jAL&dku&uftrwf}uD;. tcspfawmftrwf jzpf ayonf? xdt k rwfuvGecf ahJ om&ufaygi;f rsm;r=umrDu 'dik t f mcDukd jypfy,f&@H_ csI ajymqdjk cif; tpd;k &.pdwt f aetxm; ajymif;vJjcif;wd@k ukd txl;tjypfqjkd cif;rsm;jzifv h nf; jynfow l @kd u owdtxl;xm;I pOf;pm; vdu k =f uayonf? 'Dru kd &ufwpfygwD ac: 'Dru kd &ufwpfacwftvdu k f trsm;oabmudik n hJ m‡ I aqmif&u G &f ef t"dXmefxm;aom rif;wdik yf if trwf toif;acgi;f aqmifOuUXjzpfol a'guw f akd *:0g uvnf; xdo k @kd yif qdak vonf? tvdak wmf&t d pd;k &bufu xm0&aeI a&;om;aom (tv [mowf) owif;pm acgi;f }uD;ydik ;f u Tod@k a&;om;vsuyf g&o dS nf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 141

q&mawmf OD;OwWr “ðyjyiftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfonf t*FvefjynfY/ 'dkif[wf ac: tm%mwefc;kd vdv k m;aom ygvrD efv}l u;D . vufwiG ;f Y4if;/ tdE, dN jynf wGif (&Dtuf&iS ef m&D) ac: jynfo@l tusK;d udk ysupf ;D aESmifah ES;atmif vkyv f kd olw@kd . vufwiG ;f Y4if; ysupf ;D a=urG+yD;jzpf&+yD ” xdo k @kd tjyif 4if;owif;pmu wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wd@k pkaygi;f oif;zG@J +yD;v#if wusw d /f w^m%f/ woHwnf; nDnmI wdik ;f jynftusK;d udk ysupf ;D aESmifah ES;atmif vkyo f w l @kd t}uHonf wjznf;jznf;tiftm; }u;D vmI xdt k }uu H kd ckcw H u kd zf suv f rd rhf nf rc|wjf zpfa=umif;ESihf a&;om; zl;av+yD? od@k jzpfI rpPwmtdik ;f ,m;. E_;d aqmfcsuu f kd tav;*&krðybJ aezd@k &mroifah y?

apmifq h ikd ;f ar#mv f ifah omfvnf; avmh&'D if;/ tdE, dN bk&ifccH sKyf}uD;onf tdE, dN jynfo@kd qdu k f a&mufpu jynfow l @kd ar#mv f ift h m;ud;k &Sad p&atmif rsm;pGmyif zGi¹hf rGuf ajymqdak omfvnf; ,ckwikd w f pHw k &mudk ajymqdzk ;l aom pum;twdik ;f rwnfao;jcif;a=umifh jynfow l @kd u tm;ud;k &mra&mufojzifh jynfol wd@k tay: =oZmwefc;kd ,kwaf vsmh vsuv f mcJ+h yD? tdE, dN jynfY ,cktcg c%acwWr# +idrq f w d v f #uf &Sad ejcif; a=umifh zdEydS jf cif;/ oif;cGjJ cif;wd@k a=umifh xdjk ynf}uD;Y eef;udak tmfya&;&Si;f =unfa&Smifjcif;tvky. f rlvtajcjzpfaom qlyEl ;dk =um;jcif;wd@k onf ,ck tcg yaysmuf+yD at;+yD[k rqdEk ikd af o;acs? avmh&'d if;u xdo k @kd jynforl sm;tm; csr;f omausat;atmif b,fuo hJ @kd vyk rf nf[k pnf;urf;pepf &Syd gao;.avm[k tdE, dN jynfom; taygi;f wd@k u apmifq h ikd ;f ihv H ifv h #uf &Sad e=uao;onf? ,ckuJhodk@ apmifhqdkif;ar#mfvifhvsuf &Sdae=ujcif;rSm tdENd, awmif y d k i f ; taemuf y d k i f ; r#omr[k w f wjynf v H k ; Yyif j zpf o nf ?

142 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr rpPwm*GdKufrnfaom qm'l&efewfbifem*sDydkifaom bifa*:vD ac: owif;pmwGif azaz:0g&v D u a&;om;zl;onfrmS tdE, dN jynfonf vrf; cGv J rf;qH;k od@k a&muf&adS e+yD[al om pmacgi;f wyfvsuf azmfjya&;om; onfrmS 'dik t f mcDðyjyiftyk cf sKyfa&;enf;pepfonf jynfow l @kd ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyfa&;&Edik af om enf;vrf;jzpfatmif pDrjH cif;enf;vrf;ok@d a&muf aomtajccHr[kwf xkx d uftvGe, f w k ef rd ahf vjcif;a=umif; trsm;u Av0tjypfqI kd y,fcgG a&Smif&mS ;=ua=umif;[lI qd. k ? xdo k @kd qakd omyk*K~ v d . f bifa*:vD ac: owif;pmonf tpOf rjywf tpd;k &bufuyifaeI a&;aeaom owif;pmyifjzpfonft h jyif jynfow l @kd onf tpd;k &ESihf yl;aygi;f }uHpnfjcif;rS vGw+f idr;f jcif;&Edik rf nf[k t+rJxifjrif,q l oabm&aom owif;pmyifwnf;?

taozGm;aomom; 'dik t f mcDaumifpo D @kd 0ifv=kd uaom rdwaf qGw@kd onf rpPwma&; u aemufxyfajymqdak ompum;udk owdxm;I pOf;pm;xdu k =f uonf? xdyk *k K~ v d af jymaompum;rSm aumifpw D iG f trwfw@kd u jynfo@l tusK;d udk pDr=H uaomtcg bk&ifc.

