DISASTER RELIEF THESIS RESEARCH
Shelters for displaced Puerto Ricans.
Lila De La Rosa | Fall 2020
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DISASTER RELIEF THESIS RESEARCH
Shelters for displaced Puerto Ricans.
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Lila De La Rosa | Fall 2020
CONTENTS
STATEMENTS THESIS SUMMARY THESIS STATEMENT PROBLEM STATEMENT GOALS + OBJECTIVES
04 05 06 07 08
RESEARCH + CONTEXT SOCIOECONOMIC + CULTURAL RESEARCH SITE ANALYSIS MATERIAL + COLOR RESEARCH ORIGINAL RESEARCH
09 10 14 17 19
DESIGN CASE STUDIES PLAN PROTOTYPES
23 24 30
SOURCES
31
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“The problem is, the media, you have some people say, ‘Oh, it’s rebuilding, it’s good.’ But then, have you been inside the areas where there’s nothing? I’ve seen San Juan, open for business. Tourism is coming in. We have all of the hotels in San Juan are open. But what happens to someone with a house in the middle of the mountains, and still can’t get out, because the roads are blocked?”
- Interview with Puerto Rican woman who went through Hurricane Maria
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The goal of this thesis is to study the importance of immediate, accessible, and secure temporary relief shelters and their effect on the rehabilitation of those affected by natural disasters. The hurricanes in Puerto Rico have been increasingly violent and more frequent each year, and more Puerto Ricans are being displaced to cities in the mainland U.S., lacking resources and a sense of community they need to support their families and rebuild their lives from trauma and loss. These disaster relief shelters will be serving a plethora of multi-generational families, and just as the family in the home is the backbone of Puerto Rican culture, shelters will provide an immediate sense of security and stability in the midst of disaster and unease. Design research will focus on human behavior and the distinct needs of each individual, prioritizing human dignity and privacy, sustaining family and community life, and promoting self sufficiency and management. The modular shelter will allow for shelters to be reused and stored for future emergencies, designed to follow Cradle to Cradle guidelines to be energy efficient, fully powered from on site and/or off site renewable energy, and function in a cyclical way where locally sourced materials will be biodegradable or recycled. By functioning as a 100% net zero carbon building and giving users autonomy in their home and opportunities to rebuild community, the transition post-disaster will be smoother.
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THESIS STATEMENT
An environmentally conscious space that gives a family a sense of security, provides resources for rehabilitation, and supports community can improve the physical and emotional recovery of those impacted by a natural disaster.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
This thesis will be designed and contained within 450-500 square feet as a temporary shelter for those who have been affected by the increasingly disastrous hurricanes in Puerto Rico. These shelters will be designed to limit the displacement of Puerto Ricans to the mainland U.S., and give them a sense of stability in the midst of a disaster as well as control over their lives as they transition into more permanent housing. These spaces will also follow C2C guidelines and source local materials to limit the environmental impact, and will be designed to withstand storms. The client of these shelters is FEMA, to provide more adequate disaster relief housing for multigenerational Puerto Rican families in need.
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G O A L Shelter design will follow Cradle to Cradle Guidelines. OBJECTIVE
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G O A L Space will accommodate an average multigenerational Puerto Rican family. OBJECTIVE
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Components of shelter will be prefabricated off-site and easy to assemble by any volunteer without experience in construction, will be modular to accommodate different sizes of community groups, and packaged and stored to be able to stack when arriving to the site.
G O A L Environment will instill a sense of community and prompt rehabilitation among those affected by a natural disaster. OBJECTIVE
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Research typical and historical building methods used, and reference cultural motifs and colors that are meaningful to Puerto Ricans and implement and interpret elements into the design.
G O A L Shelters will be accessible and immediate in response to natural disasters. OBJECTIVE
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Prioritize privacy in the shelter by allowing for separation of sleeping spaces and design for the average family of 2.78 (U.S. Census 2014-18) by providing ample space in the kitchen and other communal areas.
