Map Sarajevo MicroMegaLab

BOSN A AND HERZEGOV NA

Popu a on 2011

438 757 h b m

14 Km

Dens y

m

A ea Ave age o he popu a on

141 5

m

P B Hab

Exportations Exportations

12,48 % Capital goods

42,93 % Intermediate goods

31,4 % Consumer goods

PRESIDENCY PRESIDENCY

Municipalities in the Fed. of Bosnia and Herz.

5: 6: 7: 8: 9: 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19:

Municipalities Municipalities in the in the Republika Srpska Republika Srpska

Vogošća (CS) Ilijaš (CS) Ilidža (CS) Trnovo (CS) Hadžići (CS) Breza (ZD) Visoko (ZD) Kiseljak (CB) Fojnica (CB) Kreševo (CB) Olovo (ZD) Vareš (ZD) Foča-Ustikolina (BP) Goražde (BP) Pale-Prača (BP)

a: b: c: d: e: f: g: h: i: j: k: l: m:

Activity sectors 8,1 % Agriculture

JUDICIARY

Sokolac (SR) a: Sokolac (SR) Rogatica (SR) b: Rogatica (SR) Višegrad (F) c: Višegrad (F) Rudo (F) d: Rudo (F) Novo Goražde e: (F) Novo Goražde (F) Čajniče (F)f: Čajniče (F) Foča (F) g: Foča (F) Kalinovik (F) h: Kalinovik (F) Trnovo (SR)i: Trnovo (SR) Pale (SR) j: Pale (SR) Istočni Starik: Grad (SR) Stari Grad (SR) Istočni Istočna Ilidža l: (SR) Istočna Ilidža (SR) Istočno Novo (SR) Sarajevo (SR) m: Sarajevo Istočno Novo

26,4 % Industries

65,3 % Services

POL T AL & URBAN H STORY During thefled war,the many fled the Sarajevo developed on the northern side of the Miljaka During the war, many country, but country, began tobut began to return afterAgreements the Dayton in Agreements in 1995. river from the 15th century under the Ottoman influence,return after the Dayton 1995. Bosnia lost anBosnia lost an average 1,5% of itsper population per year between 1991 following an illustrative urban medieval model. Duringaverage of 1,5% of itsofpopulation year between 1991 and 2013 leading to a de-densification its territory. One the Austro-hungarian occupation, the city expandedand 2013 leading to a de-densification of its territory.ofOne can seethat in Sarajevo notwas every place was to the west and above the river. Apartment buildingscan see in Sarajevo not everythat place affected in theaffected in the same the less affected region new town, Novi with courtyards were constructed in addition to publicsame way; the lessway; affected region was the new was town,theNovi Grad. migration rate remained transportations and railways, however the mountainousGrad. Globally, theGlobally, country’sthe netcountry’s migrationnetrate remained positive, to people backbut from exile, but terrain forbade deterred the construction of large boule-positive, mostly due tomostly peopledue coming backcoming from exile, it startedaround stagnating has been dropping vards. Since 1945, under the controversial Tito authority,it started stagnating 2010around and has2010 beenand dropping Bosniawith is dealing a massofemigration of a linear expansion of the city began towards the end ofsince 2013. since Bosnia2013. is dealing a mass with emigration educated youth,towho haveopportunibetter work opportunithe valley. As Sarajevo entered its golden age of industria-educated youth, who hope havehope bettertowork outside of Bosnia. lisation, citizens witnessed the rise of communist ‘grandsties outside oftiesBosnia. ensembles’, monumental sport facilities and commercial infrastructures. During the war, the massive destruction of Immigration in BiH after the war significant elements of the city by the Serbs, called ‘urbicide’ by some locals urbanists, spread unforgettable scars all over the municipalities. At the end of the war, the return of refugees and the arrival of a workforce to rebuild the city dragged the proliferation of informal and illegal housing all over the hills. These constructions completed with no directive plan are omnipresent and mark the landscape of the city.

Since 2008, BiH is encouraged to pursue its constitutional reforms, such as the law reforming the labour code of each entity.

10,31 % Raw materials

EXECUTIVE

8 Km

2470,1 h b p

The City of Sarajevo is composed of 4 municipalities (Stari Grad, Centar, Novo Sarajevo, Novi Grad) lying within the Canton of Sarajevo, one of the ten administrative regions that compose the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH). The city also maintains important ties with Ilidža, a neighbouring municipality in the Polje area that has become an important suburb.

Sarajevo is at the centre of a larger metropolitan area known as the Sarajevo Macro Region (SMR) which extends into the Republika of Srpska, encompassing a total of 32 municipalities in both entities. As one of the five economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the SMR has around 770 000 inhabitants spread over an area of 8701km, representing about 17% of the total surface area of BiH. In 2003, the Sarajevo Economic Region Development Agency (SERDA) was set up in order to foster stronger economic cooperation in the area. It promotes region-wide infrastructural and environmental projects, while pushing for more competitiveness and integration on the international stage.

Following the war, the Dayton Peace Conference in 1995 established the Inter-Entity Boundary Line that runs at the centre of the Sarajevo Macro Region and today remains unsupervised. It encompasses 6 municipalities (Istočna Ilidža, Istočno Novo Sarajevo, Istočni Stari Grad, Pale, Sokolac, Trnovo). This division has in turn led to the development of the eastern half of the city as a separate entity know as Istočno Sarajevo or East Sarajevo. Despite its integration in the greater Sarajevo region, East Sarajevo maintains distinct policies in regards to education, healthcare, urban planning, and transportation as it is more directly influenced by the federal government of the RS. With its 90 000 inhabitants, East Sarajevo is the de jure capital of the RS although most of the official offices are located

URBAN SAT ON

LEGISLATIVE

NFORMAT ONS SARAJEVO

Unemployment Unemployment rate rate 44%

Located on a mountainous topography, Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have much land for agricultural growth and mostly depends on imports from other countries. The amount of imports is twice as high as the amount of exports, thus leading to a trade deficit. In Sarajevo, tourism has an important place and counts for 25% of the economy. The income of the country is in some degree, guaranteed by the exportation of intermediate goods and consumer goods, such as electricity and textile. The average salary of a Bosnian employee is around 420€ per month and the per capita GDP (gross domestic product) is 3500€ for a population of 3,8 millions inhabitants. In 1995, the Dayton Peace Agreements put an end to the Bosnian War but the economy suffered greatly. The political structure that was established afterwards lead to an economic lock, as all political decisions required the agreement of each region thus allowing them to veto any law they saw as unfitting. The State has been through many interethnic tensions, hence its inability to relaunch the economy and to act against the impoverishment of the population. There’s a large number of unemployed in Sarajevo, which pushes a lot of people to find undeclared work.

Since the beginning of 2015, the bosnian parliament has been taking action on labour market reforms and is proceeding to set up other necessary reforms. With the economic situation improving, many foreign investors are drawn Sarajevo, financing large infrastructure and residential projects. Hence, it can be said that the economic activity of the city is in a sharp growth.

120000 100000

The city of Sarajevo has evolved following the topography of the valley it stands in: the highest densities are concentrated around the Miljacka river, in the flattest areas, as the mountain sides made it harder to build. Another particularity of Sarajevo is the mix between traditional individual houses and big socialist towers: they were implanted anarchically inside the existing urban tissue making one oddly mixed landscape. Most recently, the extension tends to concentrated in the lowlands of Novi Grad and Ilidza (which is the only municipality that has gained population compared to the pre-1991 numbers).

Net Migration impact In BiH 30 25

80000

20

60000

15

40000

10

20000 0

1997 1998

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

5 0 -5

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Population

uo Municipalities in the city of Sarajevo

1921

1931

1945

1971

1991

2002

2 4

66 317

78 173

115 000

359 448

527 049

Coun y O

b n

401 118

u Cp

n

51 129 m2

Popu a on

GD 15 b n € GD p 3500 € n n 21% G wh 10% ndu g wh 11 7 % M n mp ng un C 20 % M n p ng un n 18 % M n d ng p n b G mn C n u

Ambassy o Be g um

c 19

i

8

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1

18

17

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There are three majors ethnic groups in Bosnia (Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats), each associated to different cultures and religions : respectively Islam, Christian Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The Yugoslav ethnicity could be added as a fourth one. There has been some mixing between the different ethnicities and nationalities at the time when this part of Europe was united as Yugoslavia.

Therefore, a part of the population with multiple origins doesn’t consider itself as being part of only one of the major communities. Quite surprisingly, the statistics on the Bosnian population are based on the four categories mentioned, plus one simply called « others », including Jews, Roms, etc.

Since the 1995 Dayton Agreements, Bosnia has officially been divided in two parts: the Republic of Serbia and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, considered as Serb and Bosniak; the Croat areas are part of the Federation and marked in gray on the map. This administrative boundary makes it difficult for the country to act as one and enhances the sentiment of nationalism and xenophobia.

The last national population census involving ethnic statistics was conducted in 1991, just before the war when nationalism was at its peak. Since then there have not been any public records of that kind and yet people of Bosnia

and Herzegovina live in a divided country, where origins still have a great role in social relationships, as well as in everyday life. Generally, the different communities stay apart in religious places or in schools for example. As they rarely mix up, a consequence of this could be the low proportion of inter-ethnic marriage representing only 8% of the married population. Some recent polls show that citizens are becoming less and less favorable to such ethnic separation, as it didn’t improve the way the country functioned, but on the other hand, mistrust between groups has exploded since the war.

Recently, in February 2014, there were some demonstrations in the main cities asking for a more global political arrangement that would ensure a better management of the country’s issues, but the movement soon died off, leaving Bosnia in its current state of stagnation. Hopes are that an eventual accession to the European Union would help lessen the importance of that boundary and facilitate federal initiatives. The candidature was posted in February 2015 but it may take many years for the procedure to be completed and, more importantly, the request to be accepted, as it will force Bosnia to make great reforms, for example in its economic, political or public sectors.

Eve yday

e

Cu u e

Cu n C n b M 1 € = 1 95 KM nd 1 KM = 0 50 €

Cn m On h u n n

200 M

per month

14 000 7 000

business zone

economic zone

economic zone

Ottoman Period (Baščaršija)

water infrastructure

water infrastructure

Austro-hungurian Period

sport recreation parls

sport recreation parls

residential housing

residential housing

Socialist housing

communal facilities

communal facilities

agricultural land

agricultural land

Informal houses

h n n

m g n numb 122 gh 123 MU H n m

n

124

d

B n

-8%

Novo Sarajevo -15%

Centar

Stari Grad

Ilidza

-16%

-12%

+19%

Residential housing Communal facilities

LégendeIndividual housingLégende

Agricultural land

& LégendeResidential Légende commercial

Forested land

reservations

LégendeBusinessLégende zone

protected area

LégendeEconomic Légende zone

Special purpose Reservations

10000hab/km² and more

forested land special purpose

protected area

& Légende Energy LégendeTraffic infrastructure

Industrial district

Protected area

LégendeWater Légende

Ethnic distribution in Sarajevo in 1991 Others

Yougoslaves

There are three Bosnia majors andethnic Herzegovina’s groups in Bosnia climate(Bosis characterised niaks, Serbsbyand three Croats), distinct eachtypes associated : a mid-continental to different climate, a cultures andmountain religionsclimate : respectively and a Mediterranean Islam, Christian climate. They are Others Orthodoxy and responsible Catholicism. for the Thedramatic Yugoslavclimate ethnicitytransitions could observed Serbs Others Others Yougoslavs be added asina the fourth country, one. There the surface has been of which someismixing only 51.100 km2.

Croats Croats between theThe different climateethnicities of the Bosnian and nationalities capital is measured at the from the Croats Serbs Serbs time when this Sarajevo-Bjelave part of Europestation was united situated as at Yugoslavia.

630 m a.s.l and the Serbs Therefore, a Ilidza-Butimir part of the population station situated with multiple at 495 m origins a.s.l. As Sarajevo Bosniaks Bosniaks Bosniaks Bosniaks doesn’t consider is located itself atasthe being intersection part of only of a mid-continental one of the climate major communities. a mountain Quite climate, surprisingly, summersthearestatistics short and onvery hot with city. Also located in the Centar are the Sarajevo Cathedralthe Bosnian temperatures population arepeaking based at on38the°Cfour ; winters categories are long and cold (catholic) completed in 1887 and the Sarajevo Synagoguementioned, plus with temperatures one simply called reaching « others -25 °C,», accompanied including by heavy first constructed in the XVIth century and rebuilt over time.Jews, Roms, snowfalls etc. which cover more than 60% of Bosnian territory.

Places of worship played a great role in the life of the city.Since the 1995 The Dayton city is also Agreements, subject to Bosnia heavy precipitation has officially with an aveUnder the Ottoman rule the main mosques were at thebeen dividedrage of parts: 932 mm per year. ofTheSerbia driestand month in two the Republic the is February centre of large complexes called külliye, containing a me-Federation ofwith an average rainfall ofconsidered 67 mm ; the wettest month is Bosnia and Herzegovina, as Serb drese (religious school), a kitchen, a hammam and otherand Bosniak;November with are an average rainfall of 94 and mm. The area of the Croat areas part of the Federation charitable services to the community. One can also see thismarked in gray Sarajevo particularly exposed to boundary global warming risks, on theismap.