H “ADw”kd ac: tm%mESihf “qmwDzikd ;f ” ac: tm%mwnf;[laom twnfjzpfap/ ysufap wcsufvGwftrdef@ vufeufawZrsm;jzifh rsm;pGmzdEydS zf suq f ;D jcif; cHc&hJ avonf? rGezf @kd puif; ac: rGeaf w*lEiS hf avmhcsipf zd@k w@dk 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfa&; enf;pepfw@kd onf t*FvefygvrD efu ðyjyifqif,ifI ay;vdu k af omtcg uyif taozGm;aomom;uJo h @kd toufygvmcJo h nfh emrfr&Sad om &kyf tavmif;uJo h @kd yif &Sb d . d ? ykvyd Xf me/ tpd;k & &mxl;cef@xm;a&;Xme/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xme wd@k ukd tpd;k &vuf&x dS m;I (&DZAfywf*su)f oD;oef@cjJG cm;xm;aom Xme rsm;Y yg0ifapor# umvywfv;kH jynfow l @kd tm; wm0efcaJG y;pDraH pjcif; vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 143

q&mawmf OD;OwWr onf txrajrmuf ratmifjrifEikd f wm0efvaJG y;&mrusI jynfow l @kd . vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; rwd;k wufEikd b f J &Sad evdrrhf nf? Tod@k qd, k if;pum; & csichf sed af wG;qaomf 'dik t f mcDaumifpo D @kd 0ifa&mufaqmif&u G jf cif;Y tb,ftusK;d udk &&SEd ikd af ytHeh nf;? rpPwma&;u 0HomEktrsKd;om;wdk@onf aumifpDudk r0if a&muf=ujcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;vSa=umif; qdak yonf? od@k aomfvnf; bk&ifcv H ufY ADwEkd iS q f mwDzikd ;f yg0g ac: wnfap/ ysuaf p[laom tm %m}uD; &Sad eoIrlum; 0HomEktrwfrsm;u tb,fo@dk pGr;f aqmifEikd f ygtehH nf;? rpPwma&;u tpd;k &udo k wday;onfrmS jynfow l @kd tm; wm 0efct H yk cf sKyfa&; wd;k wufay;&ef tcsed o f ifv h +S yD? xdo k @kd wd;k wufay;ygu tdE, dN ESihf t*Fvefjynfonf a&S@o@kd qufvuf ESpo f ufcspcf ifpmG wm &Snf t+rJaygi;f oif; qufqEH ikd =f uayvdrrhf nf[k qdak yonf?

±Gmol}u;D awGu-kd unfh jrefrmjynftpd;k &wd@k u jynfow l @kd tvdo k @kd vdu k af vsmu h si}hf uH jynfow l @kd ukd n‡mwmvdak om oabm&Srd &Su d o kd v d #if vGecf ahJ om tenf; i,f &uftwGi;f u aus;vufwu kd ef ,ftzG@J ðyI tkypf ;kd jcif;enf; Oya' wGif &Gmol}uD;rsm;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwef ,ftzG@J wiG f yg0if&aomf &Gmol}uD; &mxl;rS E_wx f u G &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}wdwt f zG@J o@kd &Gmol}uD;rsm;u vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk Ekwx f u G &f rnfjzpfjcif;a=umifh 'dp}ww d t f zJ@G o@dk r0ifv=dk ua=umif;ESihf od&onfjzpfI xk'd pd }ww d t f zJ@G o@dk &Gmol}u;D rsm;u vuf&&dS mG ol}uD;&mxl;udk rpGe@f vw $ &f atmif 4if;&Gmol}uD;rsm;pGmwd@k ukd tpd;k &u wdu k ef ,fEiS 'hf pD }udwt f zG@J o@kd v$wf oGi;f wifajr‡mufcef@xm;Edik f &ef 4if;Oya'udk twnfrðycif jyifqifjznfph u G jf yef.?

144 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr Tta=umif;udak xmufaomf *sD / pD / bD / at . tr_aqmif aumfrwDv}l uD;rsm;u xdak us;vufwu kd ef ,ftzG@J o@kd 0ifa&mufa&;ESihf ywfoufI xdk *sD / pD / bD / at trlaqmiftzG@J rS xGuv f #i4f if; / *sD / pD / bD/ at . trde@f yifv#if xdyk *k K~ v d rf sm;ESihf toif;tcsK@d w@kd u zDqef&ef toif&h =dS uygv#uf jzpfaecdu k w f iG f tpd;k &rsm;u ,ckuo hJ @kd aus;vuf wdu k ef ,f ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKyfa&;. ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfaom (&Gmol}uD;) udpu P kd Oya'jyifqif&ef pDro H jzifh xdk *sD / pD / bD / at u xGuaf om trlaqmifv}l uD;wd@k EiS hf toif;om;tcsK@d w@kd .tajcudk tm;ay;cs;D jr‡ihf atmifjrifatmifrvkyf taeusyt f xdik u f syf r}uHwwfatmif uysuf u,uf vky&f ma&mufacsonf? xdak us;vufwu kd ef ,f tkycf sKyfa&; Oy a'udk jyifqifcsuo f iG ;f &ef pDrcH suu f kd Zlvikd v f 25-&ufae@ jrefrmjynf Oya' rif ; wd k i f y if O ya'ðytzG J @ tpnf ; ta0;wG i f twnf ð y&ef wifoiG ;f vdrrhf nf? &efuek w f ikd ;f owif;pmtqdrk mS aus;vufwu kd ef ,f tzG@J twGuf Oya't&aqmif&u G &f ef cJ,Of;jcif;udk awG@jrifo&d &dS jcif; a=umifh 4if;Oya' jyifqifcsurf sm;udk xyfrpH rD &H jyefonfjzpfa=umif;? 4if; jyifqifcsuw f @kd rmS XmeoH;k ydik ;f uGjJ ym;jcm;em;&Sad =umif;? yxrtcsurf mS aus;&Gmwd@k u e,fEiS 'hf pd }wdwt f zG@J o@kd 0ifa&muf&efv}l uD; a&G;aumuf jcif; r&Scd ahJ omf tpd;k &u a&G;aumufwifajrm‡ uf cef@xm;Edik af pjcif; tvd@k iSg4if;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm 'dp}wdwftzGJ@rS aq;&kHaumfrwDtzGJ@udk4if;/ wwd,tcsurf mS Oya'yk'rf topfjzpfI a&m*gq;kd ay:ayguv f maom tcg ta&;ydik rf if;udk ta&;,lI taqmhwvsif pDrEH ikd jf cif;tvd@k igS jzpf a=umif;? tcsK@d aomaus;&Gmpkrsm;u xdak umifpo D @kd 0if&ef vl}uD; a&G; aumufjcif;rðybJ aeaumif;ae=uvdrfhrnf jzpfa=umif;? tu,fI xdo k @kd a&G;aumufvakd omfvnf; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf 'dp}wdwaf umifpo D @kd 0ifv#if rdrv d uf&&dS mxl;udk pGe@f vw $ &f rnfjzpfI vuf&&dS mxl;udk rpGe@f v$wv f jkd cif;a=umifh aumifpo D @kd r0ifvakd =umif; jiif;qef=uayvdrrhf nf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 145