G O A L Design with respect to Puerto Rican Culture. OBJECTIVE
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Design will utilize clean and renewable energy in the form of solar power, and use C2C certified products in the selection of interior and exterior materials.
First off, users will have sustainable access to natural and common resources such as safe drinking water, energy for cooking, heating and lighting, sanitation and washing facilities, food storage, refuse disposal, site drainage, and emergency services. Additionally, safe access to healthcare services, schools, childcare centers, social facilities, and livelihood opportunities to sustain community and family life, to promote self sufficiency and management.
RESEARCH + CONTEXT Socioeconomic + Cultural Research Site Analysis Material + Color Research Original Research
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SOCIOECONOMIC + CULTURAL RESEARCH Site: Ponce, PR Ponce is Puerto Rico’s second largest city after San Juan, with a population of 131,881 in 2019. The city is located in the Southern Coastal Plain region, and was founded in 1692 as Spain’s capital of the southern region. Ponce fell to the U.S. in 1898, and half of a billion dollars has been spent preserving the cultural legacy of the city, and is now declared a national treasure. It has many different names- La Perla del Sur (Pearl of the South), La Ciudad de los Leones (City of Lions), La Ciudad de las Quenepas (Genip City), and Ciudad Señorial (Majestic or Noble City) because of its many neoclassical buildings and facades. It’s divided into 19 municipalities, and has 77 public schools handled by the Puerto Rican Department of Education as well as 14 colleges and universities. 78.5% of the population is a high school graduate or higher, and 28.3% of the population has a bachelor’s degree or higher.
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Map of Puerto Rico
RACE + HISPANIC ORIGIN
40
Is the median age
Median household income is
$17,298
50.5% of the population is in poverty
The median property value in Ponce was $100,400 in 2017- 0.437 times smaller than the national average of $229,700. Also lower than the national average of 63.9%, their homeownership rate is 63.4%. 95% of the population also has healthcare, either on employee plans, medicaid, medicare, on non-group plans, or on military or VA plans. 11
Puerto Rico is one of the most intensely researched places in the world. It is a distinct island nation in the Caribbean with their own rich culture, while also a U.S territory granting Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. They desire to exist in association with the United States, while maintaining their cultural identity.
Official Languages: Spanish + English Puerto Rican Spanish is the island’s unique dialect from the standard Spanish language. FAMILY Similar to other ethnic and minority groups on the U.S. from the Caribbean, there are a high number of singleparent, female headed households in Puerto Rico. However, family life is essential to the Puerto Rican family and a core value to most. INDUSTRIES Playa de Ponce Port is one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean, and with it’s port of entry is a very important trading and distribution center.
Ponce, PR
Caribbean Sea
Manufacturers
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- TEXTILES - SHOES - CEMENT - PAPER - ELECTRICAL DEVICES - METAL PRODUCTS
Industries - TOURISM - PROCESSING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS - RUM DISTILLING - CANNING - DIAMOND CUTTING
Goods - COFFEE - TOBACCO - MOLASSES - RUM - BANANAS
ECONOMY The economy of Ponce employs 31,200 people, with the employment rate in July of 2020 at 80.9%. The largest industries are Health Care and Social Assistance, Retail Trade, and Educational Services, and the highest paying industries are Utilities, Public Administration, and Finance and Insurance. The top 3 most common jobs of residents of Ponce are Sales and Related Occupations, Office and Administrative Support Occupations, and Education and Library Occupations. Ponce does have a unique rate in the specialization of jobs, with a very large amount working in Fire Fighting and Protection. One of the main points of interest in Ponce is the Parque de Bombas, a bold red and black century old wooden firehouse that is still in use and is a landmark in the downtown area, Plaza de las Delicias. Other specialized jobs include Law Enforcement Workers and other Legal Occupations, being the highest paid job of a resident in Ponce, with a salary of $50,600.
