1
u sr f;jr wfu k&ft mefu wi fjyao m o pö mw&m;o H k ;&yfo n f o d yÜ H yn m\ t ajccH t k wfjrpfjzpfo n f pma&;o l - [ mZ&wfr D &fZmA½S D ;&f½k'f' D ;ef r [ fr k'f t [ fr ' f(&' )D (1953 - ZG efv - 25&u a f eY )
2 u srf;jrwfu k &ft m efu wi fjyao mo pö m w&m ;o H k ;&yfo n fo d yÜ H yn m \ t ajccH t k wfjrpfjzpfo n f pma&;o l - [ mZ&wfr D &fZmA½S ;&f½k D ' f' D ;efr [ fr k ' ft [ fr ' f(&' D ) - (1953 - ZG efv - 25&u faeY ) ok awo et pn f;t ½k ;(Research Institude)u d H k vG efcJ ao m h 8Ep Su f u m',DN H rd K U üuR efawmft w k jfr pfcszJ U G pn f;cJ ygo n /fx td h k cse du f pí ok awo ev k yfi ef;r sm;pwi fjyK vk yfjzpfcJ o n f/o d h ao mf1947 t d Y k E´d , ygu pö wef ES pfjcr f;cG ao mawmfv S J efajymif;v J r Iu mv 0i fa&mu fv mcJ h onh ft wG u fo a kwo ev ykfi ef;r sm;aq mif½G u f&efae&mr½S jzpfcJ d &o n f/ h xY a kdM u mih f(ygu pö wefEikdif )H&A0 f gN rK dU üoa kwo eXme t aq mu tf O;Dwn f aq mu fEd kif&ef ½lyD ;ai G w pfo d ef;au mu fcH zd kYr d wfaq G w pfOD ;u d ku R ef awmfwm0efay;t yfcN hyD J ; u sef½yl D ;ai G wpfo d ef;u d ku R efawmfau mu fcH rn f [ kajymcJ \ /o a h Y k do mf, ck wk idfx d ok k awo eXmeaq mu fv k y& f efE;d Iaq mrf I r sm;r jyK Ed i fjzpfco k h n f/t aM J u mif;r l *sr mt o fo m;r sm;x H r St jcm;r sm;pG m ao mEd I;aq mfx m;csu fr sm; ?awmif;q d x m;csu fr sm; ½S k aeao maM d u mifh jzpfo n f/o d wd Y k i fat mifx d k rd k wa fqG o n f½lyD ;ai G i g;ao mif;ES pfax mirf Q ud k au mu fcH Ek i fcJ d ao maM h u mifhþ t aq mu ft O;D ud wn faq mu f&eft pysd k K ; Eid kfcJ o n f/t u , fí u sefai G h ud v n f; au mu fcH k &½S Ek d i fcJ d ygr l =t i fef½S h m v m[ f[ G v ft ZD ;Zf+ v kyfi ef;t awmfu s, fjyefY pG mv kyfaq mifEkd i fv d r fh r n fjzpfN yD ; t aq mu tf OD ;v n ;f wn faq mu N fy;D pD ;Eid kfv d rh rf n fjzpfo n f/ , ckx d ok k awo eXmewG i f XmecG iJg;ck jzi h fv y kfi ef;r sm;v n fywfv Q u½ fS d o n f/ au mif;u i u f su sr f;r sm;t eu f u r Ç mN *d K [ feu © wf?pM u 0VmES ip fhyf v sOf;í pl;pr f;av h v m&ef Ed I;aq mfrIt jyK qH k;ao mu sr f;r S mu sr f;jr wf uk &ft mefyi jfzpfo n /fu sr;fjr wfu k &ft mefu pM u 0Vmu r m ÇN *K dv tf aM u mi;f