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ,ck wnf+yD;aomOya'rSm jrLeDpy,fOya'rsm;uJo h @kd a&G;aumufwif ajr‡mufjcif;cH&onfh vl}uD;rsm;ae&mY vpfvyfcahJ omf tpd;k &u vl}uD; wifajrm‡ ufcef@xm;Edik af om tcGit hf m%m rygr&So d nfjzpfI tpd;k &wd@k u xdkodk@wm0efcHaumifpDvl}uD; rpHkrvifaom 'dp}wdwftzGJ@udkyifv#if wnfaxmif&rnfjzpfonf? od@k r[kwf Oya'ðy rif;wdik yf ifaumifpD o abmwlcsuu f kd awmif;,lI 'dp}wdwt f zG@J udk rwnfaxmif&ao;rlI ae@&ufuef@owfjcif; umvtydik ;f tjcm;r&Sb d J a&G@qikd ;f xm;&vdrrhf nf?

awmaus;vufrsm;ta&; Oya'yk'rf (8) udk jyifqifcsut f =urf; pnf;urf;rSm 'dp}wdwf aumifpt D wGuf vl}uD;a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;r&SI d &Gmol}uD;udk tpdk;&u xdk'dp}wdwfaumifpDodk@ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcef@xm;cJhrl xd&k mG ol}uD;wd@k onf rdrw d @kd vuf&dS &Gmol}uD;&mxl;rS E_wx f u G &f efrvd?k tu,fI aumifpDtwGuf vl}uD;rif;a&G;aumufjcif;a=umifh tpdk;& &Gmvl}uD;rsm;udk wifajr‡mufcef@xm;aponfjzpfap/ xdo k @kd cef@xm;jcif; a&G;aumuf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom &Gmvl}uD;rsm;wd@k onf rdr&d mxl;udk pGe@f vw G &f rnfqakd om xdak umifpw D @kd twGuf vl}u;D &zd@k yif rjzpfEikd af wmh ay? trde@f eyH gwf (3) wGif ausmufayguaf &m*g / yvdyaf &m*g/ umv 0rf;a&m*gw@kd twGuf wm0ef,I l aqmif&u G af &;onf 'dp}wdwt f zG@J EiS hf wpHkw&mrqdkifa=umif;udk qdkxm;avonf? xdktrdef@yk'fr (3) udk xdOk ya'rS xkwEf w _ yf ,fzsuv f u kd yf gu 'dp}wdwt f zG@J onf xdak &m*gw@kd ta&;twGuf aqmif&Guf&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;odk@yifjzpfaomfvnf; aumifpt D pnf;ta0;onf w}urd Ef iS w hf }urd f pnf;a0;&efumv a0;jcm; vSaoma=umifh &kww f &ufay:ayguf ul;pufjyef@ymG ;vmaom a&m*gq;kd wd@k ukd umuG,Ef rdS ef if;&ef cufcaJ yvdrrhf nfjzpfa=umif; xdo k @kd ta&;w}u;D 146 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ay:aygufvmaom a&m*gqdk;udk ta&;ydkifrif;u pDrHEdkifaom tcGifh tm%m &&Sad p&ef yk'rf 65 (u) t& jyifqifcsuf ðyvkyx f m;&ayonf? xdak &m*gq;kd wd@k ukd umuG,w f eG ;f vSe&f eftwGuf p&dwaf =u;aiGw@kd ukd 'd p}wdwt f zG@J u ukeu f sc&H rnfjzpfI aus;&Gmrsm;udk oef@&iS ;f atmif xdk aumifpt D zG@J aumfrwDw@kd u txl;owdðyI pDr=H u&ayvdr@f rnf? Tod@k v#if &efuek w f ikd ;f owif;pmwGif yg&adS vonf?