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2 3
Tourism is the most important service industry in Ponce
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1 | Museo de la Arquitectura PonceĂąa - Architecture museum in Ponce 2 | Caja de Muertos - Uninhabited island protected by the Reserva Natural Caja de Muertos Natural Reserve 3 | Parque de Bombas - Historic firestation and landmark in Ponce 13
S I T E A N A LYS I S CLIMATE The climate in Ponce is hot, oppressive, windy, and partly cloudy. The temperature varies little over the course of a year.
SUMMER SOLSTICE SUN PATH OF SUN
Average Annual Temperature: - Max: 89 F - Min 70 F Sun - Avg. hours of sun (monthly): 271.5 Rainfall - Avg. precipitation (annual): 35.48�
WINTER SOLSTICE
Wind - Avg. speed: 11 mph
SUN
HURRICANES Puerto Rico, on average, experiences tropical storms every 5 years, and hurricanes even less than that. When they do hit, they cause catastrophic damage to the 3.5 million lives on the island, with extreme property and crop losses, erosion of land and flooding, loss of potable water and sewage systems, and a failing electrical grid.
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PATH OF SUN
SUN PATH STUDIES IN PONCE, PR SUNSET, WITH THE AREA IN WHICH THE SUN GOES DOWN WITHIN A YEAR SUNRISE, WITH THE RANGE IN WHICH THE SUN RISES WITHIN A YEAR
HURRICANES IN PR - All lines represent historic hurricanes moving in from the east / southeast - Large storms can have profound geomorphic / landchanging effects CATEGORY H-1 H-2 H-3 H-4 H-5
THE SITE Address: Paseo De La Cruceta, Ponce, 00730, Puerto Rico Lot: 25 acres 1
SIGNIFICANT POINTS 1 - Location to place shelters 2 - Portuges River 3 - Jardin Japones 4 - Museo Castillo Serralles 5 - Cruceta del Vigia
3 5 4
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PROPOSED SITE
CHARACTERISTICS - Situated on a hill just north of the El Vigia Hill - Site was used as temporary accommodation for people affected by the floods because of elevation - Panoramic views of the Caribbean Sea
Topographic map of Ponce, PR. Site marked in blue. Elevation: 15 meters / 49.21 feet 15
SITE PHOTOS
PROPOSED SITE
VIEWS FROM SITE 16
MATERIAL RESEARC H - HENRY KLUMB: Puerto Rico’s most iconic, locally well known, and celebrated modern architect - One of Frank Lloyd Wright’s sucessful protegees
TRADITIONAL BUILDING METHODS - Klumb valued PR’s simple buildings in rural landscape - Right: Traditional jibaro hut, Klumb took inspiration and looked to reproduce them with modern building materials, ways of construction, and design sensibilities MOTHER NATURE V.S. PUERTO RICO: Understanding which structures have resisted the impact of natural events through history and time - Elasticity of small native houses and wooden huts are built to be elastic and survive seismic movement and rain, wind, and floods - Rubble masonry mixed with stone and lime used to construct permanent institutional buildings - More recent building materials include steel, metal cement block, and reinforced concrete - Light wood framework buildings endured earthquakes successfully - Bamboo is a prominent building material in PR, accessible for emergency shetlers, sustainable, durable and affordable housing - Use of local materials allows the direct community to participate in the building of reliable housing and stimulates local economies 17
COLOR + FLORA RESEARCH
AFRICAN TULIP TREE - Flowers with bold orange-red petals similar to the color and shape of tulips, cascade like a red fountain - Has become naturalized and is the most common tree in PR
FLOR DE MAGA
- Official national flower of PR, grows on the maga tree - Flowers in shades of red and pink , grown as ornamental plants and for timber - Large, brilliant lush flowers and green foliage
COQUI FROG
- A natural wonder of PR, symbol in their culture - Tree frog that makes a sound similar to “co-qui� - Green color symbolic
CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES COLOR PSYCHOLOGY
Municipal Flag of Ponce, PR + Ponce Coat of Arms 18