This administrative link between places of worship and educational institu-makes it difficult withfor fivethedrought 2000 and 2012 and macountryspells to actbetween as one and enhances tions in the catholic and orthodox communities where thethe sentimentjorofflooding that negatively impacted agriculture in Bosnia. nationalism and xenophobia. two are located close to one another. This poses problemsThe last national The city is in a bowl-like and mountain population censusshape involving ethnic sta-ranges retain as nowadays the government is trying to create ethnic andtistics was conducted air massesinmaking the before city susceptible to significant air 1991, just the war when religious diversity in schools, as much for the students thannationalism was pollution peaks,Since mainly the winter period. Indeed, at its peak. thenduring there have not been for the teachers. any public records of that kind and yet people of Bosnia croats

Others

croats

Yougoslavs Croats

Bosniaks

Serbs

Serbs Bosniaks

Sarajevo, at one time called the «Jerusalem of Europe», is rich of its ethnic and religious diversity but is also divided by it following the Bosnian War and the 1995 Dayton Agreements. Its population is divided in three main communities, the Bosniaks (muslims), the Serbs (Christian orthodox) and the Croats (Roman Catholics). Their different places of worship are located according to the historic development of the city. In Stari Grad, the first ottoman settlement, one can find the Careva Džamija (Emperor’s mosque) built at the beginning of the XVth century. In the Centar, developed during the Austro-Hungarian period, there is the Cathedral Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos (Serbian orthodox) which was completed in 1868 and was the first non-muslim monumental building of the

Others

Bosnia and Herzegovina enjoys a veryenjoys rich hydrograa very rich hydrograthe air pollution the index air pollution is 77.42. index Thus, is smogs 77.42. Thus, loom smogs over Sa-loom Bosnia over Sa-and Herzegovina Numerous network.rivers Numerous crisscross rivers thecrisscross country and the country and rajevo and expose rajevoits and population expose itstopopulation real healthtorisks. real healthphic risks.network.phic take their source take in their thesource numerous in themountain numerous ranges mountain of theranges of the region. The main region. rivers Theare main therivers Drinaare in the the southeast Drina in the (346 southeast (346 Distribution Distribution of wind direction of wind directionAverage Average monthly Temperature monthly Temperature and and Rainfall (1900-2012) Rainfall (1900-2012) 150 mm

20° C

100 mm

10° C

50 mm

0° C

0 mm

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

-10° C

150 mm

20° C

100 mm

10° C

50 mm

0° C

0 mm

Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

-10° C

regionhas of Sarajevo has a highly topography km), the Bosna in the centre (271 km), the Vrbas and the The region ofThe Sarajevo a topography repre-highly representative Bosnia and Herzegovina, withcomountains coUna in the northwest (240 and 214 km) and the Neretvasentative of Bosnia andof Herzegovina, with mountains quarters the country. in the southwest (218 km). In order to capitalise on thisvering three vering quartersthree of the country.ofLocated in theLocated heart ofin the heart of the Dinaric the city hasindeveloped in the eponymous hydraulic wealth, the country has many dams and hydro-the Dinaric Alps, the city Alps, has developed the eponymous valleycrossed of Sarajevo fromby east west by the Miljacka power plants. However, poor water management has ledvalley of Sarajevo fromcrossed east to west thetoMiljacka Sarajevo is by surrounded peaks, to the disrepair of the distribution system. Thus, it is notriver. Sarajevoriver. is surrounded five peaks,byoffive which theof which the highest, Mountrises Treskavica, m. It is followed unusual to witness drinking water cuts. highest, Mount Treskavica, to 2088rises m. Ittois2088 followed by the(2067 Bjelasnica (2067 m), the Jahorina (1913 m), the In addition to the problems related to its consumption,by the Bjelasnica m), the Jahorina (1913 m), the Trebevic (1627 andMount the Igman the region’s hydrography also constitutes a significant riskTrebevic Mount (1627Mount m) and the m) Igman (1502Mount (1502 m).isThe massif isofcomposed secondary and tertiary sediof flooding. Indeed, the city of Sarajevo has experiencedm). The massif composed secondaryofand tertiary sedimentary mainlyand limestones andThe dolomites. severe floods in May 2014, which heavy damage is stillmentary rocks, mainlyrocks, limestones dolomites. large The large presence of water created karstic relief visible today. Several factors increase the flooding risk inpresence of water created a karstic reliefa resulting fromresulting the from the erosion of these rocks.the To dissolve the rocks, the city. The first one is related to the topography. The higherosion of these rocks.

To dissolve rocks, water must water must contain acid.

The most acid results reliefs surrounding the city combined with their erosivecontain an acid.

The an most common acidcommon results from the from the of carbon (CO2) morphology favour a significant runoff during rainfalldissolution ofdissolution carbon dioxide (CO2)dioxide produced by produced the vege- by the vegetheissoil.

If karsttype is a specifi c type of morphology it and thus a higher risk of rising floodwaters of the Miljackatation in the tation soil. If in karst a specific of morphology it is alsosince an aquifer since groundwater is fully river. The second one is linked to the post-war urban den-is also an aquifer groundwater is fully involved in itsinvolved in its formation and its functioning. sification of the city that strengthened the waterproofingformation and its functioning.

Thus, karst implies a characteristic set of underground of the alluvial plain. Many urban projects have emergedThus, karst implies a characteristic set of underground andlandscapes superficialwhich landscapes closely following the economic liberalisation, occupying most ofand superficial closelywhich interact with interact hy- with hydrography : caves, underground rivers, canyons, sinkholes its flood-risk areas. The return of internal refugees has alsodrography : caves, underground rivers, canyons, sinkholes favoured the expansion of the city on the slopes, which areand poljes. and poljes. subject to a significant risk of runoff, thus contributing to the unsustainable development of Sarajevo.

Components of the Karst landscape Polje

Doline

Ouvala

Canyon

Aven

Lapiaz

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Gouffre

Galerie

Stalagmite

Stalactite

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Taux de précipitations par mois en mm Températures moyennes par mois en °C

Prijedor Breko Bijeljina

% 50 14 25 95 12 46 7 40 4 05

SERBIE

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Mijacka Bosnie Zeljeznica

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Mosques

Serbe

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Bosniaque

Mijacka Bosnie Zeljeznica

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Croate

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Polje

Croates Serbes Bosniaques

Catholic Churches

Autre

Meters 471 547 624 854 1161 1237 1314 1391

Meters 471 Polje 547 624 854 1161 1237 1314 1391

construction around the hodidjed The city is built along the Miljacka river, which was used as a trade route in the XV century. Sarajevo developed around the Hodidjed fortress then around its first mosque, which later became an administrative centre. The commercial neighbourhood of Bascarsija developed along the river while numerous housing neighbourhoods were built on the hillsides. Social life in the city was concentrated around the Bascarsija, an important public space that served as a commercial, administrative, educational and religious centre. The mahales developed quickly without any specific plan .They were mostly concentrated around the mosques.

June 28th 1914 The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, triggering WWI as well as new ethnic tensions within the population.

Inter wars 1929-41 On October 3rd, 1929 the Kingdom took the name Yugoslavia and new administrative boundaries were established. Sarajevo became the administrative centre of Banovine and Drina. During WWII, in 1941, the Axis occupied the Banovine, dividing Croatia and Serbia into states.

economic development The new urbanism plan proposed after the Berlin Congress of 1878 carried the double goal of putting Sarajevo under administrative tutelage and modernizing the country by constructing new means of communication. The city was soon after connected to the railway system in the beginning of the XXth century. Two stations for train and cars are built in the western sector of the city. To ensure their administrative authority and control over the city’s access the AustroHungarian rulers built military barracks as well as a large number of factories along the train tracks. They also ordered the construction of new buildings and reorganised the Bascarsija by widening the roads. The modernisation of the neighbourhood removed an important part of its identity. In an architectural perspective, many public buildings changed the face of the city, like the Bosnian government building (1885), the townhall (1892), the national theatre (1899), the central post office (1907) and the current buildings of the national museum.

Tito’s Dictatorship 1945-80 After having expelled the Nazis from Serbia during Belgrade’s liberation in 1944, Tito became the leader of a temporary government. On March 7 1945, Pierre II, King of Yugoslavia is deposited. On November 29, 1945 Tito founded the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1946 a new constitution based on the USSR’ constitution secured federalism in Yugoslavia and as well as Tito’s power.

the city’s modernisation Under Tito’s regime the Bascarsija was at the centre of an intense controversy between the authorities and the population. With an increase in overcrowding, and hygiene and security problems (fires and floods), the population of the Bascarsija was evacuated in the 19050s. The original plan was to remove the bazaar in order to build an urban park in its place. Ultimately the project was not completed because of a lack of funding. The Bascarsija neighbourhood slowly died off until in 1970 a restauration and modernisation project respecting the original plans was implemented in order to boost tourism. The city built its first airport in 1969 in the eastern sector of the city.

The government heavily invested in the construction of residential buildings in Novi Grad and Novi Sarajevo, while developing the city’s industries.

Winter Olympic Games 1984 The Winter Olympic Games of 1984 are held in Sarajevo during the Cold War conflict, four years after the Moscow Games were boycotted by the USA and a few months before the Soviet Union boycotted the games in Los Angeles.

They are the first games organised in a communist country.

a new economic growth The Olympic Games had a positive impact on the city of Sarajevo. Tito undertook great works that attracted numerous workers and immigrants, leading to a demographical explosion. Since then, Sarajevo has seen unregulated urban growth, expanding from its historical Ottoman and Austro-Hungarians limits.

The expansion of the airport, the renovation of train station and the construction of hotels and restaurants increased the city’s living standards. The Olympic village became a residential area and new sports sites facilitated the development of a sport culture in the city. Many hotels and residencies flourished, with the risk that it would lead to an irrational real estate speculation because of the lack of legislation.

m

High Stability H

Yougoslave

Orthodox Churches

Yougoslaves Autre

Synagogue

AL.

BALKAN CULTURE 35 25 15 10 5

Softwood

Oak

%

Beech

1

Budget dedicated to agriculture in the urban municipalities of Istocna Ilidza & Istocno Novo Sarajevo (in euros) Year

1

Pastures

Fir

20

Plough fields & gardens

30

Natural meadows

Pine Hardwood

Fig1

40

Orchards & vineyards

Vegetation Vegetation typologies typologies

With of over 56% of its area composed of forests, the Green spaces per region of Sarajevo is an important forest land. It includes a inhabitants (m²) large floral diversity made up of hardwood (oak and beech) and softwood (fir and pine). Nevertheless, the city suffers from a lack of green spaces. It offers 11,8 sqm of vegeta- Casablanca tion per inhabitant while the World Health Organization 2m²/hab recommends at least 12 sqm. Sarajevo ranks last in the 2004 « Baycan » study with 5% less green spaces than 22 other European cities. Many green spaces still don’t have legal status while private forests are abandoned as a result Sarajevo of unfavourable legislations. Cemeteries are considered as 11,8m²/hab non productive forest areas. As can be seen on the map, agricultural land is mainly concentrated in the western regions of the territory, in Sarajevo’s polje, which serves as a feeding area. Green spaces are concentrated on either side Brussels of the Miljacka river whereas urban parks, bigger in size, are spread mostly around the historical centre. Since the 39m²/hab 2000s, the city of Sarajevo began to legislate on protected areas such as the source of the Bosna river or the Skakavac waterfall. During the war, some parks were cleared to get London firewood and plant vegetables enabling the inhabitants to 45m²/hab heat and feed themselves during the siege.

2008

2009

2010

2011

Istocna Ilidza 21 000 18 000 21 000 21 000 Istocno Novo 42 000 98 000 52 000 52 000 Sarajevo

About 39% of the Bosnian population is urban. In 2010, agriculture was equal to 8.60% of the GDP. According to the 2010 Labour Force Survey, the agricultural sector employs 166,000 persons, equivalent to 19.7% of the total active population. Agricultural land cover approximately 50% of the total area of BiH while urban areas cover 19% of the territory. Peri-urban agriculture (UPA) can help achieve the sustainability of Bosnian urban ecosystems, improving living conditions and diversifying urban residents’ income, generating activities thus representing a very important opportunity in the context of the crisis.

Agricultural production decreased enormously during the war. A large proportion of the means of production were destroyed, and more than 237 000 hectares were mined.

Now the greater part of the agricultural land (Figure 1) is occupied by meadows and pastures (56%), then ploughed fields (40%) and orchards and vineyards (4%). Experiences show that refugee agriculture is not only a survival strategy for displaced people to obtain food but also a valuable livelihood strategy. Urban agriculture can contribute to food security by providing a livelihood, generate income opportunities and contribute to wider social and economic rehabilitation.

Sarajevo has a diverse culture resulting from its rich history. On one side it has an oriental culture brought by the Ottoman during the first and longest era of the city. On the other side a slavic culture due to its location in the Balkans.

The city gained a european culture as well due to the Austro-Hungarian rule, and the realities of globalisation that followed. This, added to the fact that three communities with different backgrounds, religions and ways of living live together in proximity, give this city a pretty peculiar cultural situation. These communities tend to stay apart from one another and claim to speak different languages.

Bosnian, a modified serbo-croatian language with some arabic words, is the main language in the city. Religion is of course at the heart of bosnian culture, as it is at the centre of customs, traditions and everyday life. As shown in the worship places’ section, there is a great concentration of mosques in the city and Islam is omnipresent. The call to prayer is heard five times a day and Ramadan is an important and cheerful period of the year.

Cultural institutions and events are a key part in bringing people together. The city has various public libraries and archives which gather books and manuscripts from the Ottoman era. Bosnia and Herzegovina’s historical museum is amongst the five most important museums of the capital,

MOB L TY and has about objects in itsobjects collection. is thethe city. are city. mainly in the Centarinsector, and400 has000 about 400 000 in itsIt collection.

It isThey thethe Theyconcentrated are mainly concentrated the Centar sector, only museumonly thatmuseum treats thethat entire of thehistory country. of the north Old Town. regards cinemato industry, treatshistory the entire ofnorth the country. of theInOld Town.toIntheregards the cinema industry, Entertainment and cultural and events like Backasija Sujeska FilmSujeska and Bosna theFilm major Entertainment cultural events likeNights Backasija Nights Film Film and are Bosna areproduction the major production and the International Folklore Festival are organised firms that by contribute the recognition the city inoffilm and the International Folklore Festival arebyorganised firms thattocontribute to the ofrecognition the city in film multipurposemultipurpose institutions such as Sarajevo Art,Sarajevo Bosnianmaking.

The making.

SarajevoThe FilmSarajevo Festival Film is a famous institutions such as Art, Bosnian Festival european is a famous european Institute andInstitute Bosankiand kulturni Centar.

Plenty of theatres festival and attracts tourists and international movie stars.

Bosanki kulturni Centar. Plenty of theatresfestival and attracts tourists and international movie stars. and cinemasand suchcinemas as the such National Theatre also Theatre liven upalso liven up as the National Sarajevo is the hometown Emir Kusturica, a famous Sarajevo is theofhometown of Emir Kusturica, a famous film director,film known notably for ‘When Was Away director, known notablyFather for ‘When Father Was Away For Business’For which won the Palme d’Or at the 1985 Business’ which won the Palme d’Or Festiat the 1985 Festival de Cannes. popular culture has been valThe de international Cannes. The international popular culture has been seduced by seduced Sarajevo by through numerous depicting Sarajevo throughfilms numerous films depicting the scenery ofthethescenery city. of the city.

Bosnia and Bosnia Herzegovina has an old literary tradition and Herzegovina has an old literary tradition going back togoing the Middle Some Ages. writersSome gained in- gained inback to Ages. the Middle writers ternational recognition translations their work,of their work, ternational through recognition through oftranslations amongst them Nobel them Prize winner Ivo Andric for famous for amongst Nobel Prize winnerfamous Ivo Andric “The Bridges “The over Bridges the Drina” and over the“Travnik Drina” Chronicles”. and “TravnikMost Chronicles”. Most recently, many artists many such asartists Miljenko andJergovic Dze- and Dzerecently, such Jergovic as Miljenko vad Karahasan, instance, for areinstance, participating in the post- in the postvadfor Karahasan, are participating war flourishing Bosnian literature which has reached war offlourishing of Bosnian literature which has reached internationalinternational readers. readers.

Bosnian music is a combination of national slavic folkloreslavic folklore Bosnian music is a combination of national and turkish influences.

Sevdalinka the most distincand turkishThe influences.

TheisSevdalinka is the most distinc-

City parks

Museums

Green spaces

Cinemas

Protected areas

Libraries

Forests & woodland

Theatres

tive bosnian music; it is a melancholic folk music traditionally performed with a saz, a turkish string instrument. The šargija, the gusle or the droneless bagpipe are also often used in traditional bosnian music.

Bosnians don’t often eat at restaurants, as it is a privilege only few can afford. On the other hand, during the day, they frequently eat in small cafeterias where prices are much lower. Food is known to be generous and quite greasy. They brew light blond beers and produce refined wines which were supposedly greatly appreciated by the Habsburgs. The coffee is also renowned as it is served turkish-style and is unmissable.

Bosnian are known for their kindness, they are welcoming and they do not hesitate to help tourists and share their culture and specialities. Regarding nightlife, the streets empty themselves quickly when the sun sets and people rather spend time at home than at nightclubs or bars.

