06 Counter-Industrial Movements

Section Perspective of the São Paulo Museum of Art. Section Perspective of the Museum of Art, São Paulo, 1947 by Lina Bo Bardi (Alex Rithiphong CC BY). Chatel, Marie. “Gallery of Studying the ‘Manual of Section’: Architecture's Most Intriguing Drawing - 7.” ArchDaily, 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/793424/studying-the-manual-of-section-architectures-mostintriguing-drawing/57b42abce58ece7dc10001c1-studying-the-manual-of-section-architectures-most-intriguing-drawingphoto.

A SPACE FOR CULTURE AND COMMUNITY SÃO PAULO MUSEUM OF ART, ALEX RITHIPHONG The São Paulo Museum of Art is a space for culture and communities to thrive. Suspended by four massive concrete pillars, the main space of the museum holds the exhibition space for the public. The large curtain wall of glass allows for maximum light to enter the exhibition space. In the exhibition space, many works of culture and art are displayed to the public to view. The idea of the exhibition space to be suspended in the air sort of gives an isolating feel when inside the exhibition and feels more connected to the works being displayed. However, the suspended volume allows for another space for the community underneath the exhibition space. “A large outdoor walkway or space is formed underneath the exhibition space for various activities. This solution left a vast open ground plane as a shaded sculpture garden.” Below the ground place is the auditorium and a space for a restaurant, library, and service. The idea of having multiple levels of communal engagement is fascinating about this project by Lina Bo Bardi, and it is achieved in such a minimal way. MERGING TYPOLOGY AND CLIMATE KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS, LUC THORINGTON Charles Correa’s Kanchanjunga apartments took an emerging Western building typology and fit it into the extremely hot and humid climate of Mumbai, India. At the time of its construction, skyscrapers weren’t popular in this area. Creating panoramic views of the city and building dozens of stories high while maintaining thermal comfort and proper daylighting were hard to pull off with such a climate. However, this was solved by paying homage to traditional Indian bungalows. By wrapping the building in verandas and large, double-height terraces, it provided views of the city and of the coastline while providing shade from the hot sun and coverage against India’s monsoons. The building was also oriented such that direct heat was minimized and breeze would flow through each cell. “The tower was held together against the shear stress by the core space in the center that included the lifts and staircases as well.” This strong core allowed for the large terraces to cantilever off the structure.

Merging Typology and Climate. Kanchanjunga Apartments, Charles Correa, Mumbai, India, 1983. Sectional axonometric, Sectional one-point perspective, and plan (Luc Thorington CC BY) Babu, Darsan. “Kanchanjunga Apartments by Charles Correa: The Vertical Bungalows - RTF: Rethinking the Future.” RTF | Rethinking The Future, January 19, 2022. https:// www.re-thinkingthefuture. com/case-studies/a3972kanchanjunga-apartmentsby-charles-correa-thevertical-bungalows/.

BOULHAUT’S HOSPITAL COLE WATSON In the summer, sunshine is removed with the aid of using the home windows uncovered to the solar with blinds, which permit transversal airflow with the alternative home windows left open for this purpose. A big cover embedded inside the facade wall and striking from a sturdy portico at the out of doors constitutes the primary front of the building. Its partitions are the product of masonry, primarily based totally on neighborhood stone, whose color varies from red/brown to yellowish, giving the facade a colorful rhythm of texture. The weight and sort of the masonry partitions are against the smooth whitewashed surfaces of the canopies and beams, resolved in bolstered concrete. The ceiling of the cover at the primary front, in addition to the woodwork at the outside doorways and home windows, is painted blue. The doctor's residence is likewise constructed with the conventional substances of the country, concrete, stone, and plaster. “Its structure responds to the region’s climatic requirements, with big solar safety cantilevers, big terraces as a continuity of the rooms in cool hours, sturdy insulating partitions, and thick defensive roofing.” CULTURAL SYNERGY IN NIGERIA OBA AKENZUA CULTURAL CENTER, MILO OLIVA The Oba Akenzua Cultural Center in Nigeria is an example of a building which combines architectural elements from multiple cultures. “The Architect Demas Nwoko was influenced by Japanese architecture, which led him to incorporate a subte upturned roof into the design.” The building also has a front colonnade and a pair of stacked roofs that resemble a Japanese gate. Although a Japanese gate has a 5 bay colonnade, both buildings have 3 entrances at the front. Another similarity is the textural quality of the materials that are used. The Oba Akenzua Cultural Center has grooved walls which were inspired by Oba’s palace, and the Japanese gate has a grooved roof made from tiles. The ornamentation of each building is very different, and the Cultural Center is much more simple and modern. One notable decoration on the Cultural Center is the sculpture of a head on the front facade, which ties the building to the local culture.