Red: African roots, nature and animals, prominent color among flowers and birds of region Orange: associatied with the Trupiaal bird and other animals of similar coloring Yellow: shows African roots, animals, culture, found in the flag, flowers Green: associated with lush vegitation, coqui frog Blue: associated with water, coloring of birds in the region Pink: heavily used in historic architecture, meant to convey a soothing mood White: cleanliness, cool environment, authority (found in police uniforms and jewelry Brown: alcohol, caribbean rum Silver/gold: riches and pirates
ORIGINAL RESEARCH SURVEYING FAMILY MEMBER’S PERCEPTION OF LIVING SITUATION OBJECTIVE Partnering with classmate Monique Gagnon, we looked at how different generations within a household view their current living situations. People taking the survey were asked to answer questions based on their permanent residence. We angled our questions to find out what people value within their whole residence and within individual spaces inside their home. Additionally, we inquired about resident dynamics and relationships between household members. METHOD We surveyed 73 individuals from varying ages ranging from 18-84. 16 questions were asked. RELEVANT HUMAN BEHAVIOR THEORY The human behavioral theory of territioriality piqued our interest to dive further into the aspects of people’s primary territory, the home. Territoriality is the pattern of behavior and attitudes held by an individual or group that is based on perceived, attempted, or actual control of a definable physical space. As people experience space more regularly and habitually, they are more likely to claim it as their own, this is what makes the home the most personal space we experience day-to-day. WHAT WE ASKED # Of residents in permanent address: 4 was the most common household size. Majority of households were made up of individuals under 18 and 45-65. It was less common for households to have members 65+. Most common living situation was a single-family home (58), townhouse (7), apartment (6), and multi-family home (2).
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WHAT WE ASKED (CONT.) - VALUES BASED QUESTIONS
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What people value FIRST in their living situation
1. COMFORT (23) 2. COMMUNITY / NEIGHBORHOOD (16) 3. SAFETY (11) 4. PRIVACY (8) 5. BEING WITH OTHERS (8) 6. OUTDOOR SPACE (8) 7. AESTHETICS (2)
Design Implications: Physical comfort of space will prioritize members’ well-being. Also, instead of displacing families and separating communities, comfort will be found in shelter developments.
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What people value SECOND in their living situation
1. SAFETY (19) 2. COMFORT (16) 3. COMMUNITY / NEIGHBORHOOD (11) 4. PRIVACY (9) 5. OUTDOOR SPACE (9) 6. BEING WITH OTHERS (7) 7. AESTHETICS (2)
Design Implications: Shelters will provide immediate safety and refuge from impending threats, offering basic support primarily
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What people value THIRD in their living situation
1. PRIVACY (16) 2. COMFORT (15) 3. OUTDOOR SPACE (13) 4. COMMUNITY / NEIGHBORHOOD (12) 5. AESTHETICS (9) 6. SAFETY (6) 7. BEING WITH OTHERS (2)
Design Implications: Configuring the spaces in the shelter to prioritze privacy for the individual and all members of the household.
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4
What people value most in their BEDROOM
5
What people value most in their LIVING ROOM
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1. PRIVACY 2. STORAGE 3. SPACE PERSONALIZATION 4. WORKSPACE 5. CONNECTION TO NATURE
1. SPACE TO GATHER 2. LEVEL OF COMFORT 3. ROOM FOR ENTERTAINMENT 4. VARIETY IN SEATING OPTIONS 5. CONNECTION TO NATURE
What people value in their living situation KITCHEN
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1. SIZE OF FOOD PREP AREA 2. STORAGE 3. DINING SPACE 4. ROOM SIZE 5. CONNECTION TO NATURE
individuals agreed they are close to other members in their residence,
17
somewhat agreed
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WHAT WE ASKED (CONT.) Would you say you spend more time alone within your residence?