Handicraft mainly follows an Ottoman style as the principal activity is copper engraving with a specialisation in decorated trays and full coffee sets. Tin is also used in those works. The old district of Bascarsija is the best place to find the works of craftsmen in the city. More recently, a new style of handicraft has appeared where artisans recycle and transform ammunitions and shell shrapnels of war.

Sarajevo is accessible by the A1 highway as two Croatian and Hungarian highways provide a North to South axis linking Budapest to Ploce. The highway is still under development section by section and is located on the outskirts of the city. As it is the only entrance to the city traffic is often saturated there. Following the demographic expansion of the city, major roads amounted to connect the centre to houses, informal homes, villages and surrounding small towns. There is a lack of parking in Sarajevo’s city centre and parking is almost paying everywhere. Nowadays the automobile is an essential means of transport in Sarajevo, often rendering the road network saturated. The car density in Sarajevo is equivalent to the ones of other major European cities like Paris.

The International Airport of Sarajevo is the only airport around the city, and is located about 12km south of the city centre. Although there are no direct flights from Paris, Brussels or Geneva, Sarajevo remains well-connected to other major european cities like Munich, Vienna, Ljubljana, Zagreb or Belgrade. Bus, taxi and trolley service are available to get to the city centre.

Like in other european countries, border crossings in Bosnia is relatively easy, particularly with Croatia, where new highways are currently under development. However, in

100

80

Nb de voitures pour 100 habitants

NATURAL AREAS

SARAJEVO CAPAJEBO

On August 13th, 1878 the Congress of Berlin granted Austria-Hungary the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The period of Austro-Hungarian rule lasted forty years and marked the second stage of the city’s development.

Since the Austro-Hungarian period the city has been known for its as cosmopolite feel, gaining the nickname the ‘Jerusalem of Europe’.

Low Stability > erosion areas> Medium Stability M

URBANISM From 1462 to nowadays

1878-1918

Zenica

Underwater withUnderwater withUnderwater with a 2.5 m scenarioa 2.5 m scenarioa 2.5 m scenario

Sarajevo, with its multiple identities associated with recent scars and unstable socio-economic changes, conditions the way of living and the spatial practices of its inhabitants and contributes to a peculiar urbanism.

Austro-Hungarian period

City’s Fire 1879 The Bascarsija is almost fully destroyed, one year after the austro-hungarian monarchy gained control of the area.

Tuzia

N mb 208 827 108 074 51 875 30 839 16 882

1462-1878

Ottoman period The city of Sarajevo was founded in 1462 by Isa Beg Isakovic, but only began to grow at the beginning of the XVIth century when Gazi Husrev Beg became governor of the Bosnia province. The XVIth century was the golden age of the city. The Ottoman administration was flexible as it allowed multi-culturality within the city thus fostering stronger external commercial trade. At the end of the century there were ninety one muslims neighbourhoods (mahales), two Christians and one jewish colony with a synagogue built around 1580.

recreation LégendeSport Légende parls

Master Plan 1985 - 2015

Ethnic distribution in Sarajevo in 2013

SARAJEVO Six centuries of history

infrastructure

0hab/km²

GDP per capita

Sarajevo as a city is the result of the meet up of civilizations between the Eastern and the Western world. The goal of the constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina is to generate a common identity that would unite its rich cultural and ethnical population.

City’s looting1697 Sarajevo is looted and burned during a raid lead by Eugène de Savoie. A great part of the city was burned down. Later on the city saw numerous fires that significantly reduced its population.

LégendeMixed housingLégende

special purpose

Sarajevo

ph n 387

Novi Grad

LégendeCollective housingLégende

forested land

reservations

Suburban

CROATIE

E hn c es

Gb 4 71000 B n nd H g n +387 0 33 208 362

individual housing

business zone

traffic and energy iinfrastruc- traffic and energy iinfrastruc-

Private houses 21 000

100 M

mixed housing

individual housing

Migration in Sarajevo 1991-2013

GEOGRAPHY

Banja Lunka

B n b ug C Oh

d

28 000

300 M

TEMPERATURE

Economy

y

n bu h p un b w n b w n 10 nd 18 KM C bu mw d n h n KM

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m

35 000

400 M

TEMPERATURE

p pu n 3867055 Dn 76 nh b m2 U b n p pu n 39 % p n 78 pu n und 15 d 13 48 pu n 64 d 13 67 1 27 B h 8 87 ‰ M 9 75 ‰ N u g wh 0 09 %

l

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary state with a collective presidency representing the three «Constitutive Peoples». The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with a Bosniak and Croat majo w m mb nd h R pub p w h b nm h d n m mb db d un u g h p dn 4 m w h n h h m mb 8m nh h G nm n n u db 23 BH p n nd 1 3 R p n B h n BH nd R h h wn C n u n m n nd ud m n dd n BH n n h n

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SOC ETY

B d 1 KM C 1 50 KM M 2 KM b nd d 2 3 KM Cg p 3 50 KM Mob

7 9

a k

438 757

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3

5

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Stari Grad (CS) Centar (CS) Novo Sarajevo (CS) Novi Grad (CS)

2011

12

€

€

RAINFALL

Evo u on o he popu a on

13

6

10

SARAJEVO

1: 2: 3: 4:

11

nd du C n u n G nm n nd mb h n u n gn n wh h n h g nh w d mp d 14 g nm n nd 180 m n n h D n g m n h un p d und n n n nd u p n up n H gh R p n nd C wh h b h p nd n uh g mn n h u p n Un n nd N O B H mu m n un 2008 h gn ng h b n nd n g mn w d B H ubm nd d U m mb h p n 15 b u 2016 d p h n u n n b h p n n h un h u p n u g h b n b m p gu nd mp n w w m 1997 2006 h n p w h nu d h un n ng h n u n nd h n du n w

RAINFALL

3 500

%

in Banja Luka. Today, the city remains the administrative, economic, cultural, university, tourist and sports centre of the Republic of Srpska.

15

BRUSSELS

>

16

Berlgium

%

Bosnia and Herzegovina

>+

Collective housing

mixed housing

rantee the provision of basic services for these inhabitants.

This push for more regulation also extended in the city. In 2003, the Prostorni Kanton Plan Sarajevo or The law on Sarajevo Canton Land Use Planning was enacted, giving municipalities more authority and flexibility in regards to land management. Its goal is to address the problems of spatial organization, the evaluation of development opportunities, as well as the evaluation of the vulnerability of spaces. However, over the years there has been a decline in building standards, a lack of effective control of technical documentation, insufficient protection of norms and standards in design and a sharp reduction of inspections of construction sites. Today, the city of Sarajevo is working harder to better coordinate its development plan in order to limit private investment and control urban growth in a sustainable manner.

residential and commercial residential and commercial

Importations

%

Exportations

>

Collective housing

In contrast to its neighbours, Bosnia and Herzegovina has had very limited building regulation or zoning laws.

The first master plan was developed in 1985 as a mean to control the city’s expansion towards the polje area. As a 30 year plan, it sought to establish larger residential and commercial zones along the western half of the Miljacka river and in the polje in order to limit the densification of the Old Town area. It also proposed larger greens spaces and urban parks within the limits of the city. However, ten years after the plan’s implementation, Sarajevo was hit by the Bosnian War. At the end of it the city was put under strong demographic pressure due to the return of refugees and internally displaced persons. Many were poor and as such turned to illegal housing constructions in the outer mountainous areas of the city. These areas were at a high geomorphic risk because of their rugged topography and uneven development which in turn facilitated flooding. In the postwar period, between 25 000 and 50 000 illegal buildings were constructed around Sarajevo. Given the rising number of these precarious constructions as well as the inefficiency of local governments to address illegal building, stronger development and zoning policies were put into place following the Sarajevo Declaration in 1998 which sought to tackle this urban sprawl but also gua-

60

40

20

0

Amsterdam

Amsterdam

Sarajevo

Sarajevo

Paris

Paris

Bruxelles

Bruxelles

more rural areas, roads aren’t in the best condition and it is not recommended to deviate from marked roads and paths because of potential remaining landmines. With low ticket prices and frequent connections to major bosnian cities and other capital cities, the bus is the preferred method of transportation for Bosnians.

There are two bus stations in Sarajevo; the main terminal near the train station in the city centre which mainly connects to the southern and western regions of the country and the Istocno Bus Station which connects to the eastern region and Serbia. Trips are long as a result of the winding roads due to the imposing terrain.

The train is not recommended in Bosnia since connections are very limited and trains are infrequent. Moreover, trips are long and it can take more than 9h to reach Belgrade or Zagreb.

With one of the world’s first tram and trolley networks, public transportation within the city is plentiful. In the outer regions of Sarajevo, the bus also remains the best method of transportation. Many remote communities in mountainous areas are only accessible by bus or minibus since the roads are very winding. The VC corridor, a highway expansion project is underway to better connect the city.

More details in the Future Urbanistic Project section.

Gare routière Gare routière Gare férroviaire Gare férroviaire Tramway Tramway Trolley bus

Autoroute Flux très élevés

Le Pont sur la Drina :

Cemeteries

Flux élevés

Is a novel by Yugoslavian writer Ivo Andrić . Publishing it in 1945.

Andrić was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his entire literary work (of which this novel is best known) in 1961. The story spans about four centuries during the Ottoman and subsequently Austro-Hungarian administrations of the region and describes the lives, destinies and relations of the local inhabitants, with a particular focus on Muslims and Orthodox Christians.

POLLUT ON Bosnia and Herzegovina is the second most polluted country in Europe, right behind Macedonia. Its subsoil provides 10 billions tons of coal which is extracted by stateowned mines that supply industries and power plants across the country. The concentration of fine particles in the air, including items considered extremely dangerous to the health of residents such as sulfur dioxide, frequently exceeds two or even three times the alert threshold set at 500 micrograms per cubic meter per hour.

When pollution mixes with fog , visibility becomes really bad and it is common to see schools closed and flights canceled at the airport. Seeing Sarajevo covered with a dense layer of pollution is a common phenomenon during the winter months .

According to the Bosnian official data, the amount of PM10 particles measured at the two monitoring stations of Sarajevo was of 81mg/m3 in 2013, which is well below the WHO data stating an amount of 117 mg/m3 in 2008.

As a comparison, the average amount of PM10 particles in Europe is of 40 mg/m3.

Mainly coming from power plants, automobile traffic, industries and domestic heating, the fine-particle pollution is a serious threat to public health. In addition to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, it is a primary cause of lung cancer, as much as cigarette smoke, UV radiation or plutonium.

Although coal is the main pollution factor in Bosnia and Herzegovina, public authorities do not consider reducing the country’s dependence on this source of energy. On the contrary, a new coal plant will soon open in Stanari, in central Bosnia, and the one in Tuzla will be expanded in the coming years.

In 1970, Sarajevo was the most polluted city in the region.

To resolve this issue, authorities have funded several public infrastructures and institutions using gas as main energy source for heating. However, the situation worsened after

PUBL C FAC L T ES the war. Indeed, coal became again the primary energy source for domestic heating due to its extremely attractive price.

In addition, coal deposits are located relatively close to the soil surface. This way, more than 80% of Bosnia and Herzegovina coal is extracted in open pit mines. Considering the very high unemployment rate in the country (around 40%) and the relative ease with which coal is extracted, the country has witnessed a proliferation of illegal mines in the past years.

Accès à l’éléctricité (% de la population) Banque Mondiale

100 %

2012

CIA

Sources de production d’éléctricité Fossiles

50.80 %

2013

Hydroélectriques

49.20 %

2013

Nucléaires

0.00 %

2013

Sources renouvelables

0.00 %

2013

Exploitation de l’éléctricité

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, citizens receive health care from both public and private providers. The health care system is highly decentralized, with a regional organisation and financing of health care by the 10 cantons. The system mainly relies on public providers. Post-war reforms of the health care system in FBIH have been focused on the organisational and financial aspects of the public sector aimed at providing healthcare for all its citizens on the principles of solidarity and equity which is hampered by fiscal constraints. Public health care facilities are unevenly distributed in favour of urban facilities and the prevalence of narrow specialists.

The city of Sarajevo has always had the most developed health services which it provided not only to citizens of the capital, but also to all citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Even before the war, between 30 and 40% of all facilities and staff were concentrated in Sarajevo. Health reforms and the renewal of health infrastructure are set as priority tasks for the after-war renewal plan. Big steps are made towards the realisation of an integrative health service.

New methods are introduced and new institutions are established among every level of health service. Unfortunately, the city states that some initiatives which were started more than four years ago still haven’t found their place or

11 070 000 000 kWh

2013

Importations

3 076 000 000 kWh

2013

Exportations

6 905 000 000 kWh

2013

Production

16 500 000 000 kWh

2013

areimplemented. very slowly implemented. are very slowly One initiativeOne is forinitiative Sarajevois for Sarajevo In Bosnia, the compulsory school system is spread over become ‘health’ city,within integrated within of the network ofnine years, located in the world with an average attendance to become ato‘health’ city,a integrated the network cities withthea development focus on the development ofrate of 90%. Despite the lack of pre-primary, Sarajevo comEurope citiesEurope of health, withofahealth, focus on of health intended institutions for elderly care. These affairsprises multiple schools and universities. Those are mainly health institutions forintended elderly care.

These affairs of indicates work. It also that the distribu-private, allowing them to get more funding. However, witstill require astill lot require of work.aItlot also thatindicates the distribuof health centresisinnot Sarajevo is not tion of healthtion centres in Sarajevo equal to the equal distri- to the distri-hin the education system, there is a lack of real education of the Some population.

Some municipalities bution of thebution population. municipalities with large with largeregulation at national level. The education sector has becopopulations a lack of health infrastructures.

Thisme since the 20th century the new « battlefield » in Bosnia. populations suffer from a suffer lack offrom health infrastructures.

This the case Novi these Grad where these is a large populationUnder the Yugoslav communist regime, schoolbooks were is the case forisNovi Gradforwhere is a large population but very few centres.

This proves that access to healthcare isalready used for political purposes. These manuals were but very few centres. This proves that access to healthcare is used for propaganda, modifying history and glorifying the notfor always easy for the inhabitants. not always easy the inhabitants. communists in power, paving the way for ethnic division.

Number of centers Since the Dayton Agreements, the education system has 30 % of population for Canton of Sarajevo made a habit of separating students by ethnic groups within the same school, creating the system of «two schools 22,5 under one roof». These teachings offer different versions of art, language and especially of historical events, continuing to divide the population from an early age.

15 Since then, encouraged by an international will, a unified school system tends to settle in order to restore peace and 7,5 tolerance within the country. A program offers national school books and the creation of an ethics course gives the possibility to replace the religion course according to the 0 Stari Grad Centar Novo Sarajevo Novi Grad choice of the student.

The international system is not yet applicable in all schools Sport plays an important for the inhabitants Sport plays anrole important role for the ofinhabitants of and there remains some ethnic majority institutions. TheseSarajevo. It isSarajevo. the symbol communal butdivisions also a but also a It isofthe symbol ofdivisions communal establishments are generally in the religious centres ofway of reconciliation for the people.

Stadium way of reconciliation forThe theGrbavica people. The Grbavica Stadium the city. is a real symbol it was auto-constructed by citizens who is a :real symbol : it was auto-constructed by citizens who did not received anyreceived subvention the authorities did not anyfrom subvention from theand authorities and thus had to work together to build the stadium.

