ARCH7022 Architectural Research 2 Cumulative Research Report
This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the prior written permission of The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072. Š The University of Queensland This Cumulative Research Report has been prepared by s4351729, 2018. Cover Image: perspective view of the 3D reconstruction model of Cherbourg’s girls dormitory. The use of architecture heritage in Cherbourg, 2018.
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Cumulative Research Report ARCH7022 Architectural Research 2 Table of Contents
Page No. List of Figures………….........................…………….........................…………….........................…….............................. I List of Tables………….........................……………............………….........................……………...................................... II - III PART A: Project Objectives 1.1. Rearch Topic......................……….........................…………….........................…………….................................. 1.1-1 1.2. Literature Review........……….......................…………….........................……………........................................... 1.2-1 - 1.2-2 PART B: Virtual reconstruction of the Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory 2.1. Building context.............….................….............................................................................................................. 2.1-1 - 2.1-2 2.2. Stumps.............….................…........................................................................................................................... 2.2-1 - 2.2-3 2.3. Floor and post...….................…........................................................................................................................... 2.3-1 - 2.3-2 2.4. Veranda.............….................….......................................................................................................................... 2.4-1 - 2.4-3 2.5. Wall structure....….................…........................................................................................................................... 2.5-1 - 2.5-2 2.6. Fenestration......….................…........................................................................................................................... 2.6-1 - 2.6-4 2.7. Roof and ceiling...….................…........................................................................................................................ 2.7-1 - 2.7-3 PART C: Reconstruction model of the girls’ dormitory. 3.1. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................ 3.2. Reconstruction result of the girls’ dormitory...........................................................................................................
3-1 3-1 - 3-9
Bibliography.............….................….............................................................................................................................. Appendices Appendix A: Architectural drawings of Cherbourg Girls’ Dormitory.......................................................................
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V
I
Cumulative Report ARCH7012 Architectural Research 1 Table of Contents (cont.)
Page No. List of Figures Figure I: Perspective view of the 3D reconstruction model of Cherbourg’s girls dormitory................................................... Cover Figure 1.1.1: Administration domain - The office, boys dormitory, mothers’ quarters, and girls’ dormitory......................... 1-1.1 Figure 2.1.1: Front view of the girls’ dormitory at Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement at 1925............................. 2-1.2 Figure 2.1.2: Aerial view of Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement at 1938.............................................................. 2-1.2 Figure 2.2.1: The drawings of the girls’ dormitory show the layout of stumps.................................................................... 2-2.1 Figure 2.2.2: Historical image of the girls’ dormitory indicates the actual layout of the stumps.......................................... 2-2.2 Figure 2.2.3: Floor framing plan of the boys’ dormitory...................................................................................................... 2-2.2 Figure 2.2.4: Preliminary sketch of the stump layout plan for the girls’ dormitory............................................................... 2-2.3 Figure 2.2.5: 3D model of the stump layout and stove recess for the girls’ dormitory......................................................... 2-2.3 Figure 2.3.1: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.............................................................................................................. 2-3.1 Figure 2.3.2: Ground floor plan of the girls’ dormitory........................................................................................................ 2-3.1 Figure 2.3.3: Location of the veranda posts....................................................................................................................... 2-3.2 Figure 2.3.4: Location of the structural posts in dining room.............................................................................................. 2-3.2 Figure 2.4.1: Boys’ dormitory’s balustrade detail............................................................................................................... 2-4.1 Figure 2.4.2: Preliminary section of veranda...................................................................................................................... 2-4.1 Figure 2.4.3: Number of balusters in a bay of balustrade................................................................................................... 2-4.2 Figure 2.4.4: 3D model of the veranda for the girls’ dormitory............................................................................................ 2-4.2 Figure 2.3.5: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.............................................................................................................. 2-4.3 Figure 2.3.6: Stairway to upper floor of the girls’ dormitory................................................................................................ 2-4.3 Figure 2.5.1: Single skin wall element............................................................................................................................... 2-5.1 Figure 2.5.2: Typical single skin wall element.................................................................................................................... 2-5.1 Figure 2.5.3: Vertical VJ boards were used throughout the interior building...................................................................... 2-5.2 Figure 2.5.4: Similar belt rails profile is found in the proposed pottery house.................................................................... 2-5.2 Figure 2.5.5: 3D model of the wall elements for the girls’ dormitory................................................................................... 2-5.2 Figure 2.6.1: First floor plan of the girls’ dormitory indicates the location of the windows.................................................. 2-6.1 Figure 2.6.2: Front view of the girls’ dormitory................................................................................................................... 2-6.2 Figure 2.6.3: Rear view of the girls’ dormitory.................................................................................................................... 2-6.2 Figure 2.6.4: Window profile of the girls’ dormitory............................................................................................................ 2-6.3 Figure 2.6.5: Window profile of the proposed pottery house.............................................................................................. 2-6.3 Figure 2.6.6: Ground floor plan of the girls’ dormitory fails to indicate several number of doors......................................... 2-6.3 Figure 2.6.7: Door Type 1 profile of the girls’ dormitory...................................................................................................... 2-6.4 Figure 2.6.8: Door Type 2 profile of the girls’ dormitory...................................................................................................... 2-6.4 Figure 2.6.9: Wall framing elevations of the girls’ dormitory............................................................................................... 2-6.4 Figure 2.7.1: Balconies with exposed ceiling..................................................................................................................... 2-7.1 Figure 2.7.2: Interior were lined with tongue-and-groove VJ ceiling boards....................................................................... 2-7.1 Figure 2.7.3: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.............................................................................................................. 2-7.2 Figure 2.7.4: Birdmouth on rafter....................................................................................................................................... 2-7.2 Figure 2.7.5: 3D model of the roof framing elements for the girls’ dormitory...................................................................... 2-7.2 Figure 2.7.6: Downpipes were connected to the nearest rainwater tank............................................................................ 2-7.3 Figure 2.7.7: 3D model of the downpipes and rainwater tanks.......................................................................................... 2-7.3
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II
Cumulative Report ARCH7012 Architectural Research 1 Table of Contents (conts.)