disagree
somwhat disagree
does not apply
somewhat agree
0
agree
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Would you say when experiencing stress you prefer to be alone?
disagree
somwhat disagree
does not apply
somewhat agree
agree
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0
54% agree/somewhat agree 40% disagree/somewhat disagree
80% of individuals agree/somewhat agree that they prefer to be alone when stressed Design implications: Disaster relief victims deal with a high stress level dayto-day, results in the occupant needing space to be alone Would you be willing to sacrifice size of sleeping space to accomodate a larger communal space?
disagree
somwhat disagree
does not apply
somewhat agree
0
agree
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Majority of individuals are unsure of compromising their bedrom size for a larger gathering space
WHY are people hesitant to sacrifice sleep space for gathering space?
Through the lense of the territoriality behavioral theory we can view sleeping space as private and gathering space as public. Real or symbolic boundaries are often used in residences to separate private from public space and develop more controllable environments. This creates feelings of security for occupants while allowing them to have adjacencies to more active spaces. People were unsure of sacrificing their sleeping space for a larger gathering space because that would result in an infringement towards their space that provides a sense of security to them. 22
DESIGN Case Studies Plan Prototypes
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C ASE S TUDY 01 / PROJECT T YPE JUST A MINUTE
TEMPORARY HOUSE FOR NEPAL EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY LOCATION: KATHMANDU, NEPAL FIRM: BARBERIO COLELLA ARC - ITALY FOOTPRINT: 2.5 x 4 M CONDENSED, 4 X 7.11 M HOUSE
OVERVIEW In response to earthquakes in Nepal, this instant temporary home structure allows members of the community to have a chance to start their life again in “just a minute.” This house is simple, yet efficient, and is the stepping stone to building a new life and switching into a stable house. The goal of the project is to use local Nepalese materials, or from close countries, to make a house that can be built quickly and economically, is lightweight and compact, and durable while also temporary. Meant to facilitate the life of the community after the tragedy of the earthquake by combining units together to form double houses to small villages.
KEY DESIGN ELEMENTS - Structure made of bamboo and textile building envelope - No complex technologies or skilled labor required to fabricate - Assembly line process used to organize construction allowed by the modularity of the structure - Arrives on site fully assembled, floor is postioned when structure is opened - Facades positioned to achieve solar shading + photovoltaic panels for energy self-sufficiency - Rainwater collection from roof 24
ASSEMBLY
FLOOR PLAN
INTERIOR VIEW
1.5 x 4 m : permanent part, in center made of coverable wooden OSB panels, equipped with services (bathroom, kitchen) 4 x 4 m : two main rooms (living, sleeping) consist of horizontal, vertical, and oblique bamboo poles with a diameter of 6 cm, braced by bamboo poles arranged in an X with a diameter of 3 cm 1 x 4 m : small covered outdoor area
ENVELOPE + STRUCTURE 25
C ASE S TUDY 02 / CULTURAL CONTEXT EL CORAZON CULTURAL CENTER
TALLER PUERTORRIQUENO LOCATION: PHILADELPHIA, PENNYSLVANIA FIRM: WRT, LLC SCALE: 25,000 SF
OVERVIEW This multifunctional cultural community center is designed for Taller Puertorriqueno, a community based grassroots organization founded to address the lack of access to art and education for inner-city youth. It represents the strong Latino heritage of North Philadelphia, and is located in one of the city’s largest and undeserved Puerto Rican/Latino neighborhoods. The organization’s primary purpose is to preserve, develop, and promote Puerto Rican arts and culture, with the belief that embracing one’s cultural heritage is key in community empowerment. This building creates a safe environment in the midst of a distressed neighborhood, encouraging interaction and supporting its sense of community.
