GRADSKI JAVNI PRIJEVOZ U PRIŠTINI I MOGUĆNOST SMANJENJA EMISIJE ONEČIŠĆUJUĆIH TVARI by kvaliteta.net

13. međunarodni simpozij o kvaliteti „KVALITETA I DRUŠTVENA ODGOVORNOST“, Solin, 15.-16.3.2012.

URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN PRISHTINA AND OPOORTUNITY TO REDUCE EMISSIONS OF POLLUTING SUBSTANCES GRADSKI JAVNI PRIJEVOZ U PRIŠTINI I MOGUĆNOST SMANJENJA EMISIJE ONEČIŠĆUJUĆIH TVARI

M. Sc. Hajredin Tytyri E-mail: hajredintytyri@yahoo.com Dr. Sc. Bashkim Baxhaku E-mail: bbaxhaku@hotmail.com M. Sc Xhemajl Mehmeti Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Prishtina, Kosovo E-mail: xhemajlmehmeti@yahoo.com Habib Qorri, dipl. ing. Municipality of Prishtina, UÇK-2, 10000 Prishtinë, Kosovë E-mail: habib_qorri@hotmail.com

UDK/UDC: 504:656.1 Pregledni rad/Review Primljeno: 21. prosinca, 2011./Received: December 21st, 2011 Prihvaćeno: 3. veljače, 2012./Accepted: February 3rd, 2012

Izvor: Zbornik radova 13. međunarodnog simpozija o kvaliteti Kvaliteta i društvena odgovornost, Hrvatsko društvo menadžera kvalitete, Zagreb, Solin, 2012, str. 433-444.

ABSTRACT Prishtina, the capital of the Republic of Kosovo, in the post-war period has had an increase in residential area as well as in number of residents and non-residents who are either citizens of Kosovo or internationals. The increase of residential area and the increase of population have influenced the increase of the number of public transport lines as well as the number of buses in urban lines and secondary ones that sometimes do the traffic jams. The work outlines the most important characteristics of the urban bus parking place and the secondary one of Prishtina. Having in mind the everyday traffic jams within the town and in its entrance and exit and the fact that the buses are too old influence high emission of NOx as a polluting substance. There are conclusions to be analysed for polluting substances especially NOx and the possibility of decreasing the quantity of emission. The most efficient way to decrease the emission of pollutants is the improvement of the bus parking place, re-defining of travel lines, determining the travel way, determining of bus stops and establishment of alternative forms of transport.

Key words: ecology, transport, urban environment, bus parking place, alternative transport.

1. INTRODUCTION First public transport in Prishtina city was established in mid-70 in the last century and it was under the ownership of the municipal public enterprise as the lone public transport enterprise. After the war in June 1999 the need for transporting citizens within and in the countryside of Prishtina was increased. The possibilities for the public enterprise to carry out the transportation were small (due to damages of its buses) and therefore another way of transport emerged with vans (up to 8 seats) and normal personal cars serving as taxi. Both these categories are unlicensed and unregistered to exercise these activities. This situation continued until 2006 when Prishtina municipality prohibits this kind of transportation and allows creation of new transport lines. There are new urban transporting companies created. Nowadays in Prishtina operate 16 urban transportation lines and 21 suburban transportation carried out by 31 companies mainly individual.1 Some of these companies are organized as association with limited responsibilities, while only 3 belong to public sector with 78 buses with an average of buses from 20,16 years.2

2. ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION OF THE PARKING OF URBAN TRANSPORT AND URBAN PERIPHERIC BUSES The situation in the bus parking in Prishtina comparing to other capitals of the countries of the EU is a lot different. Main differences are as below: • Disorganized transport; • All lines cover the entire city; • Wild forms of transport (individual cars, vans, etc.); • Pretty old buses’ structure; • Improper maintenance; • Improper exploitation conditions; • Use of low quality of fuel, etc. Disorganized transport so that all lines go through the city centre and other forms of wild transportation create traffic jams, low speed, and high consumption of fuel that cause very high emission of pollution because of burning this fuel. In Prishtina region also there are 31,18% (11.8661 cars) registered of the total number of all motor cars of all car categories in Republic of Kosovo.3 If we add to this number the number of cars belonging to diplomatic bodies and international organizations then the traffic jam and the blocking of the Prishtina roads is inevitable. On Figure 1 is the Prishtina city and all the urban lines whereas in Figure 2 the suburban lines passing through the city.4

Plani per transportin urban, Komuna e Prishtines, 2010, MMPH: Ligji nr. 2004/30 për mbrojtjen e ajrit nga ndotja. 2 Hajredin Tytyri, “Modelimi i emisionit të materieve ndotëse nga gazrat dalës të automjetet motorike te komunikacionit rrugore”, Punim Masteri, Fakulteti i inxhinjeris Mekanike Universiteti i Prishtines, 2011. 3 Ibidem. 4 Plani per transportin urban, Komuna e Prishtines, 2010, MMPH: Ligji nr. 2004/30 për mbrojtjen e ajrit nga ndotja.