Some thushard had to work hard together to build the stadium. Some even participated in the construction of the army soldiersarmy evensoldiers participated in the construction of the new building. Railwaymen workers created a sports new building.

Railwaymen and workers and created a sports give the opportunity to all the communities to club to giveclub the to opportunity to all the communities to share their passion,therefore forgetting therefore their ethnicities. share their passion, forgetting their ethnicities. andarebasketball are thethat disciplines Football andFootball basketball the disciplines have thethat have the largest number of Today, supporters.

Today, largest number of supporters. football still football divides still divides the city: team the national team Bosnia and Herzegovina (the the city: the national of Bosnia andofHerzegovina (the Dragons) is supported only by the Bosniaks while the Serb Dragons) is supported only by the Bosniaks while the Serb thenot country do not feel represented. of the countryofdo feel represented.

In 1984, Sarajevo hostedOlympic the Winter Olympic In 1984, Sarajevo hosted the Winter Games.

TheyGames. They allowed the citythe to improve of life of its citizens allowed the city to improve quality ofthe lifequality of its citizens through the renovation and creation of through the renovation and creation of infrastructuresinfrastructures projects station, stadiums, hotels and restauprojects (airport, train(airport, station, train stadiums, hotels and restautoday most buildings designedforspecifically for the rants). If todayrants). mostIfbuildings designed specifically the Games are ,abandoned , they became a place of memory Games are abandoned they became a place of memory and an important tourist site.

They refer to a glorious era and an important tourist site. They refer to a glorious era of brotherhood and unity under the but Tito also regime but also of brotherhood and unity under the Tito regime recall the war by the recall the atrocities of atrocities war by theof presence of presence numerousof numerous cemeteries around the stadiums. cemeteries around the stadiums.

Sarajevo has a great diversity of public space resulting from its rich history. The Ottoman public spaces are informal but functionally determined, the Austro-Hungarian ones are formally demarcated and functionally neutral and the Communist public spaces are large scale and undetermined. Nowadays the government is confronted with obstacles in regards to the management of public spaces and urban planning. This might be the result of the division of the Canton of Sarajevo in four municipalities each having their problems with urban planning, a lack of funds and corrupted government officials. This translates into three main problematics. Firstly the building application and other official documents are difficult and expensive to get

Olympic Stadium Kosevo, 1947

Ottoman period

The emblem of the WOG and the official mascot Vučko, 1984

Bobsleigh

Pre-primary schools Pre-primary schools

TREBEVIC (1627m)

Primary schoolsPrimary schools

Hospital

Hospital

Other health centers Other health centers

Secondary schools Secondary schools

Stadium

Public universities Public universities

Sport centers

Private universities Private universities

Jump ski

% production à partir d’hydroelectricité

La banque Mondiale Perspective Monde, Université de sherbooke

Mounts Olympic Game area

Burch universityBurch university

Sarajevo university Sarajevo university IGMAN (1502m)

During the Ottoman period, the most representative area of public activity was the Bascarsija and the Sebilj square (B), developped along the Miljacka River in the valley, while many residential areas (mahales) are sprawling on the hillsides. This physical and functional separation between the enclosed and protected private sphere and the public sphere is characteristic of the duality of Islamic architecture. The Bascarsija is a strong symbol the city’s identity and is a space of trade, sociability, faith, education and an overall a place for social interaction between all communities through the Hani (inns), the kafanes (cafes), the Carsija (merchants corporation) and the bezitan (open market).

Austro-Hungarian period The Austro-Hungarian period marks the transition from a medieval Ottoman city to a modern European city. After a great fire that destroyed part of the city, much space was left to be redeveloped. It is constituted by a formally demarcated urbanism constituted of large public and military buildings, seen in the neighbourhood of the city’s history museum. Roads were broadened for automobile circulation and the first electric tramway was field tested in the will to make of Sarajevo a modern European capital.

Most of the Centar was built during that time.

Production d’éléctricité

% production à partir du charbon

April 6th 1992 Beginning of the Bosnian War. Sarajevo is surrounded by the Serbian army linked to Yugoslavia who opposed Bosnia and Herzegovina’s independence.

Sarajevo’s Siege 1992-95 Sarajevo’s siege is the longest in modern military history. For four years, the city underwent daily bombings.

Serbian troops imposed a total embargo over the city; the main roads were blocked, stopping food and medical supplies. Water, electricity and heating were also cut.

Dayton Agreements 1995 Negotiations are undertaken at a military base next to Dayton (USA) from November 1st to November 21st, 1995.

The goal was to put an end to the war.

The main participants were the Presidents of Serbia (Slobodan Milošević), Croatia (Franjo Tuđman) and Bosnia (Alija Izetbegović). The agreements partitioned Bosnia and Herzegovina into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Croat and Bosniaks) and the Serbian Republic of Bosnia. A complex three-way governance system maintains the territorial integrity of Bosnia while giving significant autonomy to the federation and republic.

PUBL C SPACES

CIA

Consomation

Trolley bus

Bus Bus Autoroute Autoroute Projet autoroute Projet autoroute Aéroport Aéroport

End of communism 1990

Olympic village Olympic sites

Communist period The communist period saw the construction of many vast public spaces. Two different types can be distinguished : the first one articulates different functions such as culture, sports, leisure, economic, it is largely open to pedestrians for large gatherings and is also accessible by car. The second one (O,W) is the vast and limitless green spaces between the socialist housings which remain difficult for people to appropriate. Nonetheless there is some landscape quality in this model. Novi Grad (the part of the city built during Tito’s regime) has the highest density of inhabitants, but few quality public space.

and as such, and people preferpeople to buildprefer without permits and reas such, to build without permits and regularise theirgularise home afterwards. leads to This part leads of thetocitypart of the city their homeThis afterwards. being built without any without planningany or planning basic infrastructure. being built or basic infrastructure.

Secondly there is a perception general deterioration of Secondly there is aofperception of general deterioration of public spacespublic in urban neighbourhoods.

Numerous public spaces in urban neighbourhoods.

Numerous public spaces and parks unkept to littering spacesareand parksand are prompt unkept and promptand to littering and improper waste management.

Thirdly thereThirdly is a tendenimproper waste management. there is a tendency towards privatisation because thebecause government can’t cy towards privatisation the government can’t manage all of its properties. administration is quick manage all of itsThe properties.

The administration is quick to modify itstourbanism to comply the private modify itscode urbanism codewith to comply with the private investors’ wishes.

This wishes. situationThis poses problems more as more investors’ situation posesasproblems and more parts the city areofbeing privatised without any without any andofmore parts the city are being privatised coherent planning to regulate coherent planningit.to regulate it.

Informal After the war Sarajevo saw a period of economic growth with many people coming to live and work in the city.

However housing buildings were insufficient, in unsanitary conditions or too expensive for the people. As building applications were expensive, citizens began to build illegal housing constructions on the hills surrounding Sarajevo, legalising them afterwards for a cheaper price. However the hills sides are of karstic nature, unstable and prompt to floods and mudslides because of the waterproofing of the ground due to extreme urbanisation.Moreover the density of buildings on the hills doesn’t leave enough spaces to construct any infrastructure or public spaces.

Contemporary period One of the most famous post-war architecture in Sarajevo is the Bosmal City Centre (V) and has been nicknamed «the city within a city». The centre provides everything an average person would need (shops, a kindergarten, a wellness centre, a restaurant, a medical centre and numerous shops) thus diminishing the need for inhabitants to go to an actual public space. This typology of building reflects the progressive disappearance of public space to privatisation by private companies trying to maximise their profits.

a difficult reconstruction The new administrative divisions of the region as well as the increase in autonomy among municipalities left few executive and financial powers in the hands of the Canton of Sarajevo. The development of a larger urban plan was difficult and often lead to private and controversial projects. The unplanned urbanism of the 80’s deteriorated close relationships and social interactions.

Moreover, the Serbian-Croat War had a great impact on the urban landscape and the daily life of the city. The destruction of historical and architectural heritage was qualified as an “urbicide” and the history and the multicultural identity of the city largely suffered.

Reconstruction projects were done according to financial opportunities linked to the embellishment of some of the city’s important monuments. However such disfiguration of the city often lead to the loss of public space, notably the Bascarsija. Its structure and shape were preserved, thus allowing Sarajevo to retain some aspects from its past.

2000 Today, the city is looking to improve its economic growth by promoting the construction of commercial and business centres, like the Bosmal and Sarajevo City Centre or the Avaz twisted tower (highest tower in the Balkans).

The city is strengthen its connections by building new roads and renovating its transportation system. However, with 3 presidents, 14 governments and 188 ministers, large scale projects are difficult to undertake. Moreover cohabitation is still difficult between older Sarajevans that endured war and younger Sarajevans that have known a different way of life.

Actual Situation The mahales, spatially and administratively distinct neighbourhoods, cause problems to current public services as they are notably linked by a network of narrow streets. The mahales are connected to the main road that links them to the Bascarsija from their respective mosque. They present an urban model were one can find social and cultural coherence, making it the essence of Sarajevo.

Citadelle av.1462

Promenade The most popular promenade in Sarajevo is Vilsonovo Setaliste (Wilson’s promenade), it runs next to the Miljacka river for about 2km. It was built during the Austro-Hungarian period. It had many names function of the political climate of the time.

It is wooded on both sides, and the road running next by is closed to traffic after 5pm, on weekends and on holidays.

Public equipments such as playgrounds and sport areas have been installed on its track, and it has been attracting cafes and small shops particularly popular during summer time.

Ottoman 1462-78 hab: 1000

Austro-Hongrois 1878-18 hab: 50 000

Ère socialiste 1945-80

Cemetaries

hab: 500 000

Cemeteries in Sarajevo can be considered as public spaces as the traditional muslim cemeteries tend to be very close to houses with no walls or fences and people can walk around freely. Sarajevo’s cemeteries can be divided in five categories: muslim, christian, jewish, war and «villages». All mark a division between the different cults, except for the war ones. The most recent phenomenon is the «cemetery village» which is a large piece of land, divided in sections dedicated to each cult (including atheism) and furnished with different shrines.

hab: 350 000

Après-guerre 1995

FUTURE PROJECTS

SYNTHESIS

Urban projects One of the flagship projects of Sarajevo’s future development is the integration of the Pan-European transport corridor V (VC). It will connect Budapest with the Croatian Adriatic coast in order to have a direct and quick access to neighbouring countries. The highway crosses Bosnia from north to south. A missing section is considered to connect South and West Sarajevo.

Thenceforth, the project VC Sarajevo was accepted and it was divided into 3 lots. Each section was completed at a different period. However, the total length of the highway will measure 16.7 km and will include 3 tunnels of a length of 850 m, 6 viaducts, 3 bridges and 2 crossings.

The cost of the project is 120 million euros. The project will decongest the main road M17 (E73) and simplify the access to the European Global Corridor VC. There will be an obvious reduction in travel time for residents, reducing the duration of vehicle use and increasing road safety. It

also contributes to the improvement of environmental conditions and urban development in the entire area. The project should extend the city and connect it to the rest of the european web. For the moment, the first part of the project is finished. The central section still remains and will eventually join the western and the eastern regions of Sarajevo. This smaller corridor will provide a second highway crossing north of the city and connect it to the existing highway M18 through the perpendicular roads leading to the centre of the city. Afterwards, the VC should continue and go around the northern mountain. Beside this section of the VC, a new railway corridor will be built. Stations within all four municipalities will be integrated therefore improving the city’s linear development.

The VC will be one of the biggest projects in Sarajevo, constituting a futuristic vision that should improve the overall transportation network of BiH.

ZENICKO-DOBOJSKI CANTON Ilijas FEDERATION OF BIH

Vogosca SREDNJO-BOSANSKI CANTON Lot 1

Centar

Stare Grad

A linear development as an historical and urban continuity

Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Located at the heart of the Dinaric Alps, the city has developed in the eponymous valley of Sarajevo crossed from East to West by the Miljacka river. Formerly known as the “Jerusalem of Europe”, Sarajevo embraces a great ethnic and religious diversity and is home to three main communities: Bosniaks (Muslims), Serbs (Christian Orthodox) and Croats (Catholics).

However, today the city is divided as a result of the Bosnian War and the 1995 Dayton Agreements. These agreements defined a partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina into two distinct entities: the Republika Srpska, with a Serbian majority, and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a Bosniak and Croat majority. Although it put an end to the war, this division, both physical and ideological, cannot be the basis for a lasting democracy in the country. Sarajevo was at the heart of the conflict and as such faces many

political, urban and environmental issues in its post-war redevelopment.

Bosnia and Herzegovina is a parliamentary state with a collective presidency representing the three “Constitutive Peoples”. This institutional organisation, one of the largest in the world, has 14 governments and 180 ministers. Any political decision requires the agreement of the three presidencies and thus, the political system hampers economical growth as the unemployment rate above 40% can attest. This has favoured the rise of a parallel informal economy and the general brain drain of young qualified people.

It can also be noted that Bosnia and Herzegovina wants to join the European Union in the upcoming years. To complete its candidature, the country must initiate socio-economic reforms to create jobs and achieve a better record

Lot 3 Lot 2

M17 Novi Grad

Novo Sarajevo

Ilidza Hadzici

LEGEND

REPUBLKA SRPSKA

Vc highway City of Sarajevo Major Road Networks Primary Centres Municipal Centres

Trnovo

An urban limit to re-qualify HERCEGOVACKO - NERETVANSKI CANTON

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) can bring sustainable social, economic and environmental benefits to the urban and outer areas of Sarajevo. Evidence shows that UPA can contribute to inter-ethnic reconciliation in postwar Bosnia and the region of Sarajevo in particular. Extension agents should advise urban planners on the use of appropriate small scale and intensive production methods and techniques and also on the way they can reduce the negative impacts of their activities on the urban ecosystem mosaic as a whole.

Municipalities have a crucial role to play. In fact, apart from providing urban gardening associations with land, municipalities should also provide financial support and technical assistance especially after the withdrawal of many donors and international organisations from Bosnia in the context

of the global financial and economic crisis. UPA development requires a transition in attitude and behaviour of all actors involved, especially urban residents and local policy makers. These policies should be developed in a participatory and inclusive way involving all relevant and influential actors.

A peri-agriculture system can be established through the following initiatives: first, there must be a direct link between farmers and consumers through the increase in local and independant markets. Second, there must be a reintroduction of an agricultural culture in urban society (educational networks of farms to visit, conventions and festivals, etc.). At last, the development of peri-urban farms should have a high value activity while offering agricultural landscapes for city residents.

for human rights. It also has to offer better services for citizens, namely in the domains of health care, transportation and housing. The purpose of this request is to stabilise the country in order to avoid the excesses of the past and ensure a more sustainable economic growth.

In addition to predominant political and economic issues, Sarajevo also faces urban and environmental issues in regards to its existing and future development. The topographical and hydrological constraints have historically conditioned the development of the city. Like numerous cities in Europe, its urban fabric has evolved according to the different urban phases successively orchestrated by public authorities. Sarajevo is composed of a superposition of different architectural typologies and public spaces that have developed over time. It includes religious buildings of the Ottoman period, symmetric cultural and administrative buildings of the Austro-Hungarian period, residential towers characteristic of the communist era as well as office towers and shopping malls seen as more contemporary.

The history of Sarajevo illustrates the city’s expansion in a linear manner along the Miljacka river towards the western Polje area. Important agricultural lands are located in the Polje given that its soil is very fertile due to its connection

to groundwater. Its economic potential attracts numerous urban and peri-urban agriculture projects.

In addition to the Polje, the city has also seen an important urban expansion on the slopes of the valley due to the post-war demographic pressure linked to the displacement of internal refugees. Informal settlements proliferated in precarious areas at high runoff risks. The severe floodings in May 2014 raised the question of the unsustainable expansion of Sarajevo, in both the Polje and the outer mountainous regions of Sarajevo. Although offering numerous advantages on the economic front, water proves to be a challenge for the future development of the city.

Sarajevo needs to rethink its urban strategies in order to include them in a more sustainable vision.

Moreover pollution seems to be an important issue for the city. It is therefore necessary to question the use of coal amongst others as a primary energy source and consider cleaner energy alternatives. The city must also tackle the issue of mobility in order to decrease its pollution levels.

Presently, Sarajevo is serviced by a public transportation system composed of trams, trolleys, buses and mini-buses, even rendering small neighbouring communities accessible.

ZENICKO-DOBOJSKI CANTON Ilijas FEDERATION OF BIH

Vogosca SREDNJO-BOSANSKI CANTON Centar

Novi Grad

Stare Grad

Novo Sarajevo

Peri-urban organisation towards a new urban pole

Ilidza Hadzici

LEGEND Agriculture area City of Sarajevo Major Road Networks Primary Centres Municipal Centres

In the years to come, the city will see new large scale infrastructure projects such as the Trans-European corridor linking Budapest to Ploce through Sarajevo, a new prison meeting european standards as well as a contemporary art museum and an opera house.

REPUBLKA SRPSKA

Despite recent initiatives, the city still struggles with ethnic division as many sectors of the society are spatially and socio-economically fragmented. Places of worship are often located near schools, especially among the Catholic and the Orthodox religions.

Cemeteries have also developed according to ethnic divisions. Although there was originally three distinct types of cemeteries, Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox, the abundance of dead and the urgency to bury during the war gave way to a new type of cemetery with mixed ethnicity.

Trnovo

HERCEGOVACKO - NERETVANSKI CANTON

Architectural projects

REPUBLKA SRPSKA

It can also be said that the education sector has become the new “battlefield” in Bosnia and Herzegovina, dividing the population from an early age. Nevertheless, encouraged by an international will, a unified school system tends to be set in place in order to restore peace and tolerance in the country.

Finally, sports also play an important role for the inhabitants of Sarajevo. It is the symbol of inter-community divisions but also a mean of reconciling people. The 1984 Winter Olympic Games brought in many public and transportation infrastructure projects, including an airport and a railway station, which strengthened the existing efficient transportation network of the city.

A transversal towards a new orientation of the city

Housing Culture Commercial Leisure

The Sarajevo Canton has more than 60 architectural projects underway and most of these interventions are located in the centre. Different programs include housings, sports centres, museums or opera houses, all stimulating development in the city. Amongst the numerous projects listed on the map, four of them demonstrate Sarajevo’s will to reach a higher level than other major european cities.

Despite its divided past, Sarajevo appears to be a city with a promising potential. This lies in the fact that its candidature to the European Union has motivated many institutional changes that impact every level of society. These initiatives also aim to bring more cohesion among Bosnia’s ethnic communities while providing basic services to all.

Over the years, the Bosnian capital has attracted many private and public investors who intend to develop the city and its outskirts. Public authorities are focusing their urban strategy along two main axis. The first one is the promotion of agricultural production and development in the city and its periphery with a sustainable vision including essentially

self-sufficient. The second axis is based on the international opening and the strengthening of accessibility to the city by creating infrastructures at a national and international scale.

It is also important to note that public authorities have the ambition to develop cultural institutions (opera, museum, …) and public spaces in order to encourage more homogeneity within the urban fabric and strengthen multiculturalism amongst its inhabitants while developing its local economy.

Sarajevo is trying to improve its accessibility but also meet European standards. Since June 2014, the state began to build a new prison in the southeast of Sarajevo; it will be the first prison in Bosnia that meets European standards.

?

Since 2008 the number of people returning to the territory of Sarajevo continues to grow, and the existing airport is at a saturation point. The Sarajevo Airport Centre project aims to improve the accessibility of Sarajevo. The project will be developed in two parts, a complete rehabilitation of the existing airport and the construction of a commercial annex of 45,000 sqm in direct connection with the airport.

Sarajevo’s Airport Client : Karimpol Architect : Loistl Vision Budget : 60 Mil. Eur Area : 42 000 sqm

National Opera Client : Sarajevo Canton and Zone Attive Architect : Urban Future Organization

Finally two cultural projects are also underway, this time in the centre of Sarajevo: a new opera house north of the Miljacka and a contemporary art museum adjoining the Ars Aevi Museum of Modern Art. The Ars Aevi is an art collection collected during the siege and was considered as a cultural resistance against the attackers. Since 1999, following the recuperation of these works, negotiations were undertaken with the assistance of Renzo Piano to offer an European-class museum in Sarajevo.

A friction node to reconsider

About Micromegas Lab The studio mainly focuses on issues of spaces and buildings design in urban areas. The studio is considering architecture as all the acts which are necessary to the design of quality environments. For us, the architect is the figure who must succeed in maintaining a crossing view on the complexity of urban development.

Heterogeneity_The studio deals primarily with heterogeneous metropolitan areas. The chaotic aspect of cities is for us a contemporary assumption to consider as a catalyst for architectural design.

Hybridity_Hybridity is at the center of the studio’s concerns. It does not seem appropriate to us to consider buildings, publics spaces, infrastructures and landscape as detached and autonomous components.

Sustainability_The reduction of ecological footprint, the recycling, the water and energy management, and the exploitation of climatic conditions have now become unavoidable issues.

Micro macro_Designs at different scales are often contradictory. The large-scale interventions, which are intrinsic to urban development, rarely consider the microstructures on which they are based, and vice versa.

La Cambre-Horta 2016_ULB

Coordinators Alain Simon Eve Deprez

Budget : 9.5 Mil. Eur Area : 6500 sqm

Contributors Alex Fisher Julie Martineau

Sarajevo’s Jail Client : Justice’s Ministary Architect : N/A Budget : 40 mil. Eur Area :180 000 sqm

Ars Aevi’s Museum Client : Sarajevo Canton Architect : Renzo Piano Workshop Building Budget : 13 mil. Eur Area : 2000 sqm

Students BARBARA DE BOISSESON Jean-Baptiste BEN HSSAIN Adnane BURGER Guillaume CHAHIDI Roxane CHERIF-MESSAOUDI Sofia CORAZZA Gianvito COZETTE Maxime DABEEDIN Kevin DELPEYROUX Alice DELUBAC Matthieu DOUCY Cyprien ETOUNDI Yannick FEDE Franck HABOUSHA Mathilde LEFEVRE Diane MOLY Maxime PATY Camille PAUL Alexandre PEROUZE Henri PERSURIC Sebastian RAPHAEL Léo REY Gautier RICCIARDI François RIVIERE Luana ROMANIN Cinzia SELLE Victor TAILLARD Loris VAICLE Alistair VIRGAUX Martha ZHAN Huiyi

Sources BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA

MOBILITY

URBANISATION_SOCIETY

PUBLIC FACILITIES

- www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ perspective.usherbrooke.ca/ - Saša Gavrić, Damir Banović, Mariña Barreiro, The political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina - bhas.ba/obavjestenja/Preliminarni_rezultati_bos

- www.fzs.ba/ - www.citypopulation.de/ - Boris Cindric, Après la guerre, la reconstruction comme opportunité, l’expérience d’Europan à Sarajevo, Villes et guerres, 2002 - www.tradingeconomics.com/ - www.unhcr.org/ - Jean-François Daoulas, Sarajevo : une ville d’avenir à repenser, Urbanisme , n°353, mars-avril 2007

GEOGRAPHY

- Blanc André. Poljes karstiques. In: L’information géographique, volume 16, n°2, 1952. pp. 72-75.

- www.bosnia.climatemps.com/pecipitation.php - planet-terre.ens-lyon.fr/article/erosion-karstique.xml

NATURAL AREAS

- Avdagić Admir, Landscapes of Sarajevo Region, Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo, 2014 - Venet J.,Forêts de hêtre et de chêne en Yougoslavie, Ecole nationale du génie rural, des eaux et des forêts, Nancy, 1953 - Hamid El Bilali, urban agriculture in bosnia: case of Sarajevo region, Journal of Central European Agriculture, 2013 - www.fao.org/home/

- La transversale piétonne, Novo Sarajevo, PFE de Thomas Casanova, ENSA Paris La Villette, 2011 - sarajevo.travel/en/text/city-transport/14 - www.geoprimo.com/carte-bosnie-herzegovine-BA.html

- Nermina Durmic-Kahrovic (IWPR), « Lutte pour l’éducation en Bosnie », Le Courrier des Balkans, 28 juillet 2000 - B. Dedeic, « Education : premiers pas vers la fin de la ségrégation », Le Courrier des Balkans, 17 octobre 2007 - Mémoire de Pauline RETHORE, «Sarajevo, confluence de cultures et de ruptures », SciencesPo école urbaine, Promotion 2013-2014 - www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=143 (Sarajevo official website - Health department) - http://www.zoi84.ba/wp/en/ (Olympic Games 84 official website) - Comité d’organisation des XIVes Jeux olympiques d’hiver 1984 à Sarajevo, Rapport final, Sarajevo (Yougoslavie),1984, 200 p.

- UNESCO, http://www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx, consulté le 10 février 2016.

FUTURE PROJECTS - http://www.sa-c.net/ - zpr.ks.gov.ba/

HISTORY

- grees2009.wordpress.com/nos-recherches/histoire-de-la-bosnie-herzegovine/ le-multiculturalisme-a-sarajevo/ - Ivan Straus, Sarajevo, l’architecte et les Barbares, ed.du Lin, 1994

Hi !

Zdravo You’re welcome

Good bye !

How are you ?

I’m lost !

Where is the ... ?

I want to go to ...

How much is this ?

My name is ...

Nice to meet you !

I’m sorry !

YES / NO

Dovidzenja/Zbogom I don’t speak Bosnian

Ne govorim Bosanski

Kako si? Do you speak English

Govorite li engleski ?

Izgubljen sam! Repeat please

Can you help me ?

Molim / Nema na čemu

Gdje je...? Where is the toilet ?

Zovite policiju !

2

Svrzo’s House

N/A

Zgrada Papagajka

Mladen Goraždena

18th century

Ottoman

1982

Post-Modernist

Residential

Family Svrzo

Residential

N/A

Loše se osječam

National Library

Alexander Wittek

In 1879 an important fire burnt down the centre of Sarajevo, leaving large pieces of land along the Miljacka to be rebuilt. The first architect to propose a design for the town hall was Karel Parik. The proposition consisted of a triangular plan with a Florentine neo-renaissance facade.

Other architects made propositions based on this plan, such as Alexandre Wittek, who introduced a neo-Moorish design following his travels to the Maghreb, Cairo and Andalusia to study Islamic architecture.

The building was inaugurated in August 1896 as a town hall. It was a public building that represented the Austro-Hungarian empire, its shape dominating the Ottoman city while also being welcoming by its gantry and protective with its urban palace type.

The Vijecnica became a university library and the national library of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1946. Repurposing works were done for this change of usage. Some windows were walled to install a maximum of shelving. The library collected at that time around two millions works and high value historical books (Byzantine, Ottoman, AustroHungarian books and other documents).

This building had a great symbolic value and incarnated Sarajevo’s multiculturalism that the Serbian militias wanted to destroy with bombings and the August 25th to

G

Alex Fisher Julie Martineau

1

Zelenih beretki 1, Sarajevo 71000

Putovnica

Žao mi je / Oprostite Call the police !

Contributors

F

Ashkenazi Synagogue, Hamdije Kreševljakovića 59, Sarajevo 71000

Zračna luka

Trebam liječnika !

Alain Simon Eve Deprez

E

Obala Isa-bega Ishakovića, Sarajevo 71000

Taksi / Autobus

Drago mi je da smo se upoznali I need a doctor

Coordinators

D

Franjevačka 15, Sarajevo 71000

Gdje je toalet / WC ?

Koliko je ovo? Airport

The studio mainly focuses on issues of spaces and buildings design in urban areas. The studio is considering architecture as all the acts which are necessary to the design of quality environments. For us, the architect is the figure who must succeed in maintaining a crossing view on the complexity of urban development.

Heterogeneity_The studio deals primarily with heterogeneous metropolitan areas. The chaotic aspect of cities is for us a contemporary assumption to consider as a catalyst for architectural design.

Hybridity_Hybridity is at the center of the studio’s concerns. It does not seem appropriate to us to consider buildings, publics spaces, infrastructures and landscape as detached and autonomous components.

Sustainability_The reduction of ecological footprint, the recycling, the water and energy management, and the exploitation of climatic conditions have now become unavoidable issues.

Micro macro_Designs at different scales are often contradictory. The large-scale interventions, which are intrinsic to urban development, rarely consider the microstructures on which they are b ased, and vice versa.

C

Baščaršija, Sarajevo 71000

Doručak

Moje ime je.../ Zovem se... passeport

DA / NE I do not feel good

B

Obala Kulina bana, Sarajevo 71000

Molim vas, ponovite

Možete li mi pomoći? Breakfast

Ja želim da idem u... Taxi / Bus

A

Library

Neo-Moorish

1896

26th 1992 fire. The event destroyed 90% of the collection.

Thereby an invaluable amount of documentation testifying the heritage and the common history of the different Bosnian communities were irredeemably lost.

Reconstruction works started in 1996 thanks to international help, notably UNESCO, and lead to the official reopening of the building on May 9th, 2014. The famous Vijecnica became the symbol of the destruction it sustained.

Sebilj square

The Sebilj square, also called the “pigeon” square, is in Baščaršija at the heart of the old town.

This was the centre of public life during the Ottoman rule from the 1440s to 1870s. The square extends over one hundredmetres from the Baščaršijska mosque in the south to the Mula Mustafe Bašeskije street to the north, and has a width of only a few metres from the tiny Culhan street in the west to the animated Kazandžiluk street in the east. Around the Sebilj square, traditional Ottoman wooden house are still visible.

The main public fountain is also located on the square.

It has been refurbished after falling into disrepair during the war. The Bosnian governor underthe Ottoman administration, built the Sebilj in 1753 on Baščaršija. The original fountain was relocated in 1891 by the architect Vitek. Damaged by a shell in 1992, part of the sebilj fountain was renovated in 1997, and completely restored in 2006. Several copies of the Sebilj exist all around the world as the city of Sarajevo gave a copy of the fountain as a gift to the cities of Belgrade and Novi Pazar. There is also a copy in St. Louis, Missouri in the United States given by the Bosnian community. The square is a famous touristic place for its many kinds of craftsmen who still make authentic handmade goods. There is a legend saying that

H

Kaptol 7, Sarajevo 71000

Mehmed-Kukavica

Public Space

Moorish

1753

anyone who drinks from the fountain will come back to Sarajevo one day.

Sarajevska Pivara

Industry

Oriental & Austro-Hungarian

1864

The brewery of Sarajevo was founded in 1864 after a fire burnt down a large part of the city centre (čaršija).

Architects and engineers quickly developed a blend consisting of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary Western architecture. Much of the city’s contemporary central municipality (Centar) was also constructed during this period.

Sarajevo’s brewery was the only European brewery whose production was continuous throughout the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian rule. It was built over a natural freshwater spring and during the Bosnian war it provided a place where thousands of residents could get food and water supplies.

The building is part of the country’s cultural heritage as it was recognized as the oldest industrial plant in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its architecture is a mix between an oriental style and classic European design. It is composed of a network of large rooms and annexes organised around a courtyard made of bricks, wood and copper.

The facades represent the Austro-Hungarian power by the rigor of their symmetry and visually complex ensemble.

Since 2004, the factory has become a brewery-pub and a museum showcasing Sarajevo’s top beer.

I

Trg Fra Grge Martića 2, Sarajevo 71000

N/A

Careva Dzamija

Mimar Sinan

The Careva-Dzamija, or Emperor’s Mosque, was one of the first mosque in Bosnia and the first in Sarajevo. It was built in 1462 by the city’s founder, Isa Bey Ishakovic, for the Sultan Mehmet Fatih. It was of modest size, entirely made of wood and solely composed of a prayer room. It is around this mosque that the first buildings Sarajevo were erected. These included the residence of the Sultan’s representatives, a hammer, a market as well as a bridge connecting the first caravanserai.

In 1480 the mosque was set on fire during General Vuk Grgurevic’s revolt. According to historical sources, the elliptical dome was destroyed but the rest of the damages remained unknown. In 1566 the mosque was rebuilt on site. This new construction was dedicated to Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by Mimar Sinan (or a disciple of his), the empire’s architect at the time. When the mosque rebuilt, it was extended and modified; its elliptical dome was replaced by a section of a half circle and a very tall minaret. These modifications followed a classical Ottoman style more representative of the time. In 1800 two lateral rooms were added and were connected in 1848 to the main prayer room. This layout is still present today.

As for the interior, murals, stalactites and midribs decorate

J

Kemaludin, Sarajevo 71000

Religious

1566 Classic Ottoman the facades and bring richness to the project.

The mosque is also home to a small cemetery containing numerous precious tombstones dating back to the 15th century. However, due to damages caused during the World War II and the Bosnian War, the cemetery is presently not in commission.

Ashkenazi Synagogue

Religious

Neo-Moorish

1902

Orthodox Cathedral

Andreja Damjanov

Religious

Baroque

1868

3

4

The Cathedral Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos is the largest Serbian Orthodox Church in Sarajevo and one of the largest in the Balkans. The construction of the church started in 1863 during the Ottoman rule when the city was part of the Bosnia Vilayet. Its name (the New Orthodox Church) was used to distinguish it from the sixteenth-century church not far away. The church is constructed as a three-section basilica inscribed in a crossshaped plan, and has five domes. The domes are built on beams. The central one is much larger than the other four domes. The church is arched by round elements. It has a surface of 22,5 x 37 metres and is 34 metres tall. The small gilded baroque-style belfry is built in front of the entrance. The interior walls are decorated with painted ornaments. In the lower zones of the walls, the painted ornaments simulate a marble stone construction look.

Arches and vaults are decorated in ornaments only. Later in 1898, the Orthodox Metropolitan Palace was built near the cathedral.

During the period of conflict in the 20th century, the cathedral was damaged, but it wasn’t destroyed. After the war, the Greeks helped restore the church.

Ashkenazi Jews arrived in Sarajevo with the AustroHungarian Empire in the late 19th century.

The Ashkenazi synagogue was built in 1902 in a neo- Moorish style. Designed by Karel Pařík , its neoMoorish highly decorated style was a popular choice for synagogues in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The synagogue has huge arches with richly painted decorations. The high ceiling was highlighted by a ten-pointed star. Today, the synagogue is confined to women upstairs. At the entrance, a stone menorah commemorates the anniversary of the 400 years of Jewish settlement in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Sarajevo synagogue gathers all the small Jewish community in Sarajevo. It is listed on the list of national monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The ravages of the second World War and the Bosnian war in the 1990s left less than 5,700 Jews in the former Yugoslavia . The Jewish community, like the whole country was once defined by its unique combination of Eastern and Western traditions . Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jewish populations coexisted peacefully with their Christian and Muslim neighbors in Sarajevo and elsewhere in Bosnia and Herzegovina .

K

Maršala Tita 25, Sarajevo 71000

Karel Pařík

L

Obala Maka Dizdara 3, Sarajevo 71000

Central Post Office

Josip Vancaš

Fakultet Islamskih Nauka

Karel Pařík

1907-1909

Neo-classical

1887

Ottoman

Post Office

City of Sarajevo

Faculty

City of Sarajevo

5

Hadzi-Idrizova Ulica 18-20, Sarajevo 71000

6

Students BARBARA DE BOISSESON Jean-Baptiste BEN HSSAIN Adnane BURGER Guillaume CHAHIDI Roxane CHERIF-MESSAOUDI Sofia CORAZZA Gianvito COZETTE Maxime DABEEDIN Kevin DELPEYROUX Alice DELUBAC Matthieu DOUCY Cyprien ETOUNDI Yannick FEDE Franck HABOUSHA Mathilde LEFEVRE Diane MOLY Maxime PATY Camille PAUL Alexandre PEROUZE Henri PERSURIC Sebastian RAPHAEL Léo REY Gautier RICCIARDI François RIVIERE Luana ROMANIN Cinzia SELLE Victor TAILLARD Loris VAICLE Alistair VIRGAUX Martha ZHAN Huiyi La Cambre-Horta 2016

Kaptol Stairs

Firma D.O.O.

As Sarajevo developed in a valley, some of its neighbourhoods are located in mountainous areas and remain uneasy to reach. Stairways were installed to bridge the high height differences and became major urban items. The Old Kaptol’s staircase is a good example of this link.

Up until 2012 the Old Kaptol’s stairs were in disrepair until the firm Firma D.O.O. initiated a renovation project.

They imagined it as a distinctive object of Sarajevo, giving this space an urban character. The main idea was to create

M

Public Space

Local influences

2012

a functional space with cultural and educational qualities while paying a tribute to the creativity of Bosnian poets.

It also used local materials like the “Hresa” limestone .

In practice, Firma D.O.O. divided the 120 steps with 7 landings, making the stairways ideal for unconventional meetings and offering views on the city. The path allows a dynamic spatial sequence, creating a physical and cultural stop. On each landing, there is a poem and the author’s biography.

Politician Dževad Bećirović said that “stairways are important in Sarajevo. To make other similar projects will make the city more beautiful and better link the populations”

Sacred Hearth Cathedral

The Sacred Heart Cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of Vrhbosna. Construction began under the guidance of the architect Josip Vancaš in 1884, and was completed in 1887 during the Austro-Hungarian period. Vancaš designed more than seventy churches in Bosnia and Herzegovina .He was inspired by the St. Bénigne Cathedral in Dijon for the building and the church of Our Lady of Tyn in Prague for the towers. He mainly sought to integrate the Cathedral in a neighborhood where there already were mosques and synagogues. The richly decorated interior was designed by the German painter Alexander Maximilian Seitz (1811-1888) and directed by his disciples. The Bishop of Dubrovnik was present for the consecration on September 14th, 1889.

The building is in a Neo-Gothic style, with Romanesque Revival elements. It is 41.9 metres long and 21.3 metres wide, and the two bell towers are 43.2 metres high. There is an octagonal rosette and a statue of the Sacred Heart above the entrance portal.

The Cathedral is located in the city’s Old Town district and is the largest cathedral in Bosnia. It was damaged during the Siege of Sarajevo, but it has since been repaired.

Bullet holes still mark the outside of the cathedral and at least one “Sarajevo Rose” is still visible outside the

N

Terezija bb, Sarajevo 71000

Josip Vancaš

Religious

Neo-gothic

1889

cathedral. The Cathedral is considered as a symbol of the city as the design above Cathedral’s door is part of the flag and seal of the Canton of Sarajevo.

Vakuf Hovadža Kemaludin

The Vakuf building was designed by brothers Muhamed and Reuf Kadic when they went back to Sarajevo in the 1930’s after studying architecture in Prague. In between the two World Wars Bosnians architects often got their education in Europe and Sarajevo’s architecture was strongly influenced by european modernism. It was during that decade that they designed some of most important modernist buildings in Sarajevo.

The Vakuf of Hovadža Kemaludin mixed-use building is located on the corner of Čemaluša Street and Ferhadija Street and remains one of the most important modernist buildings from the interwar period in Sarajevo’s centre.

At the time of its construction, the building was one of the most advanced of its kind in terms of modern comfort and was equipped with gas and electricity amongst other things. The JAT building, also from the Kadic brothers, can been seen from there.

The building is well preserved and suffered next to no damages during the 1992 to 1995 siege.

It is located on a corner plot and has a rectangular shape in plan, measuring 10 by 13 metres. It is composed of five floors, a basement and an attic, for a total height of 21.5 metres. There are commercial spaces on the ground floor, two apartments per floor on the first three floors

O

Kalmija Baruha, Sarajevo 71000

Muhamed et Reuf Kadic

Mixed-Use

Modernist

1940

with cantilevered loggias and a single apartment on the fourth. The ground floor has two large bay windows while the upper floors are covered in green ceramic tiles. The building’s structure is in reinforced concrete with bearing walls, beams and posts with a brick filling.

Central Bank of B&H

The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established in 1997 in accordance with the Law adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly. It maintains monetary stability by issuing domestic currency. It also defines and controls the implementation of the country’s monetary policy.

Milan Zloković (1898-1965) studied in Graz and Belgrade, as well as in Paris and was a pioneer of the modernist movement in Serbian architecture. He founded the Group of Architects of the Modern Style (GAMP) with B. Kojić, J. Dubovi and D. Babić in 1928 .

His work evolved from academia and folklorism to a final expression in modernism. He is the author of the most important work of Serbian modernism, the University Children’s Clinic (1933).

The bank is constituted of three floors and expresses the official character of the building by its monumental aspect. It is organised in a square plan around a central courtyard. The facade is sequenced by six pilasters creating a perfect symmetry. The windows integrate themselves into recesses in a defensive-like style. Two recesses from either sides close the main facade and provide a cleared view from the street. The main facade is made of carved stone while the others are covered in

P

Alipasina Ulica 11-17, Sarajevo 71000

Milan Zloković

Bank

Art-Deco

1929

white plaster. The main entrance is magnified by the presence of two statues, each carrying globe that serves as lightning and frames the main stairs. The art deco style is present in the use of revisited classical codes like for the pilasters, cornice, symmetry, and in the sculptural work of the frieze, pediment, doors and windows. It can also be found in the simple geometry work of the facade and in the use of noble materials, especially in the inside.

Academy of Fine Arts

Standing on the bank of the Miljacka river, the Academy of Fine Arts has been declared a cultural and historic monument and is on the list of protected buildings of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It was commissioned at the end of the XIXth century under the Austro-Hungarian rule and completed in 1899.

Due to an increase in immigration, there was a need for an Evangelical church. It was built in a semi byzantineroman style by Filip Balif, following a design of Karl Parzik , who also designed the synagogue and the national theatre, and was Sarajevo’s first evangelical church.

At first, the church was built as a cross plan centered around a dome. Less than a decade later, the two side wings were added in the exact same style and it is nearly impossible to spot the difference. After the First World War, and the end of the Austro-Hungarian occupation, the church began to lose its purpose. It was signed over to the Bosnian government at the end of the 1970’s and they renovated it in 1981. The Academy of Fine Arts, a faculty of the University of Sarajevo, was installed there soon after the renovation, and offers today courses in graphics, painting, sculpting and design. It was renovated again in 2007 after the facade had been badly damaged by moisture and a lack of maintenance. Just before it

Q

Ciglane, Sarajevo 71000

Karl Paržik

Education

Romano Byzantine

1899

stands the famous Festina Lente bridge built in 2012 and designed by the students of the academy.

Complex Džidžikovac

Residential

Modernist

1947

Muhamed and Reuf Kadić

Sarajevo City Center

Sead Gološ

1941 – 1943

Modernist

2008

Contemporary

Office

City of Sarajevo

Mall

City of Sarajevo

8

7

The residential complex on Dzidzikovac Street was realised in 1947, when brothers Reuf and Muhamed Kadic were reunited after the war. It illustrated the social and economic changes through those years at a time when the government had to deal with a poor population and vast reconstruction projects due to the damages of the war. The project was the result of a competition looking to plan the district of Dzidzikovac by using new construction methods. The project’s architectural and spatial expression, inspired by the Bauhaus style with its simple forms, was somehow coherent with socialist values. The complex is composed of three descending flat roofed single units on a hilly terrain connected by terraces.

The side exposed to the sun is very open through the use of glass panels, as well as the ground floor which is open to the environment. The use of innovative materials was a response to the contemporary tendencies happening in European modernist architecture. The Kadic brothers wanted to conceive a rational and functional building to respond to the needs of the inhabitants. Following their studies in Prague, they agreed to Modernism, but without demolishing the historical and cultural values of Sarajevo. The residential complex was classified as a national monument in 2008.

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Halida Kajtaza, Sarajevo 71000

R. Kadić & M. Kadić

Building of the Pension Fund

UNIS Towers

Ivan Straus

Phylosophy Faculty

Juraj Neidhardt

1986

Modernist

1955

Modernist

Office

UNITIC

Education

UNSA

9

Trg Bosne i Hercegovine 1, Sarajevo 71000

10

SARAJEVO CAPAJEBO Skenderija Centre

Z.Jankovic & H.Muhasinovici

Multi-functional centre

Communist

1969

The expansion of Sarajevo in the 1960’s lead the city’s government to note the lack of cultural and sports infrastructures. In response to this a multifunctional centre was commissioned in 1969. Its architecture was reminiscent of Tito and his regime; authoritarian and imposing. Its dimensions, shape and structure made of it the new place of progress and modernity. Overall, it is a remarkable building.

The centre is composed of several buildings that hosted numerous sports competitions (basketball, handball, volleyball, boxing) as well as exhibitions. Later the Centre hosted some of the 1984 Winter Olympics events and became an economic centre for BiH. Before the Bosnian War the Centre and the Skendrija plaza were very attractive for enterprises and inhabitants.

Today the lack of up keeping and financing seem to have rendered these spaces unfrequented and forsaken despite the renovation works realised between 2000 and 2006. This singular and architecturally characteristic site needs a true urban renewal and reorganisation project since its location in the city makes it a real strategic point.

S

Ivan Straus

The Holiday Inn hotel is located in the business neighbourhood of Marijin Dvor, along the main axis of city. It was built in 1983 for the Winter Olympic Games as the symbol engraved in the façade witnesses.

Architect Ivan Straus (1928 - ) designed this “monster” that was really controversial at the time. Synonymous of sophistication, the hotel became quickly the “place-to-be” in Sarajevo. Also housing Serb nationalistic conventions, it is supposedly from the third floor of the building that the first sniper shots were fired in 1992, marking the beginning of the siege. Ironically, it was the place where western journalists set their headquarters during the war.

Partially destroyed, it was rebuilt in 1995.

The Holiday Inn has a distinctive post-modernist look and its incisive volume contrasts with the mountainous landscape. Its impressive structure is a reminder of soviet architecture, but nevertheless detaches himself from it by using a flashy yellow colour, “like a joke” according to the architect’s own words. Its square floor plan is really simple; the ground floor is open, linking the entrance, the restaurant and the technical spaces. The bedrooms are organised around a central atrium lit by zenithal lighting along the whole height of the building. This monumental space is completed by vertical circulations, the lobby and

Ahaknap saaha

The Dvor residential building is located in Sarajevo’s Centar, as part of the emerging commercial and cultural centre Marijin Dvor. This part of the city’s urban fabric started developing in the 19th century, during the AustroHungarian period. Therefore, in conceptual urbanistic terms, the space is organised in the form of urban blocks with wide orthogonal streets.

Due to the prior destruction of a large number of original structures, the city established a new urban plan for large parts of its territory, with approximately 80 000 sqm proposed for redevelopment. As such, it continues to use the same principles of urban block organisation, where the new Dvor building marks the first corner of one of the future building blocks. The development area is adjacent to original buildings from the 19th century with their specific esthetic expression. They become another space defining element to be taken into consideration for any future architectural intervention.

At the same time, such space and form organisation, when translated in outer expression, connects directly in contemporary terms with surrounding buildings that used 19th century language of decorative balconies and flamboyant facades. Hence, new architectural language consciously takes inspiration from its surrounding and in

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Zmaja od Bosne 4, 71000 Sarajevo

Holiday Inn

Dvor Housing

Hotel

Post-Modernist

1983

a reception topped by a mezzanine itself covered with a curtain seen as a circus tent.

Its omnipresence in the urban landscape, its location along the main axis, its bright yellow color and its history make it an unavoidable landmark of Sarajevo.

In 2014 the employees went on strike because the Austrian owners didn’t maintain the building, letting it fall in disrepair and endangering an important piece of the recent history of the city.

Residential

Contemporary

2014

such way makes distinct connection with it.

Simplicity of form, color and materials gives the Dvor building a contemporary and timeless expression. Since it is the first building of the future block and of the entire area, it was considered important in the developmental phase to try to set a clear architectural language and general direction of future surrounding esthetic composition.

Boris Magash

The Historical Museum of Bosnia was realised in 1963, following a competition won in 1958 by Bosnian architect Boris Magash. Named amongst others national monuments, this construction testifies of the ex-Yugoslavian modernist movement. It also shows the influence of the 1958 Universal Exhibition over the emergence of architectural competitions in Yugoslavia.

With the advent of the communist regime, an international will emerged to create memorials reminiscing Yugoslavian history, often modified in favour of the regime, in order to maintain the cohesion of the country.

Moreover, after the fracture between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, occidental influence allowed emerging

Museum

International

1963

cities like Zagreb or Sarajevo to benefit from urban expansion plans inspired by the Modernist Movement and Le Corbusier.

This museum, often affiliated with Mies van der Rohe‘s style, demonstrated the international vision adopted by the architect. Indeed, several interpretations of the levitating box were performed at the same period.

This variant comprised two volumes, the first one (3) appearing to be suspended above the fully glazed second one (2). The latter, characterised by indirect soft light, served as a transition to the higher volume where most of the activities were located and is itself illuminated by an overhead light.

Juraj Neidhardt

Residential

Modernist

1958

This apartment complex on Alipašina Street was designed

by Juraj Neidhardt in 1958. The concept of placing basic volumes perpendicularly to the main city street (the former Djuro Djakovic Street), presented at the time an example of a bold spatial infill. It made it possible for the hillside’s greenery to plunge deep into the city in order to create a street based on the principles of an “amphitheater city”. The five-story doksats, unlike the traditional doksats that are on one level, were designed with important architectural and conceptual elements from traditional houses of this region and displayed a homogeneous architectural form. The composition made of two housing buildings on a slope covered with vegetation on Alipašina Street in Sarajevo’s Centar represented a contribution to the dwelling culture through a synthesis of modern residential function and transformed principles of architectural heritage. Simple polychrome geometrical volumes, which stood on pillars and ended in an enlivened fifth facade, were a recognisable architectural expression of Juraj Neidhardt, inspired by the principles of Le Corbusier.

U

Zmaja od Bosne 5, Sarajevo 71000

Museum of History

Alipašino Ulica

Ivan Straus

The Electrical building Management (Elektroprivreda) was designed in 1978 by Bosnian architect Ivan Straus, but destroyed during the Bosnian war. In 1993 Lebbeus Woods, an American architect and artist, came to Sarajevo and proposed in 1994 a reconstruction plan for the city and as well as buildings such as the Elektroprivreda. This proposition was artistic and non-objectivist but suggested a possible renewal for the destroyed city. In 2005 the building was fully restored and resumed its activities in 2009.

“Architecture, as a social and mainly constructive act, could heal the wounds by creating entirely new types of spaces within the city. These would be what I called “Free Spaces”, spaces without predetermined uses but whose strong shapes required the invention of new programs corresponding to the new post-war conditions. I emitted the theory that 90% of the damaged buildings would be restored to their original form and pre-war normal utilization, as most people want to go back to their previous way of living…but 10% should be Free Spaces.

The Free Spaces would a home for the creation of new ideas and socio-political forms. The conception of the reconstruction of the Electrical building Management is a case study in the application of this theory. The building

N. Muftić & R. Delalle

The Ciglane apartment complexes were built in several phases between 1966 and 1986 on the hills near the national stadium of Kosevo, in the northern part of the city. “Ciglane” means brickyards as the complexes were in fact built on a former brickyard that was situated on the hill and they are somehow shaped like piles of bricks and. The buildings follow the relief of the hills and offer terraces and balconies for the apartments.

The project was very criticised, because it was meant to firstly have a social character but instead was occupied

by Sarajevo’s political elite. Ciglane were considered like the “Beverly Hills” of Sarajevo with their apartments ranging from 120 to 140 sqm. A car lift between the buildings brought the inhabitants to the upper levels

V

Vilsonovo šetalište 15, Sarajevo 71000

Elektroprivreda

Apartments Ciglane

Industry

Post-Modernist

1978

will mostly be restored to house known enterprises offices. However, in the space that was literally taken down by the gunfire, would be constructed a Free Space, free to be inhabited by those who in the reinvention of their way of living would open the way to the future.”

Lebbeus Woods, « The reality of theory », February 6th, 2008.

Residential

Communist

1986

of the complex because of the steepness of the hill. The buildings are separated by small streets with some shops and other local facilities.

The Ciglane apartments were conceived during the same period as the high rise apartment buildings in the western part of the city, but offer a diverse typology considering the monotone way of building housing complexes during the communist period. Architects opposed themselves to the socialist architecture by following modernist tendencies.

Sead Golos

The Bosmal City Center is a mixed-use complex built in the Starno Hrasno community in 2001 by the Bosnian firm Bosmal. Standing at 118 meters high, it is the tallest residential building in Sarajevo and was designed to become a new landmark for the city. The architecture is defined by the L-shaped twin towers, one of which is more sober with its verticality accentuated lines, while the other, which has almost the double of area than the first, is more animated with its horizontal features - terraces and balconies - differentiated in orange and green. The facades, which represent more than 34 000 sqm, are made of glass and aluminium.

The complex offers 306 housing units of 14 different types varying from 80 to 220 sqm and offers joint facilities like saunas, swimming pools and nursery.

The whole building is under video surveillance and is being supervised by a security company using over 200 cameras and motion sensors.

The twin towers include as well several amenities open to the public like restaurants, bars, a supermarket, hair and cosmetic salons, orthodontist practice, ophthalmology practice, first aid center, fur salon, jewelry shop, art shop, and many others. A 100 metres long walk path runs through this area connecting the business units. The

Mixed-Use

Contemporary

2001

building also has a parking for 400 cars in its basement.

The total investment value amounts to €120 million which represent the highest foreign direct investment in the country up to date. These funds also financed the construction of a bridge over Miljacka River - The Bridge of Malaysian-Bosnian Friendship - which connects the main city avenue with the Bosmal City Center. The complex aims to be a « city within the city » and catalyzes a new urban way of living throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Faruk Kapidžić

Office

Contemporary

2009

The Avaz Twist Tower is an office skyscraper built between 2006 and 2009 and offers a panoramic view of the city. Designed by Bosnian architect Faruk Kapidžić, it stands as a symbol of Sarajevo’s urban renewal. The tower was erected in the Crni vrh (black mount) hillside neighbourhood. With its 142m height it was at the time of its completion the tallest building in the Balkans. The tower owes its English name to its twisted shape and to the fact that it the headquarters of Avaz Media press group. Its 38 floors also host offices for big international companies. In the urban landscape the tower dominates the double tower of the Bosmal City Centar (118m) built in 2001 and the “Unis” twin towers (25m) built in 1987.

However the Avaz Twist Tower is still short on the European listing of tallest buildings, ranking only 110th, far behind buildings like the Mercury tower (339m) in Moscow.

It is possible to access the panoramic view of the city on the 31st and 35th floors.

Every year the Avaz tower organises the “Avaz tower running”, an atypical sporting event where participants climb the 780 steps up to the panoramic view terrace.

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Milana Preloga 1, Sarajevo 71000

Bosmal City Center

Avaz Twist Tower

X

N/A

The housing estate of Alipasino Polje was commissioned by the state at the beginning of the 70’s. As a model of the socialist life’s ideology, it was conceived as an answer to the housing crisis due to the mass immigration of families coming from the countryside. The original design was composed of four large open blocks organised in a well proportioned and balanced urbanism plan. The size of the buildings was thought in accordance with the natural lightning that came in the apartment units.

Unfortunately the buildings were realised in the urgency of a housing crisis and the financial aspect took over the construction’s qualities and an insufficient number of public facilities were built.

Isolated from the rest of the city, the estate soon faced the same problems as all large dormitory towns of the time, with a rise of insecurity and a premature aging population. It was evacuated during the war as it was a strategic point for snipers due to its ideal location at the city’s entrance. Now considered as a relic of the socialist age, Alipasino Polje hardly recovered its population and is vulnerable to criminality and religious radicalism.

However, it remains an explicit example of the post war functionalist architecture.

Juraj Najthart

Administration

International

1986

The competition for the National Assembly Building of the People’s Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was won by the architect Juraja Neidhardt, an eminent actor in the development of West Sarajevo. The project rises at the gate of “Novo Sarajevo”. It was accompanied by an investment plan for 1956 to develop the city past the Austro-Hungarian urban fabric. Although the specific preparations for the construction of the Assembly building in Marindvor started back in 1954 it was not built until 28 years later because of economic and political reasons.

The Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina is still considered as one of the most monumental and representative buildings in the country. It is one of the first international style buildings of Eastern Europe.

Surrounded by an horizontal component revealing its verticality, the parliament rose at the centre of an almost virgin public space. The composition seemed pure and without unappropriated gesture. A vertical fold shows two shades of grey and a longitudinal slit affirm its lightness.

Its two-part form was supposed to, in a visual sense, symbolise Bosnia and Herzegovina with its two regions.

The structure of the tower survived the war but the 1992 picture of the skyscraper on fire remains unforgettable.

Alipasino Polje , Sarajevo 71000

Alipasino Polje

Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Collective Housing

Communist

1979

N/A

Grbavica Stadium

N/A

1952

Modernist

1953

Communist

Station

N/A

Stadium

SD Željezničar

12

11

Istiqlal Dzamija

Fauzan Noe’man

RTV Dom

B. Bulić M. Kušan

2001

Post-Modernist

1975-1983

Brutalist

Mosque

Suharto

Studio / Office

Bosnian Televison

14

13

Hadžića polje, Bosnie-Herzégovine

Tito’s Bunker

Railway Station

Secret

Tito’s bunker is located in the Zlatar mountain, 60 km away from Sarajevo. This project was Yugoslavia‘s biggest state secret and was maintained until the fall of the regime. The bunker’s entrance was hidden under a white plastered house and extended deep into the mountain to reach an area of 6,500 sqm. The architecture of the bunker was very functional and was designed to accommodate up to 350 members of the Yugoslav state in case of a nuclear attack. The project consists of three distinct parts: the house as a cover part, a friendly staff and technical assistance, and the most protected part, the shelter for the leaders, shaped as a horseshoe.

In 2001, after having been abandoned for twenty years, it saw a revival in interest. The members of the D-0 ARK art project recognised the special qualities of the space with its uniqueness and rational design. A permanent exhibition has since been installed, allowing artists to confront these solitary and rough areas. This military infrastructure demonstrates that the architecture of a place doesn’t especially defines its function. A place can change through its context and history as in this case a brutalist functional architecture unexpectedly was rehabilitated as a museum.

Bunker

Military

1979

Tunnel of Hope

General Ratid Zorlak

Sokolović Colony

Zoran Lazović Ivan K. Petrović

1993

Military

1983 – 1989

Post-Modernist

Tunnel

Army

Residential

HCF & Energoinvest

16

15

Zetra Olympic Hall

D.Dapa L.Alkalfic

Asim Ferhatović Hase Stadium

N/A

1981-1982

Modernist

1946

Communist

Sport & Cultural Centre

City of Sarajevo

Stadium

City of Sarajevo

a

Goat’s Bridge

b

Sokollu Mehmed

Kozija cuprija (Goat’s bridge) is a large stone bridge over the Miljacka River to the east of Sarajevo. The bridge, which is made primarily of white hreša (marble), is a harmonious structure with one main arch and two round openings which help support the weight. This stone material was also used to build the Bijela Tabija fortress and the Visegrad Gate of the nearby Vratnik fortified town.

This bridge’s oldest written record dates back to 1771

Bridge

Ottoman

XVIth century

when Mula Mustafa Bašeškija noted that a stone wall was built from Kozija Čuprija all the way to Alifakovac.

Historically the city officials would go to this bridge to meet ambassadors visiting the city but also see young men jumping from the bridge into the shallow water as a show of bravado. That tradition is nowadays lost, but the path to the bridge makes a lovely stroll or bike ride out of town.

Urban typology - people gatherings The selection of architectural typologies presented focuses on the spaces that most frequently served as a mean of nonverbal communication between the authorities and the popular masses. During the Ottoman period (15th to 19th century), the architecture of Sarajevo was of spiritual symbolism. The most emblematic and recurrent public architectural typologies at the time were the religious buildings. This typology primarily consisting of islamic architecture can be seen in spiritual, but also in cultural, educational and social buildings like mosques, hammam and religious school. At the end of 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Habsburg Empire materialised its ideology in Sarajevo in the form of various administrative and public buildings, with various eclectic architectural vocabularies. The accessibility of the space itself was limited as an elite’s privilege. This period lacked architectural typologies that would address the masses or stimulate a sense of common identity, capable of transmitting the ideological values of a social system.

After World War II, a new socialist Slav state emerged and intended to be a single state for all South Slavs, relying on a very strong ideological background and propaganda since the state itself was quite “artificial” for a multicultural society. These last twenty years, the circumstances mostly

grounded on consumerist philosophy have yielded an architectural typology that best reflects the image of contemporary Sarajevo – the shopping centre.

Ottoman Austro-Hungarian Yugoslavia Contempory

Ottoman Austro-Hungarian Yugoslavia Contempory

Cehaja Bridge

d

c

Hafizadić

Bridge

The Cehaja bridge spans over the Miljacka river in Sarajevo.

The only written document attesting the bridge’s year of construction is the transcription in Mostar indicating that it was built in 1586. According to the source, the bridge was built by a man named “Alija known as Hafizadić”.

Ottoman

994

The bridge was destroyed several times over the years, usually because of floods like in 1619, 1629 and in 1843 when the Miljacka destroyed two pillars during repairs ordered by Mustafa Pasha. The bridge was damaged again in 1880.

Latin Bridge

N/A

The Latinska bridge (Latin bridge) is one of the oldest bridges in Sarajevo. It is on the list of national monuments.

It was called the Gravrilo Pricip bridge between 1918 and 1992 in commemoration of the assassin Gavrilo Princip who killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria just north of the bridge on June 28th 1914.

It has undergone several changes throughout history ; originally built out of wood, it was renovated with limestone travertine after the 1791 flood. It was destroyed

Bridge

Ottoman

1798

again during the First World War and was identically rebuilt in 2003.

This bridge has 3 supports and is 40 metres long. The profile of the bridge is asymmetrical, two oculus above the pylons mitigate the specific load of the structure.

These architectural elements also hold symbolic meaning, representing the coat of arms of the city of Sarajevo.

Festina Lente Bridge

Adnan Alagić & Bojan Kanlić

The Festina Lente bridge (“Make haste slowly” in Latin) is a pedestrian bridge, designed in 2007 by three Bosnian design students and completed five years later. It can be described as light and agile. The bridge’s concept is to unite the secular and the spiritual and to establish a balance between the river’s left and right banks.

It consists of a looping structure leading to Sarajevo’s

Bridge

Contemporary

2012

Academy of fine Arts by crossing the Miljacka river over a distance of 38 metres. Its form is unique,simple and attractive. The loop symbolises a gate which is part of Bosnian tradition as accesses to the city were marked by gates. It also acts as a sort of shelter where two wooden benches are placed, allowing pedestrians to contemplate the river from both side.

Skenderija Bridge

Gustave Eiffel

The Skenderija Steel Bridge is a pedestrian bridge that is known to the inhabitants of Sarajevo as the Eiffel’s Bridge.

The original bridge was built in the 15th century on the orders of Skender Pasha. The unpredictable Miljacka would often wash Sarajevo’s wooden bridges away.

It was for this very reason that the Austro-Hungarian administration took action to regulate the river’s flow and rebuilt many new bridges, including the steel Skenderija Bridge. The bridge was built in 1893 with an iron gate.

MAHALAS AND TRADITIONAL BOSNIAN ARCHITECTURE

Towards The bosnian slog

POST-War recOnSTrucTiOn and SOcial HOuSing

OppOsing mOdernism

Since the middle of the 15th century, the eastern part of Europe has seen its first cities with real urban functions.

Sarajevo’s “Mahalas” are traditional neighbourhoods from the Ottoman period that are organised around city functions like mosques, schools, shops, fountains and other activities that are necessary for daily life. It is all about the life in community, one of the main principles of Islam, where social cohesion and mutual respect are the pillars of the society. The city centre, the so called “Čaršija”, is not only the commercial centre, but also the meeting point for the community and offered diverse cultural activities. The public space and the arborescent narrow street morphology are scaled for humans as they were imagined for the people and their horses. The streets and the houses followed the terrain’s morphology, inserting the architecture into the natural environment. The traditional Bosnian house is referred to an “open space

After becoming part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Sarajevo was confronted with a new way of organising and planning. Western urban methods and architecture styles were applied to the city under the new regime. The central district was planned according to an orthogonal organisation with block apartment buildings. The ground floors were dedicated to commercial spaces in direct connection with the street, while the apartments were situated on the upper floors. Furthermore, the AustroHungarians built new religious structures in the form of Catholic and Orthodox churches, while taking care of the existing mosques, to preserve an ethnic diversity in the city. Architects from all over Europe came to Sarajevo to design these new buildings. Amongst them was Josip Vancaš, who designed over 200 buildings in a short period of time. During the first twenty years under the AustroHungarian regime, new constructions were built in various styles, such as neo-gothic, neo-renaissance and neobaroque or inspired by the “palazzo” typology, before a

After World War II, Sarajevo had to deal with important destructions on its territory and needed a quick recovery.

Due to this state of emergency, the city was in the urgency of reconstructing parts of the urban landscape in order to respond to the housing demand. The political situation was very unstable and the State of Yugoslavia was formed under the communist regime of Josip Broz Tito. Sarajevo, squeezed in a valley along the Miljačka river, rapidly expanded to the west to become a linear city with multiple polarities. Between 1949 and 1956, Sarajevo has seen an economic growth leading to a strong and competitive industry. The creation of numerous industry related jobs is directly linked to the housing problems by not being able to accommodate all the workers coming to the city.

The state was founded on solidarity and new forms of housing had to make their appearance in order to provide the necessary facilities. New collective housing complexes defined the western part of the city, such as “Alipašino Polje” for instance. The high rise apartment buildings were very efficient in their construction, since prefabricated

Not everyone had the same planning visions for the future development of Sarajevo. Some architects, like the Reuf brothers, Muhamed Kadić or the urbanist Juraj Neidhardt, were not willing to pursue a socialist ideology of urban planning. They indeed wanted to be innovative and follow the modern tendencies of European architectural design by questioning the past. Architect and artist Bogdan Bogdanović once stated that he did not want to produce concrete boxes with two types of windows for the rest of his life. He was not willing to respond to the socialists’ wishes and instead conceived sculptures in memories of past events. Neidhardt tried to question the past to find solutions for the future. In some of his projects he reinterpreted the worker’s house by comparing the modernist attitudes to the traditional way of construction. This level of reflexion, mixed with technological innovations, brought some diversity in the districts of Sarajevo. With environmental awareness and context integration, these architects offered

typology” that incorporates the values of Islam. Indeed, the house is organised around a courtyard with it’s fountain, used for hygienic reasons before entering the commun ground floor of the house. The upper floor is more private and often defined as the women’s space. The private space is orientated towards the inner court, which is separated from the street by a wall, while the outstanding “Doksat” also offers a view of the street. By mutual respect between families, it is prohibited to create openings towards the neighbouring courtyards and the hilly terrain allows a clear view to the city and the surrounding panorama. This inward facing architecture should also respond to the spiritual needs of each inhabitant. Finally, another typical element is the sloping roof, adapting to the local climatic conditions, such as rain or strong sun. The houses are very respectful to the environment, because they were only built with local materials.

new style could affirm itself after 1898. The buildings were characterised by the “secession style”, noticeable in the facades by decorations used as separation between floors.

Josip Vancaš was inspired by the Scandinavian “National Romanticism” and introduced a new Bosnian style of construction, the “Bosanski slog”, a cohesion between the modern style and the Bosnian vernacular architecture.

Typical elements like the outstanding “Doksat”, the slope roof or the loggia could be found in the buildings’ expression. Vancaš pursued functionalist tendencies by respecting the traditional way of building without falling under the spell of modern architecture. The Dutch Minister for Construction once said in 1900 that, if the architects would not be concerned about traditional architecture and just consider foreign styles, it would not be worth travelling anymore as every city would be the same. The “Bosnian Slog” stands out with a rhythmic and cleaned up facade with simple forms, reminiscing of the traditional Bosnian house described earlier.

concrete elements and other standard furniture were used and allowed shorter construction times. The projects were based on efficiency and functionalism. These housing towers changed the skyline of the city after being allowed to surpass the limit of five floors, set by earlier regulations. Densities were treated differently since the higher buildings provided wider open exterior spaces for the inhabitants. This new way of seeing public space was inspired by the international urbanism movement, among others primarily by Le Corbusier and its visions for the modern city. During the modernisation of Sarajevo, the authorities welcomed investors to realise all kinds of projects to boost the country’s economy. The investors were able to exercise pressure on policymakers, loosening the regulations, which resulted in a fragmented cityscape.

Rules were adopted to please the funding sources and respond to their needs. Despite the apparent satisfaction of the population during the communist regime, some actors pursued a capitalist approach to maximise the profits.

g

f

e

Bridge

Art Nouveau

1883

It was supposedly designed by the bureau of Gustave Eiffel, the builder of the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, but no documentation has been found to prove it. The bridge was badly damaged during the Bosnian war and underwent reconstruction works in 2004.

It crosses the Miljacka river with a range of 40 metres and a span width of 6 metres. The metal structure of the bridge is indeterminate and two beams frame the upper arches and prevent any buckling of the bridge.

some solid responses opposing themselves to the socialist movement. By considering the existing architectural, but also natural environment, they were able to connect with the existing urban landscape. Almost all of the Yugoslav architects have studied in major European capitals like Paris, Vienna, Berlin or Prague and were therefore strongly influenced by the western architectural movement, instead of following the Soviet influences. Juraj Neidhardt, for instance, worked with architects like Peter Behrens and Le Corbusier before returning to Sarajevo. The Yugoslavians modernists pursued rational and functional forms to keep their architecture simple and contextual. To avoid any kind of political influences, many architects participated in interregional competitions in order to realise the projects they could have never done in their country at a certain point. We can conclude that this period indulged in different ways of thinking and planning architecture.

Ars Aevi Bridge

Renzo Piano

Bridge

The idea behind this pedestrian bridge was present since the inception of the project in 2000. It aimed to connect the residential quarter south of the Miljacka to the north quarter where numerous museums and other cultural facilities are located. These areas of the city had been separated during the siege; the city and the Canton of Sarajevo were fully involved in the initiative and helped with the bureaucratic part.

Contemporary

2002

The bridge has a laminated wood structure with a wooden deck and structural steel stiffeners, supported by four columns, two on each river bank. It was completed in 2002 and since then it has been part of the bridges over the Miljacka river that allow the connection between the two sides of the city.

Vrbanja Bridge

h

N/A

The Vrbanja bridge is a car and pedestrian bridge with a range of 40 metres and a width of 18 metres. It lies across the library of Sarajevo. The first records of the bridge date back to the 18th century, however due to the numerous wars that the country has seen, there is little information about this bridge. For long, it took its its name from the surrounding area but in 1996, the bridge was renamed

Uncontrolled expansion of illeGal settleMents

Stuck in tranSition

Today Sarajevo has over 30.000 illegal constructions expanding on its territory with no end in sight. A construction is considered as illegal if it was built without any permission on someone else’s land. During the 1970s, when the industry was growing, many individuals decided to build their own homes on lands they didn’t own. Due to insufficient housing capacities during the economic boom, temporary homes were built in order to stay in proximity to the workplace. The authorities were very tolerant since they had to deal with serious housing problems, and some people were not willing to pay the relatively high prices for the apartments. The trend continued as illegal settlements expanded rapidly around the city and up the nearby hills. This kind of development is uncontrolled and the authorities lost complete sight of it. These illegal constructions grow like mushrooms and the lack of any regulation is causing some serious environmental issues.

As a matter of fact, the uncontrolled settlements cause further pollution and soil erosions, since the inhabitants are not aware of the terrain’s stability. Due to the corrupt

Sarajevo’s urban development is stuck in a transitional phase of uncertainty since the civil war of 1992-95.

Political conflicts based on past wars and ethnic differences have split the country and in some ways frozen its growth.

Ivan Štraus, architect and urbanist, stated that there are no clear visions for a future spatial development of the city.

Sarajevo was again heavily bombed and parts had to be reconstructed. Some influential people took advantage of the political differences at the cost of the population to pursue their own interests. Corruption and money laundering is not a negligible aspect. As a matter of fact, buildings from the socialist period, like hotels or housing complexes, are submitted to privatisation and being used to wash money that has been stolen in some ways during the war. Sarajevo has to deal with new way of decision making, where buildings are being managed by political actors and powerful private investors. It seems that no rules and laws are being respected, since there is no clear political ideology and the government is very unstable.

and “inexistent” government, like Dario Kristić describes, people are breaking the laws by doing their own thing since nobody is controlling them. It has become normal to build without any permission, since the procedure is long and pricey. Legalising their construction afterwards actually costs less than the permission itself. This approach is not a solution, on the contrary, it is a further motivation to pursue this option. The houses are often unfinished with apparent construction materials and a very bad taste in design. The houses are built in autoconstruction by gathering some friends and family members. Due to a limited budget, the inhabitants consider reinvesting by the time they have enough money to add another floor, a roof or finishing materials. The family usually lives on the upper floor, while the ground floor accommodates a private business, like a car workshop or a small shop, usually also illegal.

Dario Kristić mentions that architecture is the mirror of the society. In the case of Sarajevo, it stands for mediocre design and a lack in development control.

Bridge

N/A

XVIIIth century

"bridge of Suada”. The name was taken as a memorial tribute to two friends victims of war (one Croatian, another Bosniak), who were shot by Serb snipers during a peace demonstration. The bridge has seen many eventful moments in its history. During the Yugoslav War, it was the only crossing point between the besieged city and the Serbian neighbourhood of Grbavica.

Rimski Most

N/A

The Rimski Most or Roman bridge was built between 1530 and 1550 with stones remaining from a bridge dating back to the Roman Empire. It is located in Ilidza in the Western Plain of Sarajevo. It is one of four stone bridges of Sarajevo still preserved to this day, the others being the Sehercehaja, the Latin and the Kozija bridges.

Bridge

Ottoman

XVIth century

The Roman bridge has an horizontal registry with a range of 40 metres and a width of 4.5 metres. It consists of 7 arches and its distinctive character comes from its slightly convex shape due to a lower height at the ends and higher central arches.

Consumer orientated arChiteCture

The poor architecture of the transitional phase suffers from the lack of urban regulation. Investors with money build their towers and residential complexes to maximise their profits. Even if these constructions are built with the necessary permissions, they are far from being sustainable and respectful towards the natural environment.

One of the main criticism concerns the decision making for urban projects. The opinion of the population is not being considered, which results in low quality urban and architectural spaces. It is understandable that some people decide to build their own individual house to have some quality of life and possess a property. Furthermore, there is a lack of public and cultural spaces for gathering purposes.

This should be a point to consider when improving the social cohesion, instead of pursuing an ideology of ethnic separation. All the energy is being invested in projects generating money which leading to a fragmentation of the city and it’s population.

The recent urban development of Sarajevo has seen the creation of numerous shopping malls, like the “Sarajevo City Centre” and other shoe box like buildings oriented towards an architecture of consumption. “City centre” is the keyword, acting as new gathering places for the society.

The malls offer products from international brands and some other activities, all based on consumption. Ironically, these gathering places become a fabric of individualism or emancipation for some people. Shopping is highly rated in a country where unemployment is very high and where people lend or steal money to satisfy their needs of consumption. This kind of development is evoking questions about the city’s identity and cultural needs.

Does this western capitalist way of living really fits into the daily life of Sarajevo? If architecture is a mirror of the society, the city has to ask itself which future it aims to have. The consequences of such a way of planning are not imaginable. Besides the shopping malls, shoe box like commercial centres can be found in the periphery of the

city like in many other major European cities. Their increase is directly linked to the expanding villages in the periphery, in order to respond to the growing inhabitants’ needs. We often see these commercial centres emerging near national roads, creating a polarity of supplies for the surrounding settlements. Furthermore, centres for construction provide the population with all kinds of materials and equipment to build their own houses. It feels like being in a vicious circle with popping investor buildings and illegal constructions with no end in sight.

Sarajevo currently has to deal with amplifying social and environmental concerns due to a lack of political competences. By considering the opinions and the needs of the population, the city could achieve projects of greater quality. There is a lack of cultural infrastructures needed in order to improve social cohesion, trying to unify the population like it was during the Ottoman and the communist period.