Page No. List of Figures Figure 3.1: Post layout plan............................................................................................................................................... 3-1 Figure 3.2: Floor plan - ground floor................................................................................................................................... 3-2 Figure 3.3: Floor plan - first floor........................................................................................................................................ 3-2 Figure 3.4: Floor framing layout plan - ground floor.......................................................................................................... 3-3 Figure 3.5: Floor framing layout plan - first floor................................................................................................................ 3-3 Figure 3.6: Roof framing plan............................................................................................................................................ 3-4 Figure 3.7: Roof plan......................................................................................................................................................... 3-4 Figure 3.8: Elevations of Cherbourg girls dormitory.......................................................................................................... 3-5 Figure 3.9: Section A-A of the girls dormitory..................................................................................................................... 3-6 Figure 3.10: Section B-B of the girls dormitory.................................................................................................................. 3-6 Figure 3.11: Section C-C of the girls dormitory.................................................................................................................. 3-6 Figure 3.12: Isometric diagram of the girls dormitory building.......................................................................................... 3-7 Figure 3.13: Detailed section A of the girls dormitory........................................................................................................ 3-7 Figure 3.14: Detailed section B of the girls dormitory........................................................................................................ 3-7 Figure 3.15: Sectional perspective of the girls dormitory................................................................................................... 3-8 Figure 3.16: Interior space of the girls dormitory................................................................................................................ 3-8 Figure 3.17: Verandah space of the girls dormitory building............................................................................................... 3-9 Figure I: Architectural drawings of Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement - girls’ dormitory building........................................... IV
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III
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PART 1.1: RESEARCH TOPIC
Virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. This report has been compiled to form a framework that discuss the construction techniques involved in the Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory. The document will also touch on the historical significant of the building as well as the social impact of the dormitory system towards the Aboriginal community. Research Topic: The Cherbourg girls’ dormitory was built in 1925. It was the largest building on the settlement at that time. It stood alongside with the boys’ dormitory, mothers’ quarter and the main street of Barambah-Cherbourg. The girls’ dormitory building replaces the original dormitory that house many children since the beginning of the settlement. Under the Reformatory Schools (Industrial) Act 1865, the officials were empowered by the state to remove children their families and place them in dormitories (Besley 2013, Hofmeyr 2016). The Aboriginal children were cut off from their community and culture. Even though, the dormitory life was harsh and disciplined, many children still consider the dormitory as home (Mok 2005). The dormitory system was slowly phased out in the late 1970s. The girls’ dormitory was closed in the early 1980 and was burnt to the ground in 1998 (Hofmeyr 2016). Therefore, the report aims to digitally reconstruct the girls’ dormitory building from the historical documents.
OFFICE
Methodology: The cumulative report consists of three stages. The first stage will be to gather all historical documents, photographs and literature regarding Barambah-Cherbourg settlement’s history. Blake’s book A Dumping Ground not only provide a detail history of the reserve but also examine the impact of the dormitory system towards the community. Additional information also was discussed in Mok, Newman and Besley’s publication. This stage also consists of extracting architectural features of the girls’ dormitory. These parameters will help to set up a guideline for the 3D model. This part is essential not only to determine the amount and type of information gathered but also enable us to predict the level of detail can be achieved. The unknown aspects of the building are then determined from information obtained from similar buildings around Cherbourg. The second stage is the interpretation of the scene. Construction techniques explored in Jenner’s book the Building of the Queensland House and Evans’ the Queensland House will be heavily discuss throughout this section in relation to the information gathered from previous section. The last stage of the report involves the production of the 3D model. The 3D model can be edited if new information surfaces as it can be incorporated to make the model more accurate. The finished product can be integrated as part of the exhibition for the Ration Shed Museum or be useful for the future touristic development of Cherbourg.