Figure 1. Outlines the urban lines in Prishtina city 3 3A

4 6

4 9

3 5

6A 9

From Figure 1 and 2 it can be seen that the majority of the transportation lines, whether urban or suburban lines pass through the city centre and crossroads I and II are very busy, and there is always at least one bus in these crossroads.

Figure 2. Outlines the suburban lines in Prishtina city 3B

8 7B

9A 9A 2 1 1

3B 8

Although most roads inside the city are two corset (ribbons) while in II junction like letter T there is a feeder with a corset (in both directions), the width of roads is not enough to ensure the traffic without hindrance. Another fact is that buses often stop even in places that are not specified as stations to take or leave passengers. Another fact is also the quite old structure of buses which do not provide comfort, safety and comfort of passengers (a lot of noise, dust, cold in winter and during summer they do not have sufficient ventilation). Payment is made in the bus and through periodic payments (weekly, monthly, etc.) do not apply to other companies even if they move in the same lines. In Table 1 there are presented in summary form data for the number of kilometres passed and fuel consumption for buses of urban and suburban traffic in Prishtina for 2010 provided by operators of lines.5

Table 1. Data for road passed and consumption of fuel for urban and suburban buses’ lines

Type of car Conventional6 Euro I7 Euro II8 TOTAL:

Number of kilometres passed (km) 3,266,900 1,139,600 65,800

Number of kilometres passed për per car. (km) 61,639.62 49,547.83 32,900.00

4,472,300

144,087.45

1,448,760.00 420,830.00 33,250.00

27,335.09 18,296.96 16,450.00

Average Fuel consumption (L/100km) 44.34 36.92 50.00

1,902,840.00

62,082.05

43.75

Fuel consumption (L)

Fuel consumption per car.(L)

Nr. of cars 53 23 2 78

Source: Made by authors.

Data presented in Table 1 show that the largest number of kilometres passed falls under group of buses with conventional engine, also the number of kilometres passed for a bus falls to this category. Given the data presented in Table 1, which are based in the year of manufacturing of the bus, conventional bus number, the number of buses with EURO I engine and the number of buses with Euro II engine. We will present the age structure of the bus lines in urban and suburban in Pristina. According to Figure 3 and the Table 1, it can be seen that the biggest number of buses in urban and suburban transport make the buses with conventional engine.

Karakteristikat e autobusëve, Shoqata e transportit urban dhe periferik urban, Prishtine, 2011. Bad quality of fuel. 7 EURO I: 2.75C.O. (carbon monoxide)(gm/km) and 0.97 H.C + NO X (gm/km). 8 EURO II: 2.20C.O. (carbon monoxide)(gm/km) and 0.50 H.C + NO X (gm/km). 6

Figure 3. The age structure of the buses

Source: Made by authors.

Based on the data provided by the owners of the companies operating in urban and suburban transport of Prishtina it is made the calculation of the quantity of emission of pollutants with calculation model COPERT IV version 7.1.9

3. CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF QUANTITY EMISSIONS OF POLLUTANTS FROM URBAN AND SUBURBAN TRANSPORT WITH COPERT The first link between motor vehicles and human environmental pollution in urban areas is established in 50 of the last century when researchers have come to the conclusion that the transport was the main culprit for the smog in the sky over Los Angeles, California, USA. The industrialization after the World War II impacted a lot the increase of the number of motor cars. Second most important factor in establishing connectivity between motor vehicles and pollution of human environment is the source of energy for motor vehicle, it means fuel. With the constant expansion of the motor vehicles, the amount of fuel consumed and the number of kilometres passed it increases the amount of emission of pollutants, such as: CO, CXHY, NOx, CO2 and particles.10 Even though the first steps of the control and decrease emissions of pollutants mentioned are recorded in 70 of the last century, most important measures are recorded in the last decade of the last century when the so-called „small emissions“ plan was defined.11 In the other hand, Prishtina city and its countryside is defined as one of the most polluted towns in Kosovo with fogs from pollutants. Situation has changed after the last was in Kosovo where besides electric power plants we do not have other industries that would pollute the environment in Prishtina region. Recently, motor cars city heating system and also power plants can be defined as pollutants. Leaving aside power plants and the power plants we will show in this work results presented by which is defined ecological situation in Prishtina region for 2011 and the possibility of decreasing the pollution in urban environments. 9