Front Elevation Perspective of Oba Akenzua Cultural Center, Nigeria, 1995 by Demas Nwoko (Milo Oliva CC BY). “Adapted from” Abudah, Usman. “Enhancing Cultural Tourism.” The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News, March 4, 2017. https:// guardian.ng/art/enhancingcultural-tourism-beyondpropaganda-lip-service/.

Front Elevation Perspective of Japanese Gate at TofukuJi, Japan, 1236 (Milo Oliva CC BY). “Adapted from” Wikimedia Commons contributors, "File:TofukujiSanmon-M9589.jpg," Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index. php?title=File:TofukujiSanmon-M9589. jpg&oldid=475728319 (accessed March 30, 2022).

Conclusion

Throughout the history of architecture, countless styles have surfaced momentarily before being outmatched by new and improved ones, but each one, regardless of its lasting reputation, has added its own insight to the industry, helping us construct modernism as we experience it today. Postmodernism was an early contender to the modernist movement, characterized by its unconventional forms, eye-grabbing colors, and overall lack of formality. It did not necessarily age well with the public opinion, but designers like Robert Venturi allowed it to surface as a legitimate style. It stood out, with unaligned windows, deceptive facades, and usually cheap materials, but it was successful in that it presented an alternative to modernist dominance, standing in as a necessary push-back that eventually led to forward progress. Venturi even challenged the ideas of some of the most prolific architects including Le Corbusier and Mies Van der Rohe, further expressing his lack of concern for his own reputation, standing strong behind his ideas. Nowadays, modernism thrives, but due to the impermanence of architecture, it will be looked back on as another building block in a constantly evolving industry.

Although we tend to praise some of the ancient buildings that have been repurposed into tourist attractions, perhaps we should focus more on the ones that have come and gone; the ones which have paved the way and made room for the innovation of technology and design. Impermanence is a crucial aspect of architecture, as we continuously build on a limited environment with regenerative capabilities. However, not all modern methods are sustainable, so as always, eventual change is imminent, but we are running out of time to experiment. Bringing carbon emissions to a halt would be an optimistic first step in a long-term healing process, but net-zero will not be enough. A reversal of the damage that has already been done will be pivotal, but that takes more than innovation, it requires power and structure. Power is needed to communicate the magnitude of an issue at hand to the public, while structure is needed to lay out a solid plan and stick to it. So, altering design can potentially save the environment, but designers will need the authority to step up and initiate a movement. The history of architecture can be dissected into many time periods, all resulting in an eventual downfall or transition, but lessons can be extracted from the dust of the fallen buildings, proving that failures are not only unavoidable but also essential.