BOYS’ DORMITORY
Figure 1.1.1: Administration domain - The office, boys’ dormitory, mothers’ quarters, and girls’ dormitory.
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MOTHERS’ QUARTER
GIRLS’ DORMITORY
source: Brainwood collection, 1930.
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1-1.1
PART 1.2: LITERATURE REVIEW Historical documents, photographs and books A) HISTORICAL CONTEXT
B) DORMITORY LIFE
Thom Blake. A dumping ground: a history of the Cherbourg settlement [Book], 2001 Blake provides an in-depth summary of the reserved throughout 1900-1940. Blake not only discusses the formation of administrative domain but also examine the impact of influx in Aboriginal people towards the living condition of the settlement. He also highlights the government’s attempt to use school and dormitories as tools to control the Aborigines.
Jeannie Mok. Cherbourg Dorm Girls [Book], 2005 This book features twelve Aboriginal women who grew up in the girls’ dormitory system. The girls share their stories and reflecting on how the dormitory system changed their lives.
Mark Newman, The Boys for Barambah [Book], 2015. Newman outlines the history and nature of the Cherbourg settlement leading up to World War One. This book provides an opportunity for the community to remember and celebrate those Cherbourg-Barambah men who served in World War One. Jo Besley. On the banks of the Barambah [Book], 2013 Besley summarises the settlement conditions decade-bydecade. This book contains a rich visual record of the past which can provide additional information regarding the dormitory life in that time. Site Visit #2, Cherbourg Historical Precinct, 15th Aug 2018. Speakers: Uncle Eric, former superintendent of Cherbourg. Uncle Eric gave a general overview of Cherbourg’s historical precinct and its surrounding. Later he elaborates on the current condition in Cherbourg as well as the potential pottery industry. He also mentioned that Cherbourg used to run a successful sawmill, but the industry was destroyed when then government withdrew their support as a result of Deed of Grant in Trust transfer in 1985. The government dismantled all the equipment’s, shut the sawmill down and leased it to private enterprise.
Robyn Hofmeyr & Sandra Morgan. The Domo Girls [DVDs], 2016. The film provides a brief history of the Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory. The video features also number of Domo girls who grew up in building. Similar to Mok’s Cherbourg Dorm Girls, the girls share their stories and reflecting on how the dormitory system affecting their lives. In addition, the video also includes some old video clips the girls’ dormitory. These clips provide a few glimpses about the life in the dormitory system in that time and allowing us to understand the overall building form of the girls’ dormitory.
C) GIRLS’ DORMITORY BUILDING Queensland State Archive, Cherbourg Girls Dormitory [Architectural Plans], 1941. This drawing sets out the basis for the reconstruction process. This drawing is currently preserved in Queensland State Archive. The drawing consists of two floor plans, two elevations and a section. All these drawings are measured in imperial system and were carefully depicted in order to not disturb the graphic quality of the drawings. The drawing enables us to understand the scale of the building but fails to demonstrate the construction methods involved during the construction. Further discussion regarding the drawing will be explore in the final section of the report. Rienmac. Cherbourg’s Boys’ Dormitory - Floor Framing Plan [Architectural Plans], 2017. The floor framing plan was used to understand the rationale behind the stumps’ location of girls’ dormitory.
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1-2.1
PART 1.2: LITERATURE REVIEW [cont.] Historical documents, photographs and books
Photographs, 1925 - 2018 Historical photographs of the girls’ dormitory from AIATSIS, Brianwood Collection, Betty McKenzie Collection are used during the reconstruction process. These photographs are used to cross reference with the state archive’s drawing as well as a comparison to the construction techniques discussed in Jenner’s book. Since the dormitories and pottery house were built around the same, photographs of these building were also used to address the unknown aspect of the girls’ dormitory. Andrew Jenner. The Building of the Queensland House 1880 - 1920 [Book], 2013 The book follows the day by day construction of a Queenslander house and heavily discuss the carpentry techniques of that time. This book shall provide information to assist in the investigation of the construction method used in the girls’ dormitory. Ian Evans. The Queensland House [Book], 2001 This book also provides similar information from Jenner’s. However, this book also covered other topic such as roofing profile, balustrade detail and selection of rainwater good. This information appears relevant to the report as it provides a better understanding in term of material selection during that time. Site Visit #1, Cherbourg Historical Precinct, 31st Jul 2018. Speakers: Timothy O’Rourke, instructor for the course, James, assistant from Cherbourg Shire Council During site visit, Tim did point out that the sill trimmer and header tend to penetrate the posts with long tusk-tenons and there would probably have a drop in level from the building interior to the veranda. While visiting the proposed pottery house, James did mention that the house probably was built around the same time as the dormitories.