http://www.emisia.com/copert/ Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetësisë Publike të Kosovës: Raporti i Aerondotjes Janar – Mars, 2009, Prishtinë, Prill 2009. 11 Motor vehicle pollution - reduction strategies beyond 2010, OECD, Paris, 1995. 10

Based on the presented analysis of the car park and the relevant data mentioned above to successfully determine ecological situation in Prishtina region it is calculated the characteristic emission of pollutants from urban and suburban buses using calculating programme Copert IV, which is used successfully in entire European Union. For the creation of pollutants emission calculations it was necessary to know the spent fuel during transport. According to data received from operators of lines, it was made the balance of the estimated quantity of spent fuel.12 In Table 2 it is shown the amount of spent fuel obtained from model calculations.

Table 2. Quantity of spent fuel calculated from buses in 2010 Year 2010 Copert IV Mistake %

Diesel/Oil (t) 1588,87 1566,30 -1,42

Source: Made by authors.

Because the mistake of calculations is less than ±10 %, based on recommendations of the author of the calculating programme13, the calculation can be considered as valid and we can start with presentation of ecological situation for buses operating in Prishtina roads and its suburbs for 2010. Calculation results in the ratio with characteristic pollutants from motor cars are given in table 3.

Table 3. Emission of pollutants from urban and suburban buses in Prishtina for 2010 Emission of pollutants CO2 CO CxHy NOx

Buses [g/km auto] 1119.56 5.05 1.95 14.67

Source: Made by authors.

Based on the presented results it can be seen that we have a high quantity of CO2 which is caused directly from the spent fuel and NOx as typical pollutant from motor cars using diesel/oil. In order to know the quantity of pollutants’ emission, usually it is made the comparison of achieved results which are valid in the countries of EU and countries of the region. Based on the literature14 table 6.8 where comparison of specific pollutants is made in Republic of Kosovo with countries of OECD-Europe15, Bosnia and Herzegovina16 and 12

Karakteristikat e autobusëve, Shoqata e transportit urban dhe periferik urban, Prishtine, 2011. http://www.emisia.com/copert/ 14 Hajredin Tytyri, “Modelimi i emisionit të materieve ndotëse nga gazrat dalës të automjetet motorike te komunikacionit rrugore”, Punim Masteri, Fakulteti i inxhinjeris Mekanike Universiteti i Prishtines, 2011. 15 Motor vehicle pollution - reduction strategies beyond 2010, OECD, Paris, 1995. 13

Serbia17 and Table 4 where there are presented specific pollutants from buses in Republic of Kosovo, Prishtina region and buses of urban and suburban traffic in Prishtina, we can conclude over the quantity of emission of specific pollutants.

Table 4. Indicator comparisons of specific polluting substances in the Republic of Kosovo with the OECD-Europe, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia Coefficients of emission (g/km auto) CO NOx CxHy CO2

OECD- Europe countries 1990 28,40 3,43 4,73 305,36

Year 1995 2000 15,39 8,41 2,75 1,49 2,69 1,46 294,92 258,42

2010 5,09 0,97 1,08 243,49

Bosnia and Herzegovina Year 2005 7,42 1,58 1,13 302,67

Serbia Year 2009 5.35 2.17 1.11 291.48

Republic of Kosovo Year 2009 7.65 2.17 1.23 290.55

Source: Made by authors.

Based on the literature18, we conclude that quantity of emission of specific pollutants in Republic of Kosovo for 2009 is in the level of last years of last century the OECD Europe countries had.

Table 5. Indicator comparisons of specific polluting substances to buses in the Republic of Kosovo, Prishtina region and in public transport in Prishtina Coefficients of emission (g/km auto)

Buses Rep. of Kosovo

Prishtina region

2009

Public transport in Prishtina Year

CO NOx CxHy CO2

3.09 10.22 1.19 729.25

2010 3.34 11.48 1.27 817.63

5.05 14.67 1.95 1119.56

Source: Made by authors.