3 av h v mpl;pr f;&ef yG i vfh i ;fx i f½m S;pG mt r d efY ay;Ed I;aq mfo av mu f u r Ç m ay:½d Sr n fo n a fhu mif;u i fu su sr f;(wpfen ;f- b mo ma&;u sr f;pmt k yf) u r Sx k o dd Ed Y k I;aq mfrIjyK jci f;r ½S acs/þ t aM d u mif;ES i fh pyfv sOf;í u sr f;jr wf u& kft mefu t ajccH t csu fo H ;csu fu k k cdsjyo n f/ yx rt csu f/ /=þ av mu wG i ;f½d o S r Qo u f½S d?o u fr h cJyfo d r f;o n f t pH t wG k jJzpfv Q u f½d N S yD ; wpfck wn f;o D ;o efjY zpfwn faeo n h tf &m[ lí r ½d + S [ kt v m ’[ tf ½S i jfr wfr d eM fY u m;awmfrl\ /t ½S i jfr wfr d eM fY u m;awmfro l n fr S m -=i gwd k Y o n ft &m 0wÉ K wd k i f;u d kt pH k t wG J r sm ; zefq i f;awm fr l\ +(u k &f t mef- 51;50) 'k wd , t csu f/ /=t &m0wÉ K cyfo rdf;o n f t csd ejfyn fhv Iy½ fS m;½k ef;u ef (workv kyf)v Q u f½S d \ +[ ku sr f;jr wfu k&ft mefu q d ko n f/q d kv d ko n fr S m , i f;v k yfaq mifcsu fr sm;\ &v ' fr sm;x G u fay:v Q u f½S jci f;q k d idf&mt pOf t q u fo n fv n yf wfv Q u f½S \ /=t ½S d i fjrwfo n ft csd efwd k i f;wG i fo pf vG i fao m* k P ft ½S d eft 0gwpf&yfwG i f½S d aeawmfr l\ + (u k&ft mef55;30)[ kt v m ’[ tf ½iSfjr wfr d eY a f wmfrl\ /, i f;\ q k vd k & di f;r S mpM u 0Vm u rm Çwpfcvk ;kH ½d S t &mwd ik;fo n ft ½iSjfr wf\ o pfv iGa fom *k P tf ½e d Stf 0gr S t u sK d;cH pm;v Q u½ f \d S/t &m0wÉ K wikd;f\ v n fywfv yI ½ fS m;aer It pOtf q u f o n fwpfae&m&mwG i f&yfq k id;fo G m;o n fr ½b d SJa½S U oY o kd mq u fí wd ;wu f k om G;v Q u½ fS N d yD ; t csd efwk idf;wG i f &v ' tf o pfr sm;u kdx k wa f q mifay;v Q uf ½d o S n f/u ES i fhc aygi ;fpyfjci f;aM u mifh* jzpfx G ef;v mo n /fx k a Y demu f * EiSfhC aygi f;pyfr IaM u mih f i jzpfx G ef;v mo n f/x o k jd d Y k zi fht q k ;H r ½S ao m d t pOft q u fo n f v n yf wfv Iy½ fS m;v Q u f½d a Se\ /
4 wwd , t csu f/ /=x k td &m0wÉ K t vH ;pH k E kS i fh , i f;wd \k Yv yI f½S m;½k e;fu efr I ? x½ ke d k;fu efv yI ½ fm S;r rI sm;r jS zpfx e G;fv mao m&v ' rf sm;\ v sd K U 0S u fcsu fr sm;u d k av h v mpl;pr f;&efr S mv lo m;wd w Y k m0efjzpfo n + f[ ku sr;fjr wfu k &ft mefu q kd \ /x vkd ykif ef;wm0efu kdN y;D ajr mu a f pjci f;o n fo mt ½iSfjr wft jr i ü f t od ÓP E f iSjfhyn 0 fho rl n fayo n /f=au m i f;u i fES i fh ajrB uD ;jzpfwn faejci f;t aM um i f;u d kq i fjci fawG ;ac:M u o lr sm ;o n ft q H k ;ü t d k µu R efawm fr sd K ; wd k Y t m ; zefq i f;arG ;jrLawm fr lao m t ½S i f- t ½S i fjrwfo n fþ u rÇ m av m ut m ; t csn f;ES D ; ?t "d yÜ g, fr J h zefq i f;x m ;jci f; r[ k wfyg?t ½S if jrwfo n f o efY ½S i f;pi fM u , fawm fr lyg\ /u R efawm fr sd K ;wd k Y t m ; i &J rD ; ab ;r Su i f;v G wfapawm fr lyg+ (u k &ft mef-3;192)[ lao m&v ' fo d Y k a&mu fM uv d r fh r n f/t v ’m[ ft ½S i fjr wf zefq i f;jzpfwn