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PART A: Project objective | s4351729
1-2.2
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PART 2.1: BUILDING CONTEXT Historical context of Cherbourg Reserve
Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement: Cherbourg is a relatively large Aboriginal community in Southeast Queensland, located approximately 260km northwest of Brisbane (Besley 2013). Cherbourg was founded on the traditional land of the Wakka-Wakka tribe in 1901 by the Salvation Army missionary William J. Thomson (Blake 2001). However, the Queensland Government took control of the settlement in 1904. From the beginning of the settlement, Aboriginal people from all over Queensland and New South Wales were forcibly moved into the settlement under the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld) (Besley 2013). Cherbourg settlement begin with about 140 residents in 1904 and after 1907 numbers steadily increased (Guthrie 1973). The original name for Cherbourg was Barambah. According to Uncle Eric, the formal superintendent of Cherbourg, Barambah was named from Wakka-Wakka term for the region, ‘Burrumbeer”, which means ‘the wind is coming’. However, the settlement’s name was changed in 1932 due to ongoing postal confusion with nearby Barambah homestead (Besley 2013). Early conditions on the reserve were difficult, the Aboriginal people’s activities were tightly controlled by the government official. Traditional languages and practices were restricted, permission was required to leave the reserve or to marry (Blake 2001). Dormitory System: Soon after the government inception in 1904, CherbourgBaramabah reserve established a dormitory system that take care of abandoned children and those whose parents weren’t capable of taking care of their children properly (Blake 2001). The dormitories were also used as a form of foster care, where the Aboriginal women would leave their kids in the system while they worked away from the settlement. The dormitory system in some way did response to the needs of the communities. However, there were also a deeper, more political reason for this system. The government aim to reform the Aboriginal children by removing them from their culture and community and forcing them to engage with European culture, education and ways of life (Besley 2013). However, the Cherbourg dormitory system hardly resembled mainstream ways of life, despite the proclaimed assimilation of the Aboriginal children to European way.
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The first girls’ dormitory was built in 1909 and the boys’ dormitory was completed in 1910 (Blake 2001). There was no bed in those dormitories, therefore the children often slept on the floor. By the 1920s, the dormitories were overcrowded due to the influx in number of Aboriginal people in the settlement (Besley 2016). In 1919, the saw mill at Barambah was established and facilitated the construction of cottages for Aboriginal families and new dormitory buildings (Blake 2001). These new dormitory buildings replaced the original dormitories. Many children recall the dormitory life was ordered, institutionalized and hard (Mok 2005, Hofmeyr 2016). The dormitory children were keep away from other residents from the main camp, and special permission would be required to visit their families in the camp. The children in the system often looked after each other and developed a strong sense of identity (Hofmeyr 2016). The boys in the dormitory system were taught to become laborers whereas the girls were trained in the servicing of white people’s house (Besley 2013). Punishment such as food deprivation, head shaving and imprisonment were also common in the dormitory (Mok 2005). The impacts of the dormitory system were varied amongst the children. Most children saw the upbringing in the dormitory to be positive, while some found it inhumane and harsh (Mok 2005). The dormitory system in Cherbourg remained operational until the 1980s, despite several reports indicate the dormitory life was physically and mentally damaging to the children. The girls’ dormitory and mother’s quarter were closed in the early 1980 and unfortunately the girls’ dormitory was burnt down in 1998 (Besley 2013).
PART B: Historical context of the girls dormitory | s4351729
2-1.1
Figure 2.1.1: Front view of the girls’ dormitory at Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement at 1925.
source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1925
CHERBOURG HOSPITAL
OFFICE GIRLS’ DORMITORY
STORE
BOYS’ DORMITORY
MOTHERS’ QUATER
SAWMILL
Figure 2.1.2: Aerial view of Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement at 1938.
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source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1938
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2-1.2
PART 2.2: STUMP
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Stumps According to architectural drawing, the stumps were equally spaced along the rear elevations and were only located underneath the loadbearing structures. However, in figure 2.2.2 more stumps were placed along short axis in comparison to the cross section shown in figure 2.2.1. The boy’s dormitory was constructed around the same time as the girls dormitory, therefore, it can be safely assumed the stump layout should be similar to the girls’ dormitory. According to the boys’ dormitory’s floor framing plan (refer to figure 2.2.3), the number of stumps is consistent between the interior and exterior. Therefore, there should be more stumps placed across the girls dormitory.