Level of quantity of emission of CO2 from buses of urban and suburban buses in Prishtina city is higher than total level of emission of CO2 in Republic of Kosovo. Moreover, comparing buses of Kosovo with Prishtina region is much higher showing a very old structure of buses, high consumption of fuel, improper maintenance and low driving speed. Level of NOx as characteristic pollutant for cars using diesel is very high. Comparing buses operating on the roads of Republic of Kosovo with buses of Prishtina region it shows 16

M. Džeko Modeliranje emisije zagađujućih materija u izduvnim gasovima cestovnih vozila u saobraćaju, Magistarski rad, Mašinski fakultet univerziteta u Sarajevu, 2008. 17 Univerzitet u Beogradu - Institut saobraćajnog fakulteta: Određivanje količina emitovanih gasovitih zagađujućih materija poreklom od drumskog saobraćaja primenom copert iv modela evropske agencije za životnu sredinu, Beograd, oktobar 2010. 18 Hajredin Tytyri, “Modelimi i emisionit të materieve ndotëse nga gazrat dalës të automjetet motorike te komunikacionit rrugore”, Punim Masteri, Fakulteti i inxhinjeris Mekanike Universiteti i Prishtines, 2011.

that urban and suburban buses of Prishtina issue high quantity NOx. If we add to this the reports from the Institute for Public Health19 and Hidrometeorological Institute of Kosovo20 which monitor the air, they report about high quantity of (NOx), we can suppose that it may be the city public transport is the main cause of such high emission of NOx. Carbon Monoxide (CO) is under the level of Republic of Kosovo which shows that we had buses using diesel for fuel whereas emission of (CxHy) is a bit higher than average level in Republic of Kosovo.

4. OPPORTUNITY TO POLLUTION EMISSIONS REDUCE Based on these conclusions drawn on the amount of pollutant emissions from urban and suburban transport in Prishtina we come to the conclusion that the amount of CO2 emitted and especially NOx is high enough and in order to decrease the amount of emissions several measures should be taken such as: • Putting urban and suburban transport under an organized structure; • Expansion of the central streets of the city from two to three corset in both directions (already began expansion) and made a corset reserved for public transport; • Prevention of suburban lines going through the city centre; • Decrease of number of lines; • Re-organization and re-orientation of urban lines; • Re-establishment of stations; • Respecting the start and stop schedules in the stations; • Possibility of alternative transport. Establishing of these measures will improve bus structure which will enable a more quality transport, proper planning of start and stops, comfort transport, higher driving speed, less fuel consumption but also decrease in the quantity of emission of pollutants, especially CO2 and NOx. In addition to park renewal further activities to reduce the emission of pollutants must be addressed such as the use of conventional fuel quality and alternative fuels. It is certain that CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) today represents the most important alternative fuel that allows the realization of much smaller emission of pollutants, especially NOx and particles.21 Application of CNG comes to expression primarily to vehicles with less perfect device for bringing fuel and without treatment in the exit gas catalyst. But this application requires certain changes to the engine and quality infrastructure. Given that CNG has found wide application, as the urban public transport vehicles and passengers of vehicles in Western European countries, but also in some of our closest surroundings, it can be expected that this type of alternative fuel will be used in a Prishtina suburb in the near future. For successful application of the presented options to reduce the emission of pollutants there should be carried out a training of all personnel dealing with the exploitation and utilization of alternative fuel, and relevant institutions to provide incentive funds for their use.

Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetësisë Publike të Kosovës: Raporti i Aerondotjes Janar-Mars 2009, Prishtinë, Prill, 2009. 20 Instituti Hidrometeorologjik i Kosovës – Temperaturat mesatare për vitin 2010, Prishtinë, 2011. 21 Baxhaku Bashkim, Naser Lajqi and Tytyri Hajredin, “Directions for reducing the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Pristine region”, 7TH Research/Expert conference with international participations “QUALITY 2011” Neum, B&H, 2011.

5. CONCLUSION Prishtina suburbs due to the specific position represent one of the most polluted cities where the main culprits for the emission of pollutants are motor vehicles, heating systems for buildings and power plants of Kosovo. In this context it is defined ecological urban and suburban transport in Prishtina and it was done the analysis of most important pollutants as the consequence of this type of transport. It is shown that urban and suburban transport buses issue very high emissions of NOx and CO2 as a result of a relatively old structure, very high specific fuel consumption that perform these transport buses. Reducing emissions of these pollutants can be accomplished by establishing an organizational structure, widening of roads to allow more rapid movement, park renewal and urban and suburban buses, the use of more quality conventional fuel and those alternative ones, but also with some other economic measures and alternative modes of transportation that is shown in this paper.