Endnotes

03

1. “Forth Bridge in Edinburgh.” Visit a Historic Cantilever Bridge from the 1800s – Go Guides, 2022. https://www.hotels.com/go/scotland/forth-bridge-edinburgh. 2. Sketch.inc, Shovava, Today is Art Day, Comma, and Viviva Colorsheets. “What We Can Learn from the Exquisite History and Ornate Aesthetic of Gothic Architecture.” My Modern Met, November 14, 2017. https://mymodernmet.com/gothic-architecture-characteristics/#:~:text=To%20construct%20 taller%2C%20more%20delicate,and%20reached%20 toward%20the%20heavens. 3. Ingersoll, Richard; Kostof, Spiro. World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural History. Oxford University Press, 2018. 2nd Edition 4. Smith, Hillary. “Gothic Cathedrals: Architecture & Divine Light.” World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, February 3, 2022. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1649/ gothic-cathedrals-architecture--divine-light/. 5. Palazzo Della Cancelleria. mediakron.bc.edu/rome/palazzo-della-cancelleria Ingersoll, Richard. 2018. World Architecture: A CrossCultural History 6. Timothy Judd, Thomas Jefferson: Architect, Musician (The Listeners’ Club, 2015), p. 1. 7. Patton, John S. (1906). Jefferson, Cabell, and the University of Virginia. p. 186. 8. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross-Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 643 9. Ingersoll, Richard. 2018. World Architecture: A Cross Cultural History. 650 10. MahdiNejad J, Zarghami E, Sadeghi HabibAbad A. A study on the concepts and themes of color and light in the exquisite islamic architecture. J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., 2016, 8(3), 1077-1096. 11. Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Neoclassical architecture.” Encyclopedia Britannica, January 31, 2020. https://www.britannica.com/art/Neoclassical-architecture. 12. Ingersoll, Richard. 2018. World Architecture: A Cross Cultural History. 648 13. Ingersoll, R., 2019. World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural History. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.652-659.

04

1. Sara Stemler et al., “Architects and Engineers: Working Together to Design Structures - Lesson,” TeachEngineering.org, February 2, 2022, https://www.teachengineering.org/lessons/view/cub_intro_ lesson03.

2. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 672. 3. “ROOT’S WHITMAN’S SAMPLER: THE RAND-McNALLY BUILDING”: thearchitectureprofessor.com/2021/07/06/3-8-roots-whitmans-sampler-the-rand-mcnally-building/ (The Architecture Professor) 4. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 675. 5. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 675. 6. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 671. 7. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 672. 8. “Britannia Bridge.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 6 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Britannia_Bridge. 9. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: Cross - Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 682. 10. “Brazil.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil. 11. Richard Ingersoll World Architecture a Cross Cultural History : Richard Ingersoll : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed April 9, 2022. https://archive.org/details/richardingersoll-world-architecture-a-cross-cultural-history/page/677/mode/2up. 12. Analysis, “How Iron Changed 19th Century Interiors” 13. Richard Ingersoll, WORLD ARCHITECTURE: A Cross Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 684 14. “Richard Ingersoll World Architecture a Cross Cultural History : Richard Ingersoll : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming.” Internet Archive. Accessed April 9, 2022. https://archive.org/details/richardingersoll-world-architecture-a-cross-cultural-history/page/677/mode/2up. 15. Elevation & Section Drawing of King’s Cross Station, London, 1852 by Lewis Cubitt (Milo Oliva CC BY). “Adapted from” John McAslan + Partners, Section Drawing, 2012, https://www.archdaily. com/162461/in-progress-kings-cross-station-john-mcaslan-partners/section_johnmcaslan-partners 16. Elevation & Section Drawing of Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1851 by Henri Labrouste (Milo Oliva CC BY). “Adapted from” Handbuch der Architektur, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève in Paris: Elevation, 1893, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biblioth%C3%A8que_Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_ Facade.jpg 17. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2017), 767 18. Culturalindia.net. 2022. Gateway Of India: The Taj Mahal Of Mumbai!. [online] Available at: <https://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/gateway-of-india.html> [Accessed 10 February 2022].

05

O’Sullivan, Feargus. “How Berlin’s Mietskaserne Tenements Became Coveted Urban Housing.” Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, January 13, 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2020-01-13/the-story-behind-berlin-s-iconic-home-design. Roderick, Ian. “Berlin Mietskaserne.” Berlin Layers. Berlin Layers, November 25, 2020. https://www.berlinlayers.com/blog/berlin-mietskaserne. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 705. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: The Construction of Grand Central Terminal, 703.

07

1. Devens, Eleanor, Jeffrey Shaw, Frank Sanchis., and Franz Schultz. 2022. “The Glass House - The Glass House”. The Glass House.

2. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford Univer sity Press, 2019), 853. 3. Fischer, Jan. “07 Interwar Modernisms” Arch 2600: History-Theory 02. Class lecture at Went worth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, March 01, 2022. 4. Billard, Jillian. “The Other Art History: The Forgotten Women of Bauhaus.” Artspace, July 13, 2018. https://www.artspace.com/magazine/art_101/in_depth/the-other-art-history-the-forgotten-womenof bauhaus-55526.

5. Gotthardt, Alexxa. “The Women of the Bauhaus School.” Artsy, April 3, 2017. https://www.artsy. net/article/artsy-editorial-women-bauhaus-school. 6. Gotthardt, Alexxa. “The Women Weavers of the Bauhaus Have Inspired Generations of Textile Artists.” Artsy, September 16, 2019. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-women-weaversbau haus-inspired-generations-textile-artists. ³ 7. Schwartz, Omri. “Bauhaus Weaving: Women of Bauhaus Textile Workshops.” Nazmiyal Antique Rugs, January 27, 2021. https://nazmiyalantiquerugs.com/blog/women-bauhaus-weaving-workshops/.

08

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1. Ingersoll, Richard; Kostof, Spiro. World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural History. Oxford University Press, 2018. 2nd Edition 2. Kroll, A. (2010, November 5). Ad classics: Unite d’ habitation / le corbusier. ArchDaily. Retrieved March 24, 2022, from https://www.archdaily.com/85971/ad-classics-unite-d-habitation-le-corbusier 3. Ingersoll, Richard. 2018. World Architecture: A Cross Cultural History, 894 4. Fracalossi, Igor, “AD Classics: Bagsvaerd Church / Jørn Utzon”, www.archdaily.com/160390/adclassics-bagsvaerd-church-jorn-utzon, Arch Daily 5. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 811. 6. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 811. 7. The Story Of The SydneyHouse, CleanTechnica, February 02, 2017 8. Perez, Adelyn. “AD Classics: The Farnsworth House / Mies van Der Rohe | ArchDaily.” ArchDaily, ArchDaily, 13 May 2010, https://www.archdaily.com/59719/ad-classics-the-farnsworth-house-mies-van-der-rohe. 9. “A Study of Mies Van Der Rohe’s Farnsworth House – ARCHI.TOSS.” ARCHI.TOSS, https://www. facebook.com/WordPresscom, 4 June 2015, https://architoss.wordpress.com/miscellaneous/writing/ a-study-of-mies-van-der-rohes-farnsworth-house/. 10. Mies Van Der Rohe Minerals and Metals Building (Chicago Old and New, 2013), http://www.connectingthewindycity.com/2013/01/mies-van-der-rohes-minerals-and-metals.html.

10

1. David Douglass-James, “AD Classics: National Congress/Oscar Niemeyer”, www.archdaily.com/773568/ad-classics-national-congress-oscar-niemeyer?ad_medium=widget&ad_ name=navigation-next, Arch Daily 2. Elias Redstone, “Brazilian Architecture | The Dream House Casa de Vidro”, amuse.vice.com/en_us/article/bvg3p4/a-musical-tour-of-ibiza, Amuse 3. Holidify. “The 4 Major Styles of Architecture in Indonesia | Holidify.” Holidify | Discover Your Next Holiday | Trip Planner and Guides, Holidify, 27 Nov. 2019, https://www.holidify.com/pages/architecture-of-indonesia-1277.html. 4. Richard Ingersoll, World Architecture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 880. 5. Babu, Darsan. “Kanchanjunga Apartments by Charles Correa: The Vertical Bungalows - RTF: Rethinking the Future.” RTF | Rethinking The Future, January 19, 2022. https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a3972-kanchanjunga-apartments-by-charlescorrea-the-vertical-bungalows/. 6. Article written by Hidden Architecture. 2020 11 19. No comments, and Name *. “Ben-Slimane Hospital.” Hidden Architecture, November 19, 2020. http://hiddenarchitecture.net/ben-slimane-hospital/. 7. Gaugler, Jennifer. “10 Exchange Modernisms” Arch 2600: History-Theory 02. Class lecture at Wentworth Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, March 29, 2022.