Language Arts Portfolio
Alejandra MarroquĂn 6th Bilingual
Index Learning Process …………………………………………………..3 Grammar Notes o Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity ..…..…………………...…5-9 o Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty………...……………..…10-13
Scanned Documents……..……………………………………..14-19 Proofread Documents………………………………………….20-22 Final Test………………………..…………………………...…23-24 Pictionary…………………………………………………….....25-27
Appendix……………………………………………………………28-29
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Grammar Notes 4
Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity
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Modals are auxiliary verbs. The modals are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, and had better. Each modal has only one form for all persons.
You should see to the doctor. When I was a younger I could run fast. You must not smoke inside of the house.
Use simple modals (modal + base form) to show degrees of necessity in the present and the future.
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Use perfect modals (modal + have + past participle) to show degrees of necessity in the past. Modals show speakers’ attitudes toward the actions they are describing. Modals are used to talk about obligations, advice, expectations, and suggestions.
Some modal-like expressions have meanings equivalent to or similar to meanings of modals:
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Must Should May Have to, have got to Ought to Be allowed to
He should to be here at 6. She may be reading this book. You must study every day.
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Use must, have to, and have got to to show, strong necessity. They are similar in meaning. USAGE NOTES Use must in more formal English to show a very strong obligation that can’t be escaped.
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Marta must go to the doctor tomorrow. The kids have to sleep early. Julia have got to go to school only three days.
Use have to in all forms and situations, formal and informal. Use have got to in conversation and informal writing. It is rarely used in the negative. Use don’t have to instead. Use will have to to show future necessity. BE CAREFUL! Use had to + base form to show past necessity. Don’t use must have + past participle. Use must not to say that it is necessary not to do something (that it is prohibited). Use don’t/doesn’t have to + base form to say that something is not necessary.
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You must not forget do the project. Mike must not eat so much sugar. Student must not be late.
In the past, use didn’t have to + base form to say that something was not necessary. BE CAREFUL! Although must and have to have similar meanings, must not and don’t have to have very different meanings.
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Use should or ought to to offer advice. They mean “it would be a good idea if…” or “it’s the right thing to do” and are basically the same in most situations. We normally use should, not ought to, in questions and negatives.
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Use should have/ought to have + past participle to express advice about past situations, should have and ought to have suggest that the actions did not happen. Shouldn’t have and ought not to have suggest that it did.
With my new job I should have enough money for buy a car. All employees should dress formal for the luncheon. Children should do exercise everyday day.
NOTE: We sometimes use shall in questions to ask for advice or direction. In this meaning, shall is used only with I or we. When it is used with we, it is often followed by a sentence with let’s. In this meaning, shall is similar to
should.
Had better is like should and ought to but stronger.
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Use had better to give a warning that something bad or negative will happen if advice isn’t followed. Use be supposed to to show an expectation. Use it only in the present and the past. In the past, the affirmative suggests that the action didn’t happen. The negative suggests that the action did happen.
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You can use be to + base form in more formal English to express a strong expectation.
You had better practice math for the exam. We had better hurry up or we will missed the class. Andrea had better follow the instructions. You were supposed to bring the food for he party. You were supposed to make the video for the presentation. We were supposed to be on time to attend the meeting.
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Use could or might + base form to make polite, not-toostrong suggestions about the present or future.
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Use could have/might have + past participle to make polite suggestions about a past opportunity. In this meaning, might have and could have mean that the action didn’t happen.
He could be hungry. I might go to the party tonight. She could be here on Friday.
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Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty
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We use modals and modal-like expressions to express different degrees of certainty. With these modals we speculate based on logic and facts.
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Remember that we use modals with progressive as well as simple forms. When we want to state a fact we are absolutely—100%— sure of, we don’t use modals.
Use must/have to/ have got to + base form when you are speculating about the present and, are almost certain. To make a negative speculation, use can’t/couldn’t + base form.
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He might be ill. You must not eat raspberries. I might not come to the party.
Ines must be in the hotel at 5 o’clock. Her opinion must not be true. I have to get work by 11 every day.
Use must not + base form when you are slightly less certain. NOTE: We normally don’t contract must not in this meaning of must. In questions, use could/couldn’t + base form.
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Use may/might/could + base form when you are speculating about the present and are less certain.
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Use may not/ might not + base form in the negative.
I might not be able to come on Saturday. The weather could be good tomorrow. Everyone could come to the wedding.
BE CAREFUL! We usually do not contract might not, and we never contract may not. In questions, use could/might + base form. Use must have/had to have + past participle when you are speculating about the past and are almost certain.
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In the negative, use can’t have/couldn’t have + past participle to suggest impossibility.
You must have to bring some chocolates. She can’t have permission for go to the party. You must not have to come today.
Use must not have + past participle when you are slightly less certain. In questions, use can have/could have + past participle. When you are speculating about the past and are less certain (about 50%), use may have/might have/could have + past participle.
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BE CAREFUL! Could have + past participle has two meanings.
I might have moved to another city next month. Somebody might have to stolen my cell phone. He might have missed his flight.
In the negative, use may not have/might not/have + past participle. In questions, use might have/could have + past participle.
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Use should/ought to + base form when you are almost certain about a future action or event.
You should study another language. You should bring the computer for make the report. Steve ought to work less.
Use may/might/could + base form when you are less certain about a future action or event.
Max could be in Rome. She could not swim when she was a child. Sasha may not come home tonight.
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In the negative, use may/might + not/never + base form.
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Scanned Documents 14
Writing 1
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Writing 2
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Reading Comprehension (Oliver Twist)
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Reading Comprehension (Oliver Twist)
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Reading Comprehension (Oliver Twist)
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Proofread Documents 20
Edited Document
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Edited Document
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Final Test 23
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Pictionary 25
Words appearing in reading comprehension evaluations
Cribbage • A card game for from two to four players in which the score is kept by inserting small pegs into holes arranged in rows on a small board.
Bonnet • A hat of cloth or straw, often held in place by ribbons tied under the chin, that is worn by women and children. Merchant • A person who sells products.
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Words appearing in reading comprehension evaluations
Hush
• Make silence. Robber • A person who robber things.. Speculation • Create ideas about something. Supper • Have a dinner. Weary • Be tired
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Appendix 28
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