Sažetak: GRADSKI JAVNI PRIJEVOZ U PRIŠTINI I MOGUĆNOST SMANJENJA EMISIJE ONEČIŠĆUJUĆIH TVARI U Prištini, glavnom gradu Republike Kosovo, u poslijeratnom razdoblju došlo je do povećanja broja stanovnika. Radi se o domicilnom stanovništvu, ali i nerezidentnim stanovnicima Republike Kosovo te službenicima međunarodnih organizacija. Proširenje naseljenih površina kao i rast stanovništva, utjecali su na povećanje broja linija javnog autobusnog prijevoza, koje ponekad uzrokuju velike gužve. U radu se donosi pregled najvažnijih karakteristika autobusnog voznog parka u gradskom i prigradskom prometu Prištine. S obzirom na dnevno opterećenje prometa u gradu, na ulazima i izlazima iz grada, kao i činjenicu da su autobusi vrlo stari, posljedica je relativno visoka emisija NOx, kao i ostalih onečišćujućih tvari. U radu se donose rezultati analize ovog problema i posebno emisije NOx te govori o mogućnosti smanjenja emisije. Učinkovitiji način smanjenja emisije štetnih tvari je poboljšanje stanja voznog parka autobusa, revizija autobusnih linija, označavanje posebnih linija kretanja, kao i uspostavljanje alternativnih oblika prijevoza.

Ključne riječi: ekologija, prijevoz, urbana sredina, autobusni park, alternativni prijevoz.

6. LITERATURE 1. Baxhaku, B., Disa statistika të regjistrimit të automjeteve në Republikën e Kosovës për vitin 2009, Prishtinë 2010. 2. Baxhaku, B., Lajqi, N., Lajqi, S. i H. Tytyri, “Possibility of reducing emissions of pollutants in urban areas”, 1st International Scientific Conference on Engineering Manufacturing and Advanced Technologies, MAT 2010, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2010. 3. Baxhaku I. B., Lajqi, B. N., Lajqi, B. S., “Ecology and road transport in Republic of Kosova, 14th International Research/Expert Conference Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology TMT 2010, Mediterranean Cruise, 2010. 4. Baxhaku, B., Lajqi, N. i H. Tytyri, “Directions for reducing the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles in Pristine region”, 7TH Research/Expert conference with international participations “QUALITY 2011” Neum, B&H, 2011. 5. Baxhaku, B., Lajqi, N., Cakolli, H. and S. Lajqi, “ Influence of motor vehicle in pollutant emission in urban environments”, 14th International Research/Expert Conference Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology, TMT 2010, Mediterranean Cruise, 2010. 6. Copert III, Computer programme to calculation emissions from road transport - User manual, EEA, November, 2000.

7. Doganat e Kosovës- importimi i lendes djegëse për vitin 2010, Prishtinë, 2011. 8. Džeko, M., Modeliranje emisije zagađujućih materija u izduvnim gasovima cestovnih vozila u saobraćaju, Magistarski rad, Mašinski fakultet univerziteta u Sarajevu, 2008. 9. http://www.emisia.com/copert/ 10. Instituti Hidrometeorologjik i Kosovës - Temperaturat mesatare për vitin 2010 Prishtinë, 2011. 11. Instituti Kombëtar i Shëndetësisë Publike të Kosovës: Raporti i Aerondotjes Janar - Mars 2009, Prishtinë, Prill, 2009. 12. Karakteristikat e autobusëve, Shoqata e transportit urban dhe periferik urban, Prishtine 2011. 13. Motor vehicle pollution - reduction strategies beyond 2010, OECD, Paris, 1995. 14. Plani per transportin urban, Komuna e Prishtines, 2010. MMPH: Ligji nr. 2004/30 për mbrojtjen e ajrit nga ndotja. 15. Tytyri, H., “Modelimi i emisionit të materieve ndotëse nga gazrat dalës të automjetet motorike te komunikacionit rrugore”, Punim Masteri, Fakulteti i inxhinjeris Mekanike Universiteti i Prishtines, 2011. 16. Univerzitet u Beogradu - Institut saobraćajnog fakulteta: Određivanje količina emitovanih gasovitih zagađujućih materija poreklom od drumskog saobraćaja primenom copert iv modela evropske agencije za životnu sredinu, Beograd, 2010.