'gawGukd zd-uEdyS -f utrdef h Zlvdkifv 11-&ufae@ &efukefa*Zuf owif;pmwGif azmfjy aom jrefrmjynftpdk;&wdk@. “ &Daqmf vsL;&Sif;” ac: qHk;jzwfcsuf trde@f awmfjyefwrf;rSm tpd;k &wd@k . pdwaf eoabmxm;udk xif&mS ;pGmjrif Edik af yonf? 4if; trde@f awmfjyefwrf;u Tod@k q. kd ? taemufwikd ;f om; wd@k . “'Dru kd a&pDyv kd pfwpf” enf;pepfonfum; tpd;k &wd@k . tkycf sKyf a&; enf;emud4k if;/ u,fbeD ufrifepfpwm ac: pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyfaom eef; &if;0eftrwf}uD;wd@k . ðyrl&efenf;pepfu4kd if;/ ckcq H yl l atmf[pfvy_ &f mS ; =uonfr&S?d tpd;k &. tufp=D uLwpf ac: tr_aqmifw@kd .trde@f ukd zDqef jcif;/ xdt k rde@f w@kd onf enf;vrf;us./ rus.[k pHpk rf;ar;jref;jcif;udk rðy=uacs? tdE, dN ESijhf refrmjynfrsm;Yum; 4if;uJo h @kd r[kw?f xdo k @kd r[kwf aom t&if;rlvta=umif;udu k m; zGix hf w k ¹f ru G q f &kd efrvd?k Tjynfrsm;Y um; tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm;. trde@f tm%mudk zDqef=ujcif;/ &Gmvl}u;D rsm;od@k aom tpd;k & tvky0f wW&m;udk zDqef=ujcif;wd@k jzifo h m tpd;k &.tkycf sKyfykH enf;pepfukd róuduEf ikd af =umif; ajymqdq k yl l v_y&f mS ;vm=uavonf? jynfoyl ikd t f pd;k &wd@k u aus;&GmOya'rsm;udk jyifqif&atmif jynfow l @kd u w&m;ojzifh qlyv l y_ &f mS ;jcif;udu k m; wpHw k &m taESmifh t,Suf wm;qD;uef@uu G jf cif; ðyvdrrhf nfr[kw?f ,cktcg aus;&Gm Oya' udk jyifqifajymif;vJ&eftcsed f a&mufav+yDr[kwaf o;[k tcsKd @aom vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 147

q&mawmf OD;OwWr t&m&Sdwdk@u qifjcifoabm&=uonf? aus;&Gmol}uD;rsm;. trdef@ tm%mudk r&drk ao rxdrjhJ rifðy=ujcif; &Gmol}uD;wd@k onf jynfoEl iS hf yl;aygi;f I tpd;k &ESihf qef@usib f uf ðyvky=f ujcif;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f Oya'ao0yfwnfwHhjcif; jynf&Gmat;csrf; +idrfoufjcif;wdk@. tajccH tkwfjrpfudk zsufqD;&musjcif;a=umifh xdk@aomtvkyfwdk@udk 'dp}wdwf t&m&Sw d @kd u pGr;f tm;&So d r# zdEydS cf sKd ;zsu=f u&ayrnf[I l qdx k m;cJo h nf? tpdk;&wdk@u txufwGifqdkcJhaom oabmxm;pdwfxm;rsKd; &SdcJhacsrl jynfow l @kd u tb,fo@kd aomenf;ESihf xdt k pd;k &wd@k EiS hf aygi;f oif; quf oG,I f jynfusKd ;csr;f omudk aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gtehH nf;? tdE, dN jynfwiG f tpd;k &ESiyhf ;l aygi;f rS jynfusKd ;csr;f omcGihf &Edik rf nf [k t,lonf;vSaom arm'&dwf ac: tvdak wmf&w d @kd yifv#if rdrw d @kd . onf;vSaomt,l rSm;aea=umif;udo k I d pdwyf suv f ufysuf vufavsmS h ch=J uav+yD? tv[mbwfòrd@ “vD;'g;” ac: owif;pmu tvdak wmf&d rif;wdik yf iftrwfrsm; vcpm; wm0efct H rwfrsm;bufrS ckcI H a&;om; onfrSm xdktrwfwdk@onf tpdk;&wdk@ xkwfjyefxm;aom zdESdyfjcif; trde@f tm%m pnf;pepfw@kd EiS rhf qdik af =umif;? xdt k rwfEpS rf sK;d wd@k onf tpd;k &.zdEydS jf cif;/ tkycf sKyfa&;wGif 0ifa&mufI wpHw k &m pGuzf uf ajym qdEk idk =f uonf Tod@k qx kd m;.?

zdEydS jf cif;ESihf trwfrif; ,if;pum;t& q&mawmfuqdv k o kd nfrmS tvdak wmf&t d rwf rsm;. qifajcpum;twdik ;f yifv#if tvGew f &m tESpo f m&jynf0h onfh jynfow l @kd . csr;f ompD;yGm;&Edik af om 'dik t f mcDtyk cf sKyfjcif; enf;pepfjzpf onf[k txl;wrGef tvGet f rif; a=umfjimxm;aom enf;opf pnf; urf;rSm trwfw@kd u jynfoq l if;&Jom;wd@k . &xdu k af om atmufq;kH wef;pH vGwfvyfpGmaexdkifajymqdkjcif;yifv#if r&Edkifatmif rw&m; 148 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ydwfyif zdESdyfaomtrdef@rsKd;udkr# aumifpDtrwfwdk@u rwm;jrpfEdkif a=umif; xif;&Sm;vS.[k qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? [if'o l wif;pmu qdo k nfrmS +Adwdo#tpdk;&wdk@u tdENd,jynftwGuf tvGeftHhzG,fjzpfatmif รฐyvkyaf ybd.? od@k &mwGif tdE, dN jynfow l @kd ukd aยบuG;wifu|ejf zpfaom b0 ra&mufr4SD if; tpd;k &wd@k . &mxl;[lor#w@kd rmS tdE, dN wdik ;f &if;om; wd@k jynfEh u S pf mG r0ifa&muf&cif4if;/ [kr&R ;l ay;cJv h #iu f m; xdo k @kd ay;jcif; twGuf armfueG ;f a&;I aovmtuQ&m ausmufpmwifoifah yrnfjzpf a=umif;? tb,fa=umifrh u l m; +Aw d o d #tpd;k &wd@k onf ajymqdk uwdxm; aomtcgYrlum; xdkodk@ajymqdk0efcHwwf.? xdkodk@0efcHonfhtwdkif; ay;aomtcgusrS pnf;urf;pepfwdk@udk oG,f0dkufusOf;ajrmif;atmif vkyu f ikd I f xdu k wdxm;cJo h nft h wdik ;f vufajrโ กmuf,o l w l @kd u r,lEikd f atmif qd;k 0g;onf jzpfavbd.? Ttvdak wmf&rd sm;onf jAL&du k &uf tpdk;&. tcspfawmfrsm; jzpf=uonf? odk@&mwGif omrnyk*~dKvfrsm; r[kwfvSacs? xdkyk*~dKvfwdk@onf tvGefynmwwfajrmuf=uonfhjyif avmu. tavhtvmudv k nf; odu|r;f olrsm;jzpf=uonf? wdik ;f jynf ESit hf rsK;d udv k nf; tvGecf spcf if=uaomolrsm;jzpf=uonf? od@k &mwGif xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd . t,ltqrSmum; jAL&du k a&pDtpd;k &wd@k onf xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd xuf tvGet f iftm; }uD;rm;vSonft h wGuf ckcw H u kd cf u kd &f ef cufcv J S onf[k xifrw S v f suaf e=uonf? TwGio f m xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd cufcjJ cif; &Sad vonf? xd@k a=umifh vGwv f yfa&;udk wm;qD;ydwyf ifvsux f m;aom wHcg;udk xdyk *k Kd~ vfw@kd u csK;d zJah zmufzsujf cif;rSm rpGr;f =uacs? xdyk *k Kd~ vf wd@k onf jAL&du k &uftpd;k &. =oZmatmufwiG f vkyu f ikd af e=u&onf jzpfI 4if;wd@k teuf tcsK@d aomyk*Kd~ vfw@kd onf pdwaf ysmt h ! d w $ af jymif; &Sjd cif;/ tpd;k &bufo@kd ,dr;f ,dik jf cif;&S&d avonf?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 149