Stove Recess Since there was no photograph of the kitchen interior, we are not able to determine the floor material for the stove recess. A follow up interview with the DOMO girls could help us to identify the floor materials for the stove recess. However, according to Jenner, the bricklayers were often used to level the ground around the boiler and covered the boiler in a herring-bone pattern of burnt and mis-glazed bricks (Jenner 2013). This information allowed for a rough reconstruction of the kitchen area. This model will be edited as new information appear it can be incorporated ot make the model more accurate.
According to Evans, the stumps were traditionally of timber. Cypress pine or Queensland eucalypt-grey ironbark were commonly selected (Evans 2001). In addition, Jenner also mentioned that the bark and outer layer of stumps were often removed with a broad axe, leaving a facetted surface. This is because the outer wood is susceptible to decay in the ground as well as to termite damage (Jenner 2013).
Figure 2.2.1: The drawings of the girls’ dormitory show the layout of stumps.
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scale @ not to scale.
source: Cass, 1941
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2-2.1
Figure 2.2.2: Historical image of the girls’ dormitory indicates the actual layout of the stumps.
Figure 2.2.3: Floor framing plan of the boys’ dormitory.
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scale @ not to scale.
source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1925.
source: Rienmac, 2017
PART B: Virtual reconstruction of the girls’ dormitory | s4351729
2-2.2
STOVE RECESS ABOVE
LEGEND POTENTIAL STUMPS BUILDING FABRIC ABOVE
Figure 2.2.4: Preliminary sketch of the stump layout plan for the girls’ dormitory.
scale @ not to scale.
source: Author, 2018.
1
2
3
1 2 3
SUBFLOOR ELEMENT BOILER / STOVE STOVE RECESS STUMPS
Figure 2.2.5: 3D model of the stump layout and stove recess for the girls’ dormitory.
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source: Author, 2018.
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2-2.3
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PART 2.3: FLOOR & POST
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Floor Element Most floor structure dimension can be obtained from figure 2.3.1. However, the drawing fails to specify the dimension of the deck joist as well as the spacing between each floor joist. Perhaps, an interview with the handyman who used to repairs the girls’ dormitory would help to identify the spacing between the floor element.
Figure 2.3.1: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.
Structural Post The dimension of the post and its location are indicated in the drawing and this information was cross referenced with other historical images (refer to figure 2.3.3 and figure 2.3.4). An ambiguity was found in the floor plan. As indicated in figure 2.3.2, it will be impossible for the girls to move through the passage, perhaps there might be an error while producing the floor plan. A follow up interview with the DOMO girls could help to clarify the ambiguity in the floor plan.
source: Cass, 1941
scale @ not to scale.
1’ 8” (508mm)
Figure 2.3.2: Ground floor plan of the girls’ dormitory.
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scale @ not to scale.
source: Cass, 1941
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2-3.1
verandah post
Figure 2.3.3: Location of the veranda posts.
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structural post
structural post Figure 2.3.4: Location of the structural posts in dining room.
source: Cherbourgmemory,1933.
source: Proud, 1950.
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2-3.2
PART 2.4: VERANDA
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Veranda According to Evans, the veranda is usually made so that the verandah floor is which will be slightly lower than the interior floor and slopes to the outside. The floor boards are often made up of hardwood even though the interior flooring could be pine.
Balustrade detail According to historical images, there were 21 balusters in each bay of the balustrade. Unfortunately, we are not able to obtain any information on the original balustrade. Thus, the balustrade details were also modelled based on the information gathered from the boys’ dormitory (refer to figure 2.4.4).
The architectural drawing collected from the Queensland State Archive fails to demonstrate the construction technique involved in the girls’ dormitory. The boys’ dormitory was constructed around the same time as the girls’ dormitory, hence it can safely assume the construction method used to construct the veranda should be similar to the girls’ dormitory (refer to figure 2.4.1). The veranda post is lapped over the deck bearer flush with its outside face and bolted to it with two ½ inch coach-bolts. The edge-board is also finishes flush with the back of the veranda post and projects a half-inch over the fascia. In addition, the edge-board also is thicker than the decking which forming a substantial strengthening to thresholds at the top of steps, supports the railings as well as protecting the joist, bearer and fascia underneath from weathering (refer to figure 2.4.2).
Handrail
dge ker e
Thic
d
boar
Figure 2.4.1: Boys’ dormitory’s balustrade detail.
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source: Author, 2018.
Figure 2.4.2: Preliminary section of veranda.
source: Author, 2018.
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2-4.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Figure 2.4.3: Number of balusters in a bay of balustrade.
source: Brianwood collection, 1930.