fapx m;ao m Oy' ed , mrr sm;u d kpl;pr f;q i fjci o f lr sm;?u r m Çav mu pM u 0Vmjzpfwn f aejci f;q d kif&mt ajr § mft jr i fw&m;u d kax mu f½IawG ;ac:o lr sm;t wG uf xk o d n fh v sd K U 0S u fcsu ft x ;H kt zG U J r sm;ES i fhu r Ç majr \ t r Ieft r T m;r sm;r S onf zefq i f;½iSfx dv sd K U 0S u f&m[ lo r Q \ at mifjr i f&mv r f;u d kzG ih a f y;v d r fh rn f jzpfaM u mif; u sr;fjr wfu & ktf mefu u wd jyK x m;N y;Djzpfo n f/=i gwd k Y zefq i f; x m;ao mu r Ç mav mu pM u 0Vmt aM u mif;ES i fh pyfv sOf;í v n f; au m i f; ?i gwd k Y ud k , fwd k i fq D od k Y a&m u f&efv n f;au m i f; en f;rS efv rf;rS ef jzi fhB ud K ;yrf;t m ;x k wfr n fq d k ygu i gwd k Y o n fx d k o lwd k Y t wG u fat m if jri faygu fa&mu fr n fh v r f;u d kr k cszG i fh ay;awm fr lr n fo mjzpfo n f+ (u k &tf mef 29;70)[ kt ½iSfjr wfu r e dM fY u m;awmfr\l / þ t ajccH t csu fo H ;csu fo n f u sr f;jr wfu k k &ft mefu a<u ;aM u mf x m;ao mt r S efw&m;o k ;H &yfjzpfN yD ; rG wfpv i fr sm;t m; x d b u fo d k t m½k Y k H pd u k f&efEd I;aq mxf m;o n f/x jk Y dyi fþ t ajccH t csu fo ;H kcsu fo n fo ydH yÜn m &yf\ t kwfjr pfv n f;jzpfo n f/pM u 0VmaA' v d ku fpm;&ef u k&ft mefu
5 Ed ;Iaq mfo r IjyK x m;o n fh wd kif r G wfpv i fr sm;u *½k r r lb Jaygh wD ;aygh q v ykfaejci f;o n f t b , fr Q t M ho zG H , a f u mif;aeb e dn ;f/ t awG ;t o d ÓP ft r sK d;r sd K ;t jym;jym;u G ao mv o J l m;r sm; u r Ç may: wG i faex k idM fu o n f/u r Ç majr jzpfwn fjci f;u d p;lpr f;jci ;fo n fb mo ma&; k ES i fh rqd i f ? r pl;pr f;r q i fjci fb Jaejci f;o n fo mb mo mw&m;u d k cH k , l u sih o f ;H ko rl sm;\ t v k yfjzpfo n f[ kx i fM u ao mo lr sm;½o d n f/yr mq a S ko mf d A'k¨b mo m0i fr sm;ES i fhc&pf, mefx u J t csd K U *d P ;f0i ft k k yfprksm;o n f x k o dk Y d o mem;v n xf m;M u o n f/t csK dU u u rÇ majr t aM u mi;f pl;pr f;q i jfci jfci f;u kd av mu ½ Da I x mirh fa SwG ;ac:o ;kH o yfM uN yD ; , i ;fu o kd mr rdw d \Y kd t q ;kH pG ea fom b 0\ &n f½,Gfcsu f[ kr S wyf u k fx m;M d u o n /ft csd K U u u rÇ mav mu pM u 0Vmt aM u mi;fu d av h k v mv d u fpm;M k uN yD ;v Q i f wD xG i fq ef;o pfr Ir sm;v n f; jyK v ykfzefw;D M u \ /o d ao mf x d Y k od k av h Y k v mv k u dp f m;&efo lwo Y mo emwG k d if v r ;fñ e Txf m;csu rf ½a d Scs/o w l \Y kd o mo emo n fx tkd aM u mif;EiSh fpyfv sO;fí v ;H k0EIwfq d wa f e\ /o w l d onfx k Y k o dna fhv h v mv d up k f m;jci f;en ;fv r f;u d k u ,d kw f