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

acwftvdu k f em;rsufpyd iG _hf yD Tod@k tmZmenf (oHcw J ikd )f yk*Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;yifv#if jAL&du k &uf wd@k . =oZmzH;k v$r;f jcif;udk }uchH ikd pf mG rcHEikd =f ujcif;a=umifh t&nftcsi;f ESihf ynm^m%futp ysujf ym;azmufjyefjcif;&S=d u&v#if jrefrmtrsK;d om; wd@k rmS tb,fo@kd &S=d uavtheH nf;? od@k a=umifh jrefrmrsK;d cspt f aygi;f wd@k u Tod@k tqdyrf r$ ;f aom !$wu f iG ;f avSmiftrd o f @kd r0if=ubJ }uH}h uHch I H jiif;qefxu kd v f aS yonf? jrefrmvl}uD;vlaumif;wd@k onf +Adwo d #w@kd u jynfou l kd vGwv f yfciG ahf y;I tkycf sKyfjcif;/ omrmpm& w&m;"rRY anmif; jcif;wd@k ukd ,k=H unftm;xm;=u&ef a&S;tpOf arG;zGm;puyif ouf0if ,H=k unfc=hJ uayonf? ,ckacwftvdu k f aemufom;vli,fw@kd Ed;k =um; xif&mS ;=uonfeh nf;um;/ xdv k al [mif;}uD;wd@k .oabmwGif =urf;wrf; &ke;f &if;=uonfjzpfI r贸udu0f Hh rvdu k 0f &hH =dS uayonf? ,cktrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifw@kd rmS xdak &S;a[mif;vl}u;D rsm;uJo h @kd r[kw?f acwftavsmuf em;/ rsupf d zGiI hf od=um;jrifajrmfEikd =f uaom owWpd rG ;f &nf&=dS uayonf? Tod@k v#if aus;Zl;xl;I tusK;d rsm;acsonf? ,ckacwfopfwGif usa&mufzGm;jrif ae@pOf=um;odrSwfom; =u&aom A[kow k jzifh 'Dru kd &pDacwf}uD;. tusK;d xl;um; tm;xm; &S=d u&onfh tcdu k t f cg vomwke;f Adik ;f iif qdak ompum;t& Zmwd rmewd@k 貌z;d v#aH wmufyapvsuf ol&owWu d kd pG+J rpJ mG vufuikd x f m;+y;D v#if auo&mZmjcaoFw h @kd . twktrlu, kd v l #uf a&S@o@kd pu kd pf u kd f tzd;k xdu k f vSpmG aom vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;od@k ajcvSr;f rqkwf pdwrf 贸uHbJ 贸ud; pm;aqmif&Guf=ubdavm? ,if;odk@rSomv#if jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdk@. oGm;vrf;yGiahf csawmhrnf?