1
2
5 3
1
VERANDA BEAM 2” x 6”
2
VERANDA POST 4” x 6”
3
DECK JOIST 2” x 6”
4
EDGE BOARD 1.5” x 6”
5
SAWN TIMBER 1” x 4”
Figure 2.4.4: 3D model of the veranda for the girls’ dormitory.
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4
source: Author, 2018.
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2-4.2
PART 2.4: VERANDA
[CONT.]
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Floor Height & Staircase The floor to floor height was provided in figure 2.4.5. This information was then used to determine the riser height by cross reference to other historical images. In the architectural drawing, the architect also fails to specify the number of steps for each stairwell. However, this information can be retrived from figure 2.4.6.
Figure 2.4.5: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.
scale @ not to scale. source: Cass, 1941
Floor to floor height = 9’ (approx. 2743mm)
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Timber decking direction
1
Riser height =
6.35” (approx. 160mm)
Figure 2.4.6: Stairway to upper floor of the girls’ dormitory. source: Cherbourgmemory, 1987.
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2-4.3
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PART 2.5: WALL STRUCTURE
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Wall Structure According to historical photographs (refer to figure 2.5.1 & figure 2.5.3), the internal walls of the girls’ dormitory were predominantly made up of single skin VJ walls, which was commonly used around 1900 (Jenner 2013). Different from the boys’ dormitory, the VJ boards were laid vertically in the girls’ dormitory.
According to Jenner, the wall construction would begin with the central portion, where belt-rails are half-checked into the nearest 3 x 3 inches posts. Then, the VJ boards are laid vertically and nail into places before floors can be laid (Jenner 2013).
With the high ceiling, two belt-rails are used to divide the walls into three parts so that there are four places to nail the VJs, which reach from the top plate to the bearer and acting as a tie down (refer to figure 2.5.2). Since, the proposed pottery house was built around the same time as the girls’ dormitory, it can be safely assumed that the belt-rail profile should be similar to the girls’ dormitory. The belt-rail was reconstructed separately and add on the 3D model later.
top plate & trimmer
TIE-DOWN 1
TIE-DOWN 2
belt rails
TIE-DOWN 3
belt rails
VERANDA
bottom plate
INTERIOR
TIE-DOWN 4
Figure 2.5.1: Single skin wall element.
Figure 2.5.2: Typical single skin wall element. source: Cherbourgmemory, 1987.
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scale @ not to scale. source: Author, 2018.
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2-5.1
belt rails belt rails
belt rails belt rails
Figure 2.5.3: Vertical VJ boards were used throughout the interior building.
Figure 2.5.4: Similar belt rails profile is found in the proposed pottery house.
source: Cherbourgmemory, 1950.
source: Author, 2018.
WINDOW SILL WITH TUSK TENON JOINT (SECTION 2.6)
HEADER WITH TUSK TENON JOINT (SECTION 2.6)
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4
TIE DOWN SCHEDULE VJ BOARDS TO TOP PLATE / TRIMMER VJ BOARDS TO BELT-RAIL VJ BOARDS TO BELT-RAIL VJ BOARDS TO FLOOR BEARER
Figure 2.5.5: 3D model of the wall elements for the girls’ dormitory.
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source: Author, 2018.
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2-5.2
PART 2.6: FENESTRATION
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Window The width and placement of each window can be obtained from the architectural drawing (refer to figure 2.6.1). However, the drawing fails to provide information of the sill height. Therefore, this information was determined though the few available historical images of the building (refer to figure 2.6.2 & 2.6.3.) These photographs allow us to determine a rough estimation of the window height as well as its sill height. Some of the photographs were not in good quality, so the shape of these windows may not be as accurate as the original windows. According to James, one of the assistant from Cherbourg Aboriginal Shire Council, the proposed pottery house was constructed around the same time as the girls’ dormitory. Therefore, it can be safely assumed that the window details
Door Similar to window, the width and placement of the door can be obtained from the figure 2.6.6. However, in comparison to figure 2.6.7, the architectural drawing fails to indicate the door at the bottom of each stairwell. Three door types are successfully identified while cross referencing with other historical photographs. These doors were reconstructed separately and placed in model later. According to Jenner, the doors would require hardwood sills to accommodate the drop in level of one inch from inside to out. These hardwood sills will be put in after the veranda deck is laid and have a rebate which sits over the floor boards.
should be similar to the girls’ dormitory (refer to figure 2.6.5). While we are on this subject, where frames have horizontal pieces at the windows, they tend to penetrate the posts with long tusk-tenons and are pulled tight with tapered pegs (refer to figure 2.6.4).
Figure 2.6.1: First floor plan of the girls’ dormitory indicates the location of the windows.
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scale @ not to scale.
source: Cass, 1941
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Figure 2.6.3: Rear view of the girls’ dormitory.