ikdfzefw;DwD x iGxf m;M u jci ;fjzpfo n /f o a Y kdo mfu sr;fjr wfu & ktf mefu rw Gfpv i rf sm;t m; u r Ç mav mu pM u 0Vmt aM u mi;f av h v mv u k fpm;&ef d v r f;ñ T efx m;½k H o mru x k td v ykfu d kb mo ma&;x J u t pd wtf yd i f;t jzpf k o wfr w Sxf m;N y;Dx o kd B Y kd uK d;yr ;fv yka f q mijfci ;f\ &v ' tf jzpfp0g;Au fo k vkd & f r tI aM u mi;fcH ES i fh0d n mOfa&;wd ;yG k m;r n h tf aM u mif;cH jzpfaM u mif; t m;ay; x m;o n /ft u , íf r G wp f v i fr sm;u , i ;fu kdv spfv sL½Iaygq h r n fq vd kQ if þ o n fu sr ;fjr wfu & ktf mef\ t r d eY u f d kyG ih vf i f;x i f½S m;pG mOayu m ©jyK jci f; jzpfN yD ; r cd ;r cefY k v ykf&mu sv d rh rf n f/ pM u 0Vmu r m Çav mu u kden ;fr e Svf r ;fr e Sjfzi h fq i jfci a f wG ;ac:o rl sm; o n ft v G eZ f cG Jwfv Q u ft v k yvf k yfM u o lr sm;jzpfo n /fr sm;pG mao mo d yH yÜ n m½S i fr sm;\ t x K É ywå r sm;u d d ku R ea f wmfzwfzl;o n /fo lwo Yn f t v e k d Gf
6 psmef0i fpm;pG m12ES pe f m&M D u mrQt v ykfv k yfM uv Q u f ajymia f jr mu fao m &v ' rf sm;u d kx k wfaq mifwwfM u o n /fo Y a ko mfr G d wfpv i rf sm;o n ft r sm; qk ;Hi g;em&D?ajcmu fem&M D u mrQt v k yfv ykfo n fu kdt awmf[ w k fv N S y[Dk x i fr S wfaeM u\ / =rjzpfEd k i fb l;q d k wmu sK yft b d "m efr S m r½S d b l;+ [ keyd vD k , efu qo k n f/ o q d l k vd o kd n th f "d yg Ü , fo ab mrm So u l rn o f n tfh v k yu f rkdQr jzpf Ed kif[ kr , lq jci f;jzpfo n f/t v k yfwd i f; cu fco k J n fu d awmho lo ab m k aygu fem;v n fx m;o n f/x d cu fcJ k o n fh t vk yfwd i f;u d k ko lu ZG cwfv Q J uf 0d &d , pd u k fu mN yD ;ajr mu a f t mitf x dv k yfo n f/at mifjr i faygu fajr mu f Eid k& f eft aM u mif;cH r sm;?v r ;fpr sm;v k 0 HOó zH kk ;H u ,Gw f rdjfr K yfaev i h u f pm; rd rd wY \d k vY vH k pd u fx k k wfr I?ZG B J u ;D r IaM u mifhat mijfr i a f &;v r ;fu a kzmcf h d o Jnh f ZG o wå J B d uD ;o laygi ;fr sm;pG mav mu ü½d cSh M Ju ygo n f/ rqD [ a f r mtf k ' f(t )o ci f yG ih a f y:ao macwfwG i f rG wp f v i rf sm;ü cd a kt mi;faeao mysi;f&a dygq h r Iu kdEk ;dM u m;v ef;q ef;r tI jzpfajymif;v vJ m at mijfyK vk yfzY kr jzpfEid d ko f n tfh aet x m;r sK d;ü½a de\ /o a S Y k do mfr q [Da f r mf t 'kf(t )o ci fu r w Gfpv i rf sm;t wG i f;ü ar Q mfv i h cf su ft v i ;fa&mifx G ef; ay;cJ N hy;Do w l Y u kd kdE;d kM u m;v ef;q ef;apcJ \h /r q [Dfar mtf k ' (ft )r yG ia h f y:r u D t E d,´d Eid kfi H ½d Sr G wfpv i a f cgi f;aq mifr sm;jzpfao mq mq , ' tf [ fr ' fcef ?t r ;D &ft v Dpo w l u Yd k d k(APALOGIST) y&d , m, fq i fwd r f;a½m Si fwwf o rl sm; ?t aM u mif;jywwfo lr sm; [ kOa&my pma&;q &mrsm;u a0zef a&;o m;cJ M h u ao mfv n f; r q D [ far mft k ' f(t )o ci fES i fh pyfv sOf;í r l t pö v mrfb u fr Su mu G , fwk jH Y yefao mo ci f\ en f;v r f;o n f y&d , m, fq i f wd r f;a½S mifwwfao men f;r [ k wfb Jw&M u r f;0i fa&mu xf ;d kck wfao men f; jzpfaM u mif; x p kma&;q &mrsm;u 0efca d H&;o m;cJ M h u o n f/ , ck v n ;f t [ fr ' ,DwfES i yfhwfo u N fyD ; t aemu fwid k;f pma&;q &m
7 wpfOD ;u x d ko d kY ao mt o G i fjzi fh o m a&;o m;cJh o n f/=t em*wfu mv EiSyfhwfo wfí o r d i f;q &mrsm;EIwfq w k d f&r n a fhe&mv n f;½S ch d N JyD +[ kx o kl d uqd o n f/t [ fr ' D k , wfacwfOD ;u mv t aM u mif;azmfjy&i f; x o k lu a&; d o m;o n fr S m=, ci fu N yK di yf rG Jsm;wG i ft x aES ;o n fx i fch & Jao mjr i f;(r w Gf pv i rf sm;u k q d vd kk o d n )fr sm;o n f, ckN yd K i yf J w GG i fa½S U wef;u yef;0i E fk idfcN hy+ J D [ ka&;o m;cJh o n f/jzpf&yfr S efu v n f; x d t wd k i f;o mjzpfcJh k \ /, i f;u m; xk a dcwfx k u d mv wG i fjzpfcJ ao mb mo ma&;av mu awmvf S h efajymi;fv rJI üv n ;fau mif; ?r G wp f v i rf sm;t wG i ;f E;d kM u m;x u fo efpd wfr sm;aygu zf m G; v mcJ jci ;füv n f;au mif; po n fr sm;o n fr q D h [ a f r mft 'k(ft )o ci \f o G ef o i fcsu fr sm;\ &v ' fyi fjzpfo n f/ , ck t cg r G wfpv i f99%o n f wr efawmft D pmu G , fv G eft ed pö a&mu N fyjD zpfaM u mi;f v u cf vHmM uN y/DeAw Dr efawm rf sm;\ jr i jh fr wfpi M fu , f r I?*k P tf o a&B u ;D r m;r Ipo n rf sm;u kdv u cf M H uN y/Du sr;fjr wfu & ktf m efwiGf r n fo n fh t m, wfr Sy, zf su fjci f;cH &o n f[ lí r ½q do S k nh d fr q D [ a f r mft 'kf (t )o ci fwi fjyao mo D t d &D k ½Iax mifh ud k99%o n f v u fcH v mM uN yD / wu , q f kdv e Gcf a h Jo mES pfaygi ;f1200½d St pö v mr(fht k vd r m)o mo emh yn m ½S i ft o D ;o D ;u u sr f;jr wfu k&ft mefwG i f y, fzsu fcH &ao mt m, wfr sm; ½o d Sn [f lao mt , ½ l cS dM hu \ /y, zf su jfci ;fcH J &o n f[ kv tl r sm;, lq aeM u ao mu k &ft meft m, wfawmfrsm;\ eu e fa Jo mt ajr m §tf jr i fo ab mrsm; u kdo ci fu t v G evf S yo d ra f rU G pG m½S i ;fjy\ /x o kd k jdzi fhu k Y &tf mefwG i fy, f zsu fc& Hao mt m, wfawmrf sm;v n ;f½d o S n [f lao mt , lu kdo ci fu t jr pfv e Sfo k wo f i zf , ½ fS m;cJ o h n /fwpfav mu v ;k H EiSfht x ;lo jzi h fr w Gp fv i f xw k pf&yfv k ;H wG i fo o H, t aejzi fh cd at mif;ae½k k o mru jyó em[ kr w H Sf yd u ku f mq efu Ysifwu kd zf su vf Q u fyi ½ fa d So mt aM u mif;&yft awmfrsm;r sm;u kd rqD [ a f r mft 'kf (t ) o ci fu v ;H k0ajymif;v J ypfv k u d \f /