150 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

&Jv#i}f u/H a-umufv#ijf yef vGwv f yfa&;atmifyef;udk qGwcf ;l &vd=k u.avm? xdo k @dk &vd=k u v#iu f m; 'kuw Q @kd ukd yrm%rxm; a=umuftm;rydb k J oJrI J óud;ukwf aemufqw k w f eG @f wjkd cif; pdwx f m;r&So d if=h uay? “&Jv#i}f uH/ a=umufv#if jyef” [laom ed,mr=o0g'udk taxmuftxm;ðy+yD; óud;pm;oif=h u ay.? taESmiftzG@J EiS hf ae&jcif;onfum; tpOfojzifh tusO;f tcsKyf wGi&f adS om vGwv f yfueG @f jrL;jcif;r&Sad om pdwaf eoabmxm;ESihf ae=u &onfomwnf;? ol&owWd tenf;i,fw;kd yGm;zG@H òz;d wd;k wufoefapI usi}hf u&H u G f aqmif=uygrlum; wae@ae@wGif jrefrmjynf}uD;onf taESmiftzGJ@rS vGwaf jrmufI trsK;d .*k%f xifay:ausmaf pmpGm j'yfou d mQ ESihf jynf0h aom t&nftcsif;udk&=uv#uf OD;acgif;armfI oGm;vmaexdkifEdkif =uayvdrrhf nf? Tenf;Oya'udu k m; wrsK;d om;omv#irf [kwf urBm ay:&Sd vltaygi;f wd@k u "rRwmobm0 ESpòf cdujf rwfav; &S=d uonfom wnf;? ESpaf ygi;f 150-ywfv;kH tdE, dN jynf}uD;onf jAL&du k a&pD. vuf atmufwGif EdkifiHjcm;u vma&mufpdk;rdk;olwdk@. tpDtrHudkcH+yD;rS wdik ;f jynfa&;&mY wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k 0ifa&muf pDrcH ef@c&JG ef tcGirhf &aomf vnf; onf;cHauseyfvsuf trsK;d om;wd@k . ZmwdaoG;pdww f @kd qkw, f w k f a&G@vsm;vmonfukd yrmr&_ *&krxm; pGr;f tm;raqmif &Sad ecJah vonf? xdo k @kd v#if tpd;k &wd@k u 0rf;ajrmufatmif uwday;jcif;jzifh 0rf;omvdu k &f jcif;/ xdu k wdtwdik ;f csr;f omcGirhf & ray;aomfvnf; a&mif&h w J if;wdrf vsuf jAL&du k &ufw@kd u tkypf ;kd I (xrf;yd;k ) wyfxm;jcif;udk onf;cHvsuf ae=uonf? aemufq;kH wpfae@wiG f tdraf cgirf ;kd uGt J ufòydvmonfuo hJ @kd Ed;k =um;xºuGvm=uav.? r[wWr*EN. D E_;d aqmftm;ay;aom=o0g' pum;rSm “tdt k csi;f wd@k tusO;f rSvw G af jrmufatmif xGuo f mG ;Edik =f u vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 151

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ygv#if tb,fa=umifh taESmiftzG@J wnf;[laom ydu k u f eG w f iG ;f Y ae=u bdoenf;? tcsif;wdk@. pdk;rdk;ol tpdk;&ydkifrif;. vufwGif; "m;/ vSH/ aoewf vufeuftiftm;Av&Sad yonf? ok@d yifwap xku d m,Av wnf;[laom vufeuftiftm;xuf }uD;rm;aom vufeuf}uD; &Sad y ao;onf? tpd;k &ESihf wpHw k &m qufqaH ygi;f oif; ulnjD cif;rðy[lI y[m,e OayuQmom &_=uavmh? tpd;k &udk =unfa&Smif=uavmh? xdo k @kd ðyEdik =f uayrlum; xdak oewftajrmuf vufeufw@kd onf =uL&d;k jruf ajcmufw@kd uo hJ @kd tvdt k avsmuf tv[\ a=urGysupf ;D =u&ayvdrhf rnf”?

vGwv f yfa&;atmifqo k nf igwdk v h ufwiG ;f rSm&So d nf tcsi;f wd@k ukd taESmiftzG@J EiS x hf m;aom tusO;f axmif.wHcg;rS xkyaf vsmS ufwef;vsm; oHwikd rf sm;onf ysu+f yD; av#mus&ayvdrrhf nf? ,if;od@k w+yD;um; tcsi;f wd@k . vGwv f yfcsr;f oma&; atmifyef;onf vufvrS ;f rS&D mY tomqGwcf ;l &,lEikd af pjcif;tvd@k imS wnfvsuyf if awG@&=dS u&ayvdrrhf nf? TuJo h @kd eufav;qef;=u,faom ed,mr=o0g' }uD;twdik ;f tdE, dN wdik ;f oljynfom;taygi;f wd@k u vdu k ef musi}hf uH =u acs+yD? ,ck xdt k rsK;d om;taygi;f wd@k aqmif&u G v f su&f adS e=uonfrmS tH=h ozG,f ta&;ta=umif;}uD;rsm;udyk if atmifjrifcahJ v+yD? vlw@kd .

Zmwdpdwfonf oefpGrf;vmcJhav+yD? a&S;umvu or,wdk@uJhodk@ r[kw?f pdwaf [mif;ajymif;I pdw"f mwftopf ay:ayguv f m=uav+yD? a=umufpw d af ysmufI ig.pdwx f m; t"dXmef tmodoudk csK;d zJEh rdS ef if;jcif; iSg tb,fow l @kd pGr;f Edik b f . d enf;[laom rmeaoG;"mwfonf ay:vmcJh av+y?D vGw+f ird ;f csr;f omcGio hf nfum; igw@kd .&xdu k af om urBm. tarG tESpf jzpfonf? Tod@k aom tarGtESpu f kd r&v#irf ae awGawGóud; 152 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr ukwv f suf rqkwrf epfaomvH@k vowWjd zifh &atmif,rl nf[al ompdwf ay:ayguv f m=uav+yD? a&S@o@kd qifq h ifph w D ef;I wd;k wufvrS ;f cGi&hf =dS uav +yD? jAL&du k a&pDw@dk onf T,ckwESpt f wGi;f yGiv hf if;vmaom Zmwdrm e aoG;"mwf vGwv f yfjcif;vdv k m;tyfaom tmodoqENukd jynfow l @kd u pdw0f ifpm;atmif ESpaf ygi;f waxmifyifv#if pd;k rd;k tkycf sKyf oif=um;ay; =uapumrl oif=um;ay;Edik v f rd rhf nfr[kwaf cs? r,drf;r,dkif }uHhcdkifwnfwHhaom tvGeftHh=ozG,fjzpfaom TrnfaomtdE, dN . acwfx;l ta&;awmfyo kH nf tdE, dN &mZ0ifwiG f vnf; róuHczhJ ;l ay? urBmay:&Sd wdik ;f jynfEikd if w H @kd wiG v f nf; róuH r=um; zl;cJah y? ukaÉ(30) avmuftrsKd ;om;wd@k u rdrw d @kd ukd a&S;ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm uyif tpOfaESmifz@JG vsux f m;aom tusO;f avmiftrd . f wHcg;udk csK;d zsuf zGiv hf pS =f uav+y?D jrefrmjynf}u;D . usuo f a& tdE, dN jynf}u;D . enf;ay; vrf;jyOya'onf Ak'j< rwfpmG . 0drw k &dW o a'oemawmfw@kd ukd axmuf xm;tm;rDSjcif;ðyvsuf Edk;=um;=uavm/ vHk@vxkwfI aqmif&Guf=u avm[k T,ck'Drdkua&pDacwf}uD;u 'g,um/ 'g,dumrtaygif; trsK;d aumif;0HomEkw@kd tm; aqmf=owdu k w f eG ;f vsuaf eacs+yD? Ed;k =um; xºuGaomvH@k vjzifh aqmif&u G =f uyg.avm/ vGwv f yfjcif;atmifqu k kd óud;yrf;pGm vk,lxdkufonfr[kwfygavm/ vGwfvyfa&;atmifqkudk &Edik &f ef tajconf 'g,um/ 'g,u d mrwd@k . vufwiG ;f Yyif&adS yonf? xdt k ajconfum; rdrw d @kd u rnfuo hJ @kd tmoDoxm;=uonf? rnfuo hJ @kd aom &JprG ;f owWEd iS hf pGe@f pm; }upH nf=uonf? Tod@k aom tajc taewd@k onfomv#if atmifqu k &kd Edik =f urnf? 'l;ykqpfwyk I f vufprkH ;kd vsu&f cdS ;kd yefwmG awmif;qd&k monfr[kw/f xdo k @kd c,awmif;qdjk cif;jzifh vnf; r&Edik af y?