KEY DESIGN ELEMENTS - Multi-colored facade represents the colorful palettes of households in the surrounding community - Accomodate programs and events throughout the day, evening, and weekend 26
MULTI-USE SPACE - Performance space that can seat 250 but be divided into multiple classrooms for art and technology after-school programs - Art gallery showcasing the work of local and national artists - Bilingual book and gift shop - 2 commercical grade kitchens serving Puerto Rican cuisine to the community - Office wing for Taller Puertorriqueno
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C ASE S TUDY 03 / PROJECT SC ALE AFFORDABLE SHIPPING CONTAINER TINY HOMES
LOCATION: AYLESBURY, ENGLAND FIRM: FRASER BROWN MACKENNA ARCHITECTS (FBM ARCHITECTS) LONDON SCALE: 280 SF / EA.
OVERVIEW Currently a site occupied by garages and through efforts by the Vale of Aylesbury Housing Trust, Gatehouse Road is a low-cost micro-housing scheme planned to regenerate the underused site and provide “quality affordable homes� to people in need. 8 recycled shipping containers will be converted into green-roofed homes for young, low-income residents in the area. The containers keep the costs low and allow for off-site prefabrication, and reusing these containers has an environmental benefit. Houses are designed as one-bedroom studios using 1 container, and will be rented out as social housing or student accommodation.
KEY DESIGN ELEMENTS - Contemporary homes will be painted a variety of colors to complement local architecture - High-performance insulation inserted into the walls, ceiling, and floor, along with double-paned glazing and a green roof for reduced heating bills + improved energy efficiency - Sustainable urban drainage and enhancement of local ecology, with grasses areas, sedum roofs, and semi-mature trees 28
SITE / INSTALL - Standard-size flats would not have fit onto the site, rendering it undevelopable - Aligned on a north-south axis and progressively stepped back to create privacy between units and provide a private decked area for each home, avoids a major sewer that runs through the site - Can do about 20,000 soft every six months including installation with a cost of ÂŁ120-150 per sf
SINGULAR HOUSE / CONTAINER Arranged in a linear fashion, with a living and kitchen area at the front, a separate bathroom, and a bedroom at the rear, porches are placed at either end
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P L A DISASTER N P R ORELIEF T O TPROTOTYPES YPES SCALE: SCALE: 1/8” = 1’0” 1/8” = 1’- 0”
12' - 0"
9' - 0"
10' - 0"
10' - 0"
KIDS ROOM (2 TWIN)
KITCHEN 12' - 0"
10' - 0"
10' - 0"
17' - 0"
LIVING + DINING
2ND BEDROOM
10' - 0"
UP
PORCH
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5' - 6" 4' - 6"
4' - 6"
4' - 11"
10' - 0"
BATHROOM
LAUNDRY
SOURCES
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SOURCES SOCIOECONOMIC + CULTURAL RESEARCH DiJulio, Bianca, et al. Views and Experiences of Puerto Ricans One Year After Hurricane Maria. Kaiser Family Foundation Survey of Puerto Rico Residents, 2018, files.kff.org/attachment/Report-Views-andExperiences-of-Puerto-Ricans-One-Year-After-Hurricane-Maria. “Ponce, PR Economy at a Glance.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, www. bls.gov/eag/eag.pr_ponce_msa.htm. “Ponce, PR.” Data USA, datausa.io/profile/geo/ponce-pr/. “Ponce.” Welcome to Puerto Rico!, welcome.topuertorico.org/city/ponce.shtml. “Puerto Rico.” Countries and Their Cultures, www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/Puerto-Rico.html. “U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Ponce Zona Urbana, Puerto Rico; Puerto Rico.” Census Bureau QuickFacts, www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/poncezonaurbanapuertorico,PR/PST045219. Photos https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/puerto-rico-not-congress-must-determine-its-future-our-billncna1238032 http://www.callejeandopr.com/callejea/isla-caja-de-muerto-ponce https://www.discoverpuertorico.com/regions/south#!grid https://welcome.topuertorico.org/city/ponce.shtml https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/slideshow/marias-devastating-impact-puerto-rico-slideshow?slide= https://www.discoverpuertorico.com/profile/flamenco-beach/8942