8 xk a Y dM u mifhr jzpfEk ida f o mu d pö ud kt v ’m[ ft ½S i fjr wf\ zZv fau s;Zl; awm tf pH jkzi h fjzpfEk idjfci ;fu p dtö jzpfo k Y dajymif;v E Jikdf\ /u R ea f wm w fY kdu m'D , H N rK dU r Sx u Gcf m Gv mo n th f cg==t ckb , vf & kdyfwn rf v +J+[ íl *srmt o xf u J t awm B fu ;D ao mt ykp fw k pfcu k yi fajymq ckdM h Ju \ /o a Y kdo mf, ck M u nM fh uue k/f t v ’m[ ft ½S i fjr wf\ zZv fau s;Zl;awmfjzi fhu R efawmfwd wG Y k i f½S aeao m d ai G yr mP o n f, ci fu x u fyk rdsm;v m\ /q efu Y si fwk u d fcd u faev i u k fh pm; *srmt o o f n fwd ;kwu vf Q uo f m½\d S/*srmt o o f m;r sm;\ pD ;yG m;a&;t ajc t aeo n vf n ;f , ci u f x u fwd ;wu a k f u mi;fr e Gvf mcJ \h /t u , íf *srm t o fu kden f;r S evf r ;fr e Sfjzi fhyJ jyi fo G h eo f iE fd i fr n fq k k vd Q i f u se'f gt v Iai G yd rka ku mu fcH d &½d E Sid kfN y;D*sr mt o fv k yfi ef;r sm;yd rkv kd n fywfEk idfr n jfzpfo n f/ xd aM Y k u mifhu R efawmfh t jr i fq d &v Q k i f o kawo eXmewG i f wm0efx r f; aq mia f eao m0efx r f;r sm; ?yn m½S i fr sm;t aeES i fhr jzpfEik dfb l;q k o d n fh t aM u mi;fu d kr awG ;ygES i /fho k awo ev k yfi ef;u d ku s, fjyefY pG mv ykfaq mif &mwG i f==wd w Y k awG u rm Çu kdzefq i ;fEikdrf S mr[ w kb f ;l++q o kd n h fpu m;u vkd n ;f ow l d Y k t aeES i fhv u fo i fh cH p&mt aM u mif;r ½S d acs/(u r Ç mu d kzefq i f;jci f; qd &mrS k mwi fpm;o H ;pG k jci f;jzpfo n f/)t v ’m[ ft ½S J i fjr wfu rjzpfEk d i f[ k o wfr S wxf m;N yD ;ao mt &mrsm;o n frn fo d k Y rQ jzpfv m Ed k i fv d r fh r n fr [ k wf qo k n rf m d Sr S eyf go n /fo a Y ko mft v ’m[ u d f ,d kw f id kfu r jzpfEk idf[ ko wfr S wf x m;jci f;r ½d a So mt aM u mif;u d pö wpfcckk EiSp fhyfv sOf;N yD ;v o l m;u r jzpfEid kf ygb ;l [ q k vkd u kd ½ fE H kiSh fx tkd &mo n fwu , yf i fjzpfr v mEikdf[ o l nu f awmh r n fo k rdQ Y rrS eE f id kfyg/ b, a f o mt cgr Su r m Çr ysu E f id ka fM u mi;f wG iw f iGq f ckda h Jo mo ydyH Ün m ½iSB fu ;D o n ft u w f rA f ;kH wD x iGfN yD ;aemu fwiGft u w f rA fk ;H aM u mih fu r Ç mysu f Eikda fM u mif;u d kajymq d v m\ /av ; ?i g; ?ajcmu fv wd k i fat mif(CHAIN k REACTION) o H B ud K ;u G i f;q u fo zG , f wpfq i fh N yD ;wpfq i fh wH kY jyefo u f
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