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 153

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

'dik t f mcDEiS hf bm;ewfa[mufwef rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefu 'dkiftmcDudk vufcHxdkuf a=umif; t}uaH y;cJah v+y[ D k 'g,um/ 'g,u d mrwd@k em;Y rsm;pGm =um;=u &ayvdrrhf nf? xdo k @dk aomowif;pum;udk em;wGi=f um;atmif ajymqdk olw@kd onf rpPwmbm;ewfa[mufwefta=umif;udk aumif;aumif; od=u[efrwlay? bm;ewfa[mufwefonf &ufowWtywfwikd ;f e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmxJwiG f 'dik t f mcDukd jiif;y,f&ef a&;om;I t}uaH y;vsuf csn;f omwnf;?

1921-ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D 20-&ufae@ e,l;bm;rm; owif;pm pmrsuEf mS -7 wGib f m;ewfa[mufwefu Tod@k a&;om;cJo h nf?

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154 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr bdavm?” Tod@k a&;om;wdu k w f eG ;f .? 4if;aemufxo kd wif;pm azaz: 0g&v D 27-&ufae@/ pmrsuEf mS -8 wGipf macgi;f }uD;ydik ;f Y qdx k m;azmfjy onfum; “'dkiftmcDonf trdjrefrmjynf}uD;. &if0Ypdkufxdk;aom "m;ajrm‡ ifyifv#ijf zpfa=umif;? od@k jzpfjcif;a=umifh tpd;k &. jrefrmwdik ;f usK;d owif;pmESihf ol&, d owif;pmwd@k omv#if 'dik t f mcDbufu ajymqdck s;D y a&;om;=uonfjzpfaoma=umifh tjcm;trsKd;om; owif;pmwdk@u vH;k vH;k ppfppfjzpfaom [kr&R ;l udo k m vdv k m;a&;om;=uonf? 'dik t f mcD ay;jcif;onf jrefrmtrsK;d om;wd@k . pGr;f &nfowWu d kd apmfum;&efp&m usa=umif;? xd'k ikd t f mcDukd ay;jcif;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd jynfukd rdrw d @dk u, kd yf ikd f wm0efct H yk cf sKyfEikd af om pGr;f &nfAswrdW &Sad o;[k qd&k ma&mufa=umif;? xdo k @kd aom qifajcem;oGi;f pum;rsK;d ESihf tpd;k &ay;tHah om vmbfvmb wd@k jzifh 'dik t f mcDvv kd m;aom vltrsm;wd@k ukd usK;H oGi;f avonf? 'dik t f mcD orm;wd@k uvnf; [kr&R ;l &Edidk &f ef 'dik t f mcD pcef;vrf;ayguu f oGm;jcif; onf ab;&efuif;&Si;f I c&D;oGm;&ef tvHòk cHq;kH tjrefq;kH enf;vrf; jzpf a=umif;[k ajymqdck s;D usL;=uI 'dik t f mcDuv kd ufrcHbJ y,f&mS ;jiif;qef =urnfqakd omf jrefrmwd@k onf a&S@o@kd w;kd wufEikd jf cif;r&Sb d J aemufqw k f wH@k jyef=uvdrrhf nfjzpfa=umif;udk qd=k uonf? ,if;od@k qd=k ujcif;onfum; u|epf w d af ygu=f uaomolw@kd . pdwaf eoabmxm;udk vltrsm;odom xif&mS ;&Hrk #yifv#ijf zpfa=umif;? 'dik t f mcDorm;wd@k onf 'dik t f mcD tkypf ;kd enf;udk ay;jcif;tm;jzifh jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k ukd tvGerf eG jf rwfaom qk}u;D ay; onf[yk if xifaumif;xif=uayvdrrhf nf? od@k &mwGif xd'k ikd t f mcDorm; wd@k onf jrefrmjynf}u;D . vGw+f ird ;f csr;f oma&;onf jrefrmwd@k . vufY yif wnf&adS =umif;? xdv k w G +f idr;f csr;f oma&;udk óud;yrf;wukwf txl; vH@k vxkwI f raqmif&u G u f rkcs&Edik rf nfr[kwaf =umif;”ESihf twdt vif ; zG i f h q d k a &;om;azmf j yavonf ? xd k e ,l ; bm;rm;owif ; pm azaz:0g&v D 3-&ufae@/ pmrsuEf mS eHygwf (9) wGi-f ---

vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 155

q&mawmf OD;OwWr

vGwv f yfueG f jh rL;pGm ae-utHah vm “jrefrmjynf}uD;rSmvnf; aumif;qd;k udpjP zpfysu&f zd@k tcdu k óf uH vmcJah v+y?D jAL&du k &ufw@kd . acwfyifjzpftahH vm/ trsK;d om;wd@k . acwf yifjzpftahH vm vGwv f yfueG @f jrL;pGmyif ae=utHah vm/ tdE, dN twGuf rSmrlum; 'dik t f mcDtedpaP &mufI toufaysmufcahJ v+y?D jrefrmjynf}u;D uvnf; 'dkiftmcD xdkodk@toufaysmufatmif ðyvkyf=ubdavm? xd'k ikd t f mcD tpd;k &u taiG@jzifrh id_ ;f wdu k af om tqdy. f o¿mefjzpfaom u|ef.b0Y aevdkaomolwdk@. t}uH^m%fay;csufrsm;udk &Sif;&Sif; y,f&mS ;=uI rdrw d @kd . ZmwdtarGukd &&Sad tmif awmif;qd=k ubdavm? “'dik t f mcDurkd vdk / [kr&R ;l omvdo k nf? 'dik t f mcDurkd ,l/ [kr&R ;l ppfppfr, S rl nf? Tod@k omv#if yef;rH;k wdik &f . dS ? xdo k @kd atmifyef;qk &&S&d ef jrefrmwd@k rsuEf mS rlI óud;pm;=u&rnf? tpnf;tvH;k jzpfatmif óud;pm; =uavmh? wnDw!$wfwnf; a&S@wl&SLudkvSrf;csDI wuf=ubdavm? tiftm;jynfh0ol&owWd&Sdaom vlaygif; 10-oef;wdk@onf rdrdwdk@ awmif;qdkcsufonf w&m;"rRobm0ESifh nDvSonfjzpfaoma=umifh rnforl # aESmif, h u S w f m;qD;Edik rf nf r[kwaf cs?” [k Tod@k qjkd yefao;.?

[kr&R ;l ppfppfrS vufc-H u azaz:0g&Dv 2-&uf jynfvHk;qdkif&m tpnf;ta0;}uD; ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI 4if;owif;pmuyif “t&dyt f a&mifr#om jzpf aom 'dik t f mcDvma&mufonf&adS omf rjywfrvyf raerem; wdu k cf u kd f vkyf}uH=u&rnf jzpfacsonf? xdkodk@wdkufcdkuf&rnf jzpfaoma=umifh [kr&R ;l wnf;[laom csr;f oma&;onf wjznf;jznf;aemufo@kd qkwcf mG oGm;I aemufq;kH tcsed w f iG f xd[ k rk &R ;l yef;wdik o f nf vH;k vH;k aysmufu, G f rsufajcjywfoGm;ayvdrfhrnf? rnfodk@ tkyfpdk;enf;udkyif ay;cJhavap 156 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

q&mawmf OD;OwWr jrefrmwdk@onf [krR&l;ppfppfuvGJv#if jiif;y,fpGm pGef@ypf&kHom &Sad vawmhonf?”

-umv#if pdwaf zmufjyefvmrnf {+yDv 6-&ufae@ xdo k wif;pmuyif pmrsuEf mS -8 Y ”ynm&Sd vlwpfpku t=urf;rzufbJ =uOfa&Smifjcif;tvkyfwGif tusKd;r&Sd[k oabmxm;=uavonf[k” u|Ekfyfwdk@rSm pdk;rdk;jcif;cH&aom vuf atmufEikd if o H m;jzpfjcif;a=umifh =uOfa&Smifaomtvkyu f kd wnDw!Gwf wnf; pdwt f m;xufoefpmG ESihf ðyvky=f u&rnf? xdek nf;vrf;wckomv#if [kr&R ;l vGwv f yfa&; &Edik &f efvrf;a=umif; jzpfacsawmhonf?” arv 18-&ufae@ pmrsuEf mS -5wGif “jAL&du k &ufw@kd . vuf atmufwiG f aexdik &f jcif;onfum; toufEiS hf ae&onfuo hJ @kd r[kw/f emrf0^d m%fr&Sad omolEiS hf wlacsonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd .ud, k u f kd taESmiftzG@J ESihf xm;jcif;cHae&onfjzpfI v_y&f mS ;uGe@f jrL; touf&LS jcif; rðyEdik &f adS csrl um; raumif;aompdwf azmufjyefvmI a&m*ga0'em uyfvmayvdrhf rnf? ud, k pf w d u f se;f rmcsr;f oma&;twGuf vlwikd ;f yifv#if vGwv f yfa&; &&Sad p&rnf” [k TuJo h @kd q. kd ?

&efou l &kd ifqikd &f rnf pufwifbmv 6 &uf ae@u “jrefrmwd@k onf rdrw d @kd vGwv f yf a&;twGuEf iS hf rdr*d % k jf 'yf !_;d ydejf cif;udk rcHEidk I f xkjd 'yfou d mQ udk jyef vnfyiG v hf ef;vmapjcif;iSg wdu k cf u kd &f ayrnf? rnforl # rdrw d @kd vuf0,f &&Sad omtm%mwefc;kd udk tvdt k avsmuf ay;urf;pGe@f vw $ v f =kd urnf r[kwaf y? tcsK@d aom jrefrmwd@k onf xdo k @kd wu kd cf u kd &f rnfukd &G@H a=umuf xdwv f ef@I aemufo@kd qkw=f uonf? wdww f qdwyf ek ;f atmif; a&Smif vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 157

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158 vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol

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vGwfvyfa&; pdwf"gwf rsdK;aphcscJhol 159

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