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window height = 11 panels 44 inches (approx. 1120mm)
window height = 12 panels 48 inches (approx. 1220mm)
Figure 2.6.2: Front view of the girls’ dormitory. source: cherbourgmemory, 1930.
source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1925.
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Window height = 6 panels 24 inches (approx. 610mm)
sill height = 11 panels 44 inches (approx. 1120mm)
Window height = 6 panels 24 inches (approx. 610mm)
sill height = 9 panels 36 inches (approx. 914mm)
PART 2.6: FENESTRATION
[CONT.]
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. tusk-tenons
jamb stud
sill trimmer
tusk-tenons
Figure 2.6.4: Window profile of the girls’ dormitory.
sill trimmer Figure 2.6.5: Window profile of the proposed pottery house.
source: Cherbourgmemory, 1987.
Figure 2.6.6: Ground floor plan of the girls’ dormitory fails to indicate several number of doors.
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source: Author, 2018
scale @ not to scale.
source: Cass, 1941
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Figure 2.6.7: Door Type 1 profile of the girls’ dormitory. source: Cherbourgmemory, 1987.
Figure 2.6.8: Door Type 2 profile of the girls’ dormitory. source: Cherbourgmemory, 1986.
Second level - rear elevation
First level - front elevation
First level - rear elevation Figure 2.6.9: Wall framing elevations of the girls’ dormitory. scale @ 1:60.
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source: Author, 2018.
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PART 2.7: ROOF & CEILING
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory. Ceiling According to figure 2.7.1. and figure 2.7.2., the veranda and balconies were exposed ceiling whereas the interior were lined with tongue and grove VJ ceiling boards.
exposed ceiling
Roof Structure The next step was to reconstruct the roof. Most dimension of the roof element is available in the drawing. However, there was no information that allowed us to determine with certainty regarding the spacing between each element, but it’s safe to estimate that the spacing should be similar to the floor framing element. According to Jenner, birdmouth joints are also often made to connect the roof rafter to the verandah plate (Jenner 2012). Furthermore, there was also only little information regarding rainwater goods. However, according to Evans, two types of gutter were common on traditional roofs in Queensland: ogee and quad. The ogee profile was the older type, but quad was common after about 1900 (Evans 2001). Therefore, it’s safe to assume the quad profile was used in the girls’ dormitory. Furthermore, he also states that the downpipes were generally three inches wide in diameter and often discharged into rainwater tanks. This can be seen in figure 2.7.6, where all the downpipes were connected to the nearest rainwater tanks.
Figure 2.7.1: Balconies with exposed ceiling. source: Hofmeyr, 2016.
Tounge & Groove VJ Ceiling
Figure 2.7.2: Interior were lined with tongue-and-groove VJ ceiling boards. source: Cherbourgmemory, 1986.
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1
BIRDMOUTH JOINT 2
3
1 2
BUILDING STRUCTURE ELEMENTS RAFTER TOP PLATE / VERANDAH BEAM / TRIMMER
3
Figure 2.7.3: Cross section of the girls’ dormitory.
scale @ not to scale. source: Cass, 1941
1 2 3 4
Figure 2.7.4: Birdmouth on rafter.
STRUCTURAL POST
source: Jenner, 2013.
TIE DOWN SCHEDULE VJ BOARDS TO TOP PLATE / TRIMMER VJ BOARDS TO BELT-RAIL VJ BOARDS TO BELT-RAIL VJ BOARDS TO FLOOR BEARER
Figure 2.7.5: 3D model of the roof framing elements for the girls’ dormitory.
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source: Author, 2018.
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PART 2.7: ROOF & CEILING
[CONT.]
Framework for virtual reconstruction of Cherbourg’s girls’dormitory.
Figure 2.7.6: Downpipes were connected to the nearest rainwater tank.
Figure 2.7.7: 3D model of the downpipes and rainwater tanks.
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source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1925.
source: Author, 2018.
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PART C: RECONSTRUCTION MODEL OF THE GIRLS’ DORMITORY Conclusion & results
PART 3.1: CONCLUSION A 3D model of the estimated form of the girls’ dormitory was produced and can be edited to make the model more accurate. Furthermore, it’s also worth mentioning that this cumulative report aimed to recreate the girls’ dormitory building as it was in 1941. However, the gathered information revealed that the dormitory had been modified during the years that it was in use. Hence, the final report will focus on recreating those changes and presenting the findings chronologically.
PART 3.2: RECONSTRUCTION RESULT OF THE GIRLS’ DORMITORY
Figure 3.1: Post layout plan.
scale @ 1:200
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source: author, 2018.
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Figure 3.2: Floor plan - ground plan.
source: author, 2018.
Figure 3.3: Floor plan - first plan.
source: author, 2018.
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Figure 3.4: Floor framing layout plan - ground plan.
source: author, 2018.