SITE ANALYSIS “Average Weather in Ponce, Puerto Rico, Year Round.” Weather Spark, 2016, weatherspark.com/y/27800/ Average-Weather-in-Ponce-Puerto-Rico-Year-Round. “Building Science - Hurricane Publications.” Building Science - Hurricane Publications | FEMA.gov, www. fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/building-science/hurricanes. “Climate and Average Monthly Weather in Ponce (South Puerto Rico), Puerto Rico.” World Weather & Climate Information, weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-TemperatureSunshine,ponce,Puerto-Rico. “Weather Averages Ponce, Puerto Rico.” Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall, www. usclimatedata.com/climate/ponce/puerto-rico/united-states/uspr0070. Weather WX, Find Local Inc. “Ponce Puerto Rico Climate Averages, Monthly Weather Conditions.” WeatherWX.com, www.weatherwx.com/yearly-climate/pr/ponce.html. Photos https://www.suncalc.org/#/18.0012,-66.6143,11.446666666666667/2020.06.20/20:17/1/1 https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/puerto-rico-hurricanes-map
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site map + photos: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Vig%C3%ADa+Tribute+Portfolio+(under+de velopment)/@18.0217765,-66.6204436,14z/data=!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x8c1d2bcdec70dbad:0x96f fd97e9ed6eaf9!2sCanas,+Ponce,+Puerto+Rico!3b1!8m2!3d18.0048176!4d-66.6712329!3m4!1s0x 8c1d2b788cebe119:0x27982edd779b324d!8m2!3d18.0217347!4d-66.6204949 https://elevationmap.net/ponce-pr-1005501561
MATERIAL + COLOR RESEARCH Color Psychology, ARJHSS Volume 2016; pp:1-6 Cruz, Cesar A.. Puerto Rico’s Henry Klumb: A Modern Architect’s Sense of Place. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2020. Cueto, B. del. “Mother Nature versus Puerto Rican Building Technologies.” Florida Facts - Online Publication, www.academia.edu/8533599/Mother_Nature_versus_Puerto_Rican_Building_ Technologies?auto=download. Photos http://www.cesarcruz-arch.com/book-puerto-ricos-henry-klumb.html https://urbantropicals.com/product/african-tulip-tree-spathodea-campanulata/ https://www.tripsavvy.com/coqui-tree-frog-in-puerto-rico-1622300 https://fineartamerica.com/featured/flor-de-maga-puerto-ricos-national-flower-ivan-santiago.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_(Shield,_Coat_of_Arms)_de_Ponce.gif https://islandsofpuertorico.com/puerto-rico-flag/ h t t p s : / / w w w. g o o g l e . c o m / s e a r c h ? q = P U E R TO + R I C O + j i b a r o + h u t & r l z = 1 C 5 C H FA _ enUS705US714&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjworSzybjtAhWMpFkKHXzGDJcQ_ AUoAXoECAUQAw&biw=1269&bih=591#imgrc=l26e47k_eErJ-M
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Photos https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/25/arts/design/puerto-rico-artists-klaus-biesenbach-hurricanemaria.html https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=30068193491&cm_sp=collections-_2KWu7HuKZTXWFg5xGoVS8p_item_1_33-_-bdp https://welcome.topuertorico.org/culture/architec.shtml
CASE STUDIES Photos + Research “Just a Minute - Temporary House for Nepal Earthquake Emergency: Barberio Colella Architetti.” Archinect, archinect.com/barberiocolella/project/just-a-minute-temporary-house-for-nepal-earthquakeemergency. “Planning + Design: El Corazón Cultural Center - Taller Puertorriqueño.” WRT, www.wrtdesign.com/ work/el-coraz%C3%B3n-cultural-center-taller-puertorrique%C3%B1o.
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THANK YOU.
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