Figure 3.5: Floor framing layout plan - first plan.
source: author, 2018.
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Figure 3.6: Roof framing plan.
source: author, 2018.
Figure 3.7: Roof plan.
source: author, 2018.
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Figure 3.8: Elevations of Cherbourg girls dormitory. ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 : Architectural Research 2
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Figure 3.9: Section A-A of the girls dormitory.
source: author, 2018.
Figure 3.10: Section B-B of the girls dormitory.
Figure 3.11: Section C-C of the girls dormitory.
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source: author, 2018.
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Figure 3.12: Isometric diagram of the girls dormitory building.
Figure 3.13: Detailed section A of the girls dormitory.
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source: author, 2018.
Figure 3.14: Detailed section B of the girls dormitory.
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Figure 3.15: Sectional perspective of the girls dormitory.
Figure 3.16: Interior space of the girls dormitory.
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Figure 3.17: Verandah space of the girls dormitory building.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Chicago 15th B Style
Besley, J., Hofmeyr, R., Newman, M., Williams, L., Langton, R., Schneider, T., & Ration Shed Museum. 2013. On the banks of the Barambah : A history of Cherbourg from the Ration Shed Museum. Murgon, Qld. : The Ration Shed Museum Blake, T. 2001. A depot of semi-starvation, disease and misery. Chap. 4 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. The Barambah mob - one big tribe. Chap. 7 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. To leave as little remembrance. Chap. 3 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. Treated like slaves...like merchandise. Chap. 5 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Cass, J. 1941. Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement - Girls Dormitory Building. Item ID: 583024. [Architectural plans]. Retrieved from Queensland State Archive. Evans, I. 2001. The Queensland House: History and Conservation. Mullumbimby, NSW: Flannel Flower Press Hofmeyr, R. 2016. The Domo Girls. Cherbourg, Qld: A Zebra Crossing Pictures. CD-ROM. Jenner, A, L. 2013. Floors, Ceilings, Walls. Chap. 9 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Jenner, A, L. 2013. Joists and Studs. Chap. 6 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Jenner, A, L. 2013. Stumps. Chap. 3 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Jenner, A, L. 2013. The Bare Necessities. Chap. 11 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Jenner, A, L. 2013. The Roof. Chap. 8 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Jenner, A, L. 2013. The Veranda. Chap. 7 in The building of the Queensland House. 2nd ed. Brisbane, Australia: Clark & Mackay. Newman, M., S. Lawrence, P. Scarett, T. Schneider, R. Langton, Barambah Committee, and Ration Shed Museum. 2015 Brief history of Barambah. Section 2 in The Boys from Barambah: The Story of the Black Diggers of Barambah-Cherbourg of World War 1. First ed. Murgon: Ration Shed Museum. Mok, J. 2005. Cherbourg Dorm Girls. Fortitude Valley, Qld. Multicultural Community Centre. Rienmac. 2017. Cherbourg Boys’ Dormitory’s - floor framing plan. [Architectural plans]. Retrieved from Rienmac. Thecherbourgmemory. n.d. Dormitory System. http://cherbourgmemory.org/timelines/dormitory-system/ (accessed Aug 4th, 2018). Image References Proud, D. 1950. The dining room in the Girls Dormitory Cherbourg c1950. Unknown. 1925. Back view of the Girls Dormitory at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement 1925. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1925. The Stopford Home for Aboriginal Girls or the Girls Dormitory at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement 1925. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1930. Girls dormitory-group on verandah. Brainwood Collection, AIATSIS. Unknown. 1930. Office and dormitory area at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement 1930. Brainwood Collection. Unknown. 1930. The Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement c1930. http://cherbourgmemory.org/the-girls-dormitory-atcherbourg-aboriginal-settlement-c1930/ Unknown. 1938. Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement c1938. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1950. A bedroom in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg c1950. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland neg: 74703. Unknown. 1986. Sewing room in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg 1986. http://cherbourgmemory.org/sewing-room-in-the-girlsdormitory-at-cherbourg-1986/ Unknown. 1987. Ground floor of the Girls Dormitory 1987. http://cherbourgmemory.org/ground-floor-of-the-girls-dormitory-1987/ Unknown. 1987. Stairway to upper floor of the Girls Dormitory 1987. http://cherbourgmemory.org/stairway-to-upper-floor-of-the-girlsdormitory-1987/ ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 : Architectural Research 2
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APPENDICES A
Architectural Drawings of Cherbourg girls dormitory
V
APPENDIX A: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF CHERBOURG ABORIGINAL SETTLEMENT- GIRLS D (issue date: 2nd November 2017)
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DORMITORY BUILDING
APPENDIX: Architectural drawing of Cherbourg girls dormitory |
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C
End of the report